by s. k. sharma000

1. ROLE OF NURSE EDUCATOR
IN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELING OF STUDENT
PRESENTED BY:- Mr. SURESH KUMAR SHARMA
RN, MSN (PSYCHIATRY)

2. Counselling process
Guidance process

3. INTRODUCTION
 Everyone in this universe come across
some problem or other irrespective of their
age, sex, and occupation or profession, for
which from time immemorial man has been
talking help of elders, parents, friends and
teachers in solving their problem.
In the field of education, most teachers
provide a high standard of pupil care but it
is fact that they have little talent and attitude
of counsellor. It require special knowledge
and attitudes to recognise the problem and
help an individuals pupils.

4. GUIDANCE
- The help given by one person to another in
making choices and adjustments and in solving
problems.
COUNSELING
- Helping relationship, that includes
(a)someone seeking help,
(b)someone willing to give help who is capable or
trained to help,
(c) a setting that permits help to be given and received.

5. Leads Help
(move)
What show the
ways
Direction G &C?
Interaction/
Assist
relationship

6. GUIDANCE
According to Crow & Crow –
Guidance is assistance made available by personally
qualified and adequately trained personnel to an
individual of any age to help him manage his own life
activities, to develop his own points of view, make his
own decisions and carry his own burdens.
In other word
It is a continuous educational process which goes on
from whomb to tomb.
Educational point of view –
It is an educational service designed to help students
make more effective use of the schools training
programme.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF GUIDANCE
 it help individual to recognize and use his inner resources –
 (a) to set goals,
 (b) to make plans,
 (c) to work out his own problems of development.
 Choice & problem points are distinctive concerns.
 Assistance to the individual in the process of development
rather than the direction of the development.
 Generalized & specialized service
 Guidance is centered – around the needs and aspirations of
students.

8. Quick Review
What is Counseling?
According to the American Counseling
Association, counseling is:
“The application of mental health, psychological or
human development principles, through cognitive,
affective, behavioral or systemic interventions,
strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or
career development, as well as pathology.”

9. COUNSELING CONCEPTS
Relationship between two persons, where
one assist to other.
Formulation of acceptance, trusting and
safe relationship.
Interaction between counselor and
counselee.
Develop and set of goals for future behavior
of an individual.
Helps the individual to become aware of
him and the ways of solutions.

10. COUNSELLING
 Acc to Cormier and hackney (1987)
counseling is the helping relationship, that includes some
one seeking help, some one willing to give help who is
capable or trained to help, in a setting that permits help
to be given and received
 Acc to vedanayagam(1988)
It is an accepting, trusting and safe relationship in which
client learn to discuss freely what upsets them, to define
their goals to acquire the essential social skills and to
develop the courage and self confidence to implement
desired new behavior.
 In other word
Counseling is a specialized service of guidance and
basically an enabling process designed to help an
individual come to terms with him/her life and grow to
greater maturity through learning to take responsibility
and to make decisions for himself/herself.

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING
 Involves two individuals.
 Relationship of mutual respect between the two individuals.
 The counselor discovers the problems of counselee
 helps him to set up the realistic goals & guide him through
difficulties and problems.
 Helps to acquire independence and develop a sense of
responsibility.
 It also helps to explore and fully utilize his potentials and
actualize himself.
 If a counselee is a student, counseling helps him to take a
decision, make a choice or find a direction in matters r/t an
educational problems.

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING
contd…..
It is more than advice giving, solution
emerges through the thinking rather than
solutions suggests.
More than offering an assistance to find a
solutions.
It is democratic – elected by counselor
Concerns itself with attitudes as well as
actions.
In the educational context, it is centered
around the needs & aspirations of students.

13. Difference B/W
guidance &
counselling

14. Guidance Counselling
To Students, Nurses, individuals etcStudents, Nurses,
whom either who facing problems or individuals etc who facing
given not problems
By Tutors, parents, counsellors Counsellors:- specially
whom trained professional people
given with counselling skills
Where Schools, home, everywhere, In a special setting
womb to tomb conductive to giving and
receiving help for
interviewing
How By way of giving educational, Giving guidance with a view
given vocational, information and to enabling individual to
helping individuals to understand make decisions for
themselves himself/herself and coming
to terms with life-----
Purpose Optimum development of Helping individuals develop
individual student for ultimate self confidence and adjust
development for student to life strategies and

15. Difference B/W guidance & counselling
GUIDANCE COUNSELING
It is mainly preventive and It is remedial as well as preventive
developmental. and developmental.
Intellectual attitudes are the raw Emotional rather than purely
materials of the guidance process. intellectual attitude are the raw
materials of the counseling process.
Decision making operates at It operates at emotional level.
intellectual level.
In education, goal is guidance. In education, techniques among others
is counseling.
Distributive phase can be aptly Adjustive phase can be considered as
described as guidance. counseling.

16. PURPOSES
Individual R/T Purposes
 To recognize and develop their potentialities
 To know about vocational opportunities
 Helps students for all round personal and social
development
 To develop proper attitude towards nursing and
nursing profession.
 To recognize their capacities, develop self
confidence and adjustments.

17. PURPOSES CONTD
Society R/T Purposes
 To develop good citizenship in students.
 To develop positive attitude towards family life
and community living.
 Proper utilization of resources to provide good
nursing care to needy client.

18. Process of Whole Edu
helping & problems & v catio
o ca n al
effecting tion
al
changes
Co
Unique t nti
p/ pro nuo
el st
H si ces us
s
as
Identifi Pr
cation & gr om
develop ow oti
ment of o
abilities dir th in n o
and ec se f
interest tio lf-
s n

19. PRINCIPLES
1. It is unique to an individual .
2. It is concerned with the whole individual and not just with
his/her intellectual life alone.
3. It is always goal oriented and goal directed.
4. It is a professional activity.
5. It should be based on a thorough knowledge of
characteristics of the stages of human growth and
development.
6. It is concerned with all, not only with special or problem
students, therefore have adequate evidence before
designating a person as abnormal.
7. It is meant for all those who need help.
8. It is not specific of any stage of development student.
9. It is a continuous process.

20. Cont……
10. It is concerned with developing student’s
self understanding and self determination.
11. It recognizes the existence of individual
differences, hence limits and problems of
each individual are different from one
another.
12. It accepts that problems have causes and
are interrelated, so a deep knowledge of
causes are essential.
13. It should have a flexible approach.

21. NEED FOR GUIDANCE &
COUNSELING
To help students adjusting with the new
environment of the nursing institute,
hospital etc.
To help in developing qualities required for
a successful nursing practice.
To help students in getting adjusted with
the clinical environments.
Keeping in touch with the latest trends in
nursing and to report benefits from the
trends.
Developing positive learning habits,
especially skill learning.

22. CONT….
In the development of appropriate coping
strategies in order to deal with stress.
To develop positive attitude towards life.
To overcome periods of anxiety and
confusion.
To develop their leadership qualities
 To motivate them for taking membership in
professional organizations after completing their
studies.
 Help them to make advantages of the
technological advancements in the patient care.

23. CONT….
Help them to develop readiness for
changes and to face challenges both in
the personal as well as professional life.
Help them to carry out the
responsibilities as a worthwhile health
team member.
Help them in the proper selection of
careers both in India & Abroad.
Motivate them to do higher studies
according to their abilities and interest.
To assist the needy students in availing
financial assistants from appropriate
organizations.

24. Why counselling is important
counselling aims to:
enable citizens to manage and plan their learning
and work pathways in accordance with their life
goals,
assist educational and training institutions to
have well motivated pupils, students and trainees
who take responsibility for their own learning and
set their own goals for achievement
assist enterprises and organisations to have
well motivated, employable and adaptable staff,
capable of accessing and benefiting from learning
opportunities both within and outside the
workplace

25. Why counselling is important
counselling aims to:
provide policymakers with an important
means to achieve a wide range of public policy
goals
support local, regional, national and
economies through workforce development
and adaptation to changing economic demands
and social circumstances
assist in the development of societies, in
which citizens actively contribute to their
social and democratic development

26. Importance of guidance and counselling within
education system
career counselling has an important role to play within
education in laying the foundations for lifelong career
development
 wider curriculum choice results in more diverse and
complex routes into later stages of education, into
employment, or into both
This can help to:
reduce dropouts from and back-tracking within
education systems, and thus improve internal flows
improve flows between different levels of education, thus
raising national levels of educational attainment
These outcomes help to make better use of educational
resources, and to increase both individual and social
returns to investments in education

27. MAJOR AREAS
 EDUCATION –
Educational guidance help the students to
get maximum benefit out of education and to solve
their problems related to education.
 VOCATION –
Vocational guidance is the assistance
provided for selection of a area of interest in
education & preparation for the career development.
 PERSONAL –
adjust themselves to their environment for
efficient citizenship.
It also helps in emotional instability, personal
problems, competition, irrational expectations of the
parents, etc..

28.  SOCIAL –
• make substantial contributions to the society, assume
leadership,
• confirm to the social norms,
• work as team members.
• develop healthy and positive attitudes.
• acquires traits of patience and friendship.
 AVOCATION –
• Assistance to be provided to students to spend their available
leisure time profitably.
• Activities & programmes outside the formal classrooms
provide many opportunities for the blossoming of talents of
the students.
 HEALTH –
It implies the assistance related to students for
maintaining sound health.

29.  MARITAL –
students may need guidance
for the right choice ofa life
partner or for happy marital life.
 MORAL –
For the students who are
having undesirable practices,
moral guidance has to be
provide to keep them in track
and lead noble lives.
 FINANCIAL –
Help the needy students in determining the
financial assistance, also regarding freeships, fee
concessions, scholarships, stipends, etc….

30. TYPES OF GUIDANCE
 W.M.PROTECTOR’S, JOHN M BREWER,
1) Educational guidance.
2) Vocational guidance.
3) Guidance in social and civic activities.
4) Guidance in health and physical activities.
5) Guidance in the worthy use of leisure time.
6) Guidance in character building activities.
7) home relationship.
8) Guidance in personal well being.
9) Guidance in thoughtfulness and co-operation.

31. CONT…
 PATERSON ETALS’ VIEW.
1) Educational guidance.
2) Vocational guidance.
3) Personal guidance ( includes social,
emotional and leisure time guidance.)
4) Health guidance.
5) Economic guidance.

32. APPROACHES TO COUNSELING
1. Directive counseling or prescriptive
counseling:-
 counselor-centered counseling.
 Steps are-
 Starting the counseling session
 Collect the relevant data of the problem.
 Analyze the problems.
 Synthesis the problem
 Diagnosis
 Prognosis
 Prescribe remedial measure
 Follow up.

33. CONT..
1. Non-directive counseling:-
 counselee or Client centered
 Time consuming
 Some time require training
 Steps are:-
I. Opening the session
II. Establishing rapport
III. Exploration of the problem
IV. Exploration of the Cause of problem.
V. Discovering alternative solution.
VI. Termination of the session.
VII.Follow up.

34. CONT..
3.Eclective approach of counseling:-
 Based on difference between every individual
 No single approach
 Relate past and present events.
 Ready to change plan.

35. CONT..
4.Group counseling.
 By applying group interaction
 Phases of activities:-
 Selection of participants
 Starting the session
 Orientation towards discussion.
 Checking unwanted behaviour
 Assisting in self disclosure
 Assisting in decision making
 Closure of the session
 Follow up.

36. Types of counselling
1. Clinical counseling.
2. Psychological counseling.
3. Psychotherapeutic counseling.
4. Student counseling.
5. Marriage counseling.
6. Vocational counseling.
7. Individual counseling – interview.
8. Behavioral counseling.
9. Dietary counseling.
10. Motivational counseling.
11. Interpersonal counseling.

37. CONT…
 Educational counseling.
 Counseling in health and living conditions
 Personal counseling.
 Moral, religious and social counseling.
 Counseling in leisure time.
 Peer-group counseling.
 Orientation service counseling.
 Appraisal service counseling.-
gather record, maintain and use adequate
information
 Information service counseling.
 By:- newspaper, pamphlets, occupational guide, career
talk etc…

38. CONT…
Counseling service –
1. developmental counseling. – to
help:-
 Personal growth
 Set goal for future behavior
 Values and moral
3.facilitative counseling.
 To correct a fault or an
undesirable behaviour

39. CONT…
3.Preventive counseling. –
 prepare future problem
 Failure in exam
 Not getting job or admission
 Delay married
4.crisis counseling.
 Help to overcome from crisis
situation
 Loss of family member, family
conflict etc.

40. Factors that Influence
Change
 Not these all  Structure
characteristics apply to  Setting
all situations, but
 Client Qualities
generally, the following
condition can create  Counselor Qualities
problem in counseling:-

41. Factors that Influence
Change
Structure.
The “joint understanding between the
counselor & client regarding the
characteristics, conditions, procedures, and
parameters of counseling” (DAY & SPARACIO,1980)
what the formal process will look like.
 Many clients come to counseling with no idea
what to expect.
Counseling moves forward when client and
counselor know the boundaries of the relationship
and what is expected.

42. Factors that Influence
Change
 Physical Setting.
 Counseling can happen
anywhere, but the
professional generally
works in a place that
provides -
Privacy,
Confidentiality,
Quiet and
Certain comfort

43. Factors that Influence
Change: Client
Readiness :-
 motivation that the client brings into the session.
 Create interest in it.
Reluctance
clients who are referred for help by a third party
and are unmotivated.
Hesitation, and without enthusiasm.
Resistance :-
clients who are forced into counseling.
They bring a motivation to cling to their issues
through various sorts of actions.

44. Transference & Counter-
transference
 A concept as old as
Freud, transference and
countertranference are
issues that affect all
forms of counseling,
guidance, &
psychotherapy.

45. Transference
This is the client’s projection
of past or present feelings,
attitudes, or desires onto the
counselor. It can be direct or
indirect and will cause the client to react to
you as they would in the past or present
relationship.

46. Counter-transference
This is the counselor’s
projected emotional
reaction to or behavior
towards the client.
 It can take on many forms, from a desire to
please the client, to wanting to develop a
social or sexual relationship with the client.
When this happens, supervision or
counseling for the counselor is called for.

47. Factors which influence
change
Client & Counselor Qualities.
Counselors generally like to work with clients who
are most like them.
Counselors is influenced by the physical
characteristics of the client.
 It is important to be aware of how you work with
all clients and offer your best work to all clients.
Clients, depending on culture, initially like to
work with counselors who are perceived as
experts, attractive, trustworthy.

48. Some Non-Helpful Behaviors
 There are several
lists of non-helpful
behaviors of
counselors. Most
common among them  Advice Giving
include:  Lecturing
 Excessive Questioning
 Storytelling
 Asking “Why?”
 Asking “How did that
make you feel?”

49. PSYCHOTHERAPY
It is the treatment of personality problems,
maladjustments and mental disorders.
It is a process in which a person who
wishes to relieve symptoms or resolve
problems in living or is seeking personal
growth enters in implicit or explicit contract
to interact in a prescribed way with a
psychotherapist.

50. COUNSELING &
PSYCHOTHERAPY
 Counseling is a science , psychotherapy is an art.
 Counseling has its bases, principles, logic certain
characteristics through the counselor helps the
patients/individual to solve his problems and
fulfils his self demands accordingly.
 Whereas psychotherapy is a methods, through one
person explicitly and purposefully assist a client to
handle the situation.

51. GOALS OF
PSYCHOTHERAPY
To help the patient in –
 Changing maladaptive behavior patterns.
 Reducing/eliminating environmental conditions that may
be causing such a behavior.
 Improving interpersonal and other competencies i.e.
communication skills.
 To resolve inner conflicts & overcome feelings of
handicap (such as the patient feels he can’t socialize, or
take a decision or communicate effectively.
 Modifying an individual’s accurate assessment of himself
and the world around him.
 Helping him to develop a sense of self identity.

52. Individual
psychotherapy
Interpersonal Others
psychotherapy psychotherapy
TYPES
Behavioral Group
psychotherapy psychotherapy

53. Important Skills/Tools for the
Counselor
 Empathy
 There are several
important skills  Leading
which we will cover  Responding
briefly. Each is  Self Disclosure
considered a “micro-  Immediacy
skill” which you will
 Humor
need to develop
during the clinical  Confrontation
sequence of the  Respect
counselor training  Genuineness
program.  Self disclosure

54. Empathy
You want to build
the relationship with
the client through all
the previously
mentioned skills. Yet
all these skills will be
hindered without the
use of empathy.

55. Empathy
According to Rogers (1961)…
This is the ability to enter the client’s
phenomenological world, to experience the
client’s world as if it were your own without
ever losing the ‘as if’ quality.
It involves two specific skills:
Perception/understanding of what is taking
place emotionally.
The ability to communicate your understanding
of that to your client.

56. Moving the Client—Leading
To “lead” the client forward in a session.
They include using silence, acceptance,
paraphrasing, etc…
Be aware of how you lead and where you
are going. You are working on the client’s
issues, not your issues, or what you think
the client should be working on.

57. Moving the Client—Leading
Restatement of content
Reflection of content
Reflection of feeling
Minimal Encouragers: “I see” or “uh huh”
General Encouragers: Direct client talk more
on a specific topic, e.g., “Please say some more
about…”
Encouragement/Support
Therapeutic Silence

58. Responding Styles
Counseling is often perceived as just
focusing on feelings. This is not true.
While counseling helps people work
through feelings; how one responds and
communicates with others will effect how
the counselor responds to the client.

59. Responding Styles
Affective Responding.
Focusing on feelings.
Behavioral Responses.
Focusing on actions and behaviors.
Cognitive Response.
Focusing on thoughts and cognitions.
You will balance these throughout the session with a client.

60. Self-Disclosure
Self-disclosure is making oneself
known to another person (the client)
by revealing personal information.
Counselors self-disclosure is only
necessary as it relates to the therapeutic
process.
Too much self-disclosure hinders the
counseling process, while not enough,
may inhibit the client from forming a
bond with the counselor.

61. Immediacy
 This involves a counselor’s
understanding and
 communicating of what is going on
between the counselor and client within
the helping relationship. There are 2
types:
 Relationship immediacy. (Between client &
counselor)
 “Here & Now” immediacy focuses on some
particular event in the session.

62. Humor
 Humor can have a
positive effect on the
counseling process when
used properly.
 It must be used with
sensitivity and timing. It
does not demean and is
supportive.
 A session is not a time to
try out a new joke heard
at lunch.

63. Confrontation
This is not skill at putting the
client down for doing something wrong!!
This is an invitation to the client to look
more closely at behavior that is not
working or interfering with growth,
change, or healthy functioning.
A Challenge…

64. Confrontation
Before you confront someone you want
to make sure the relationship is strong
and able to withstand the challenge of the
confrontation.
Example: “You have said you want to
change this behavior but it seems you
keep doing it over and over again. Help
me to understand what is going on and
how repeating this pattern is helpful to
you.”

65. Others Important Skills/Tools
for the Counselor
Non-judgmental.
Approachable
Mature.
Makes time.
Common sense.
Imaginative.
genuineness

66.  Able to Notices:-
• non verbal response
• where pain is.
• what is felt out.
 Good pacing.
 Calm.
 Knowledgeable.
 Supportive.
 Does not advise.
 Makes good, pleasing eye and eye to eye contact.

67. PROCESS OF COUNSELLING
A) Preparatory stage :- Attending
• Attitudes: Counsellor
• Respect gets the
• Genuineness
• Empathy
counselee
 Skills: interest
1)Social skills
Greeting skills – good morning……,my name…….
Politeness- use please, thank you………
Kindness skills- one’s good wish for others
 Use:-
 Develop interpersonal interaction
 Chance to explore each other
 Make trustful IPR

68. Preparatory stage :- Attending
2) Skill of attending physically 4)Skills of listening
3) Skills of observing.
 When working with a S.O.L.E.R.
client, you want to send a
message that you are
listening.
 This can be done by being
attentive both verbally
(responding to the client) and
nonverbally.
 SOLER is an acronym
which serves to remind us
how to listen.

69.  S: Face the client squarely; that is, adopt a posture that
indicates involvement.
 O: Adopt an open posture. Sit with both feet on the
ground to begin with and with your hands folded, one
over the other.
 L: As you face your client, lean toward him or her. Be
aware of their space needs.
 E: Maintain eye contact. Looking away or down
suggests that you are bored or ashamed of what the
client is saying. Looking at the person suggests that
you are interested and concerned.
 R: As you incorporate these skills into your attending
listening skills, relax.

70. B) First stage : responding
• Attitudes:
• Respect
• Genuineness
• Empathy
• Concreteness
• Self disclosure
Skills:-
I. RESPONDING TO FEELING & CONTENT
II. RESPOND WITH A SUMMARY
III.RESPOND WITH QUESTION
IV.COMPLETION OF THE STAGE
 Present her with picture of whole situation
a) Enter into the counselee frame of reference
b) Blocks of self exploration

71. C) second stage : personalizing
• Attitudes:
• Respect
• Genuineness
• Empathy
• Concreteness
• Self disclosure
• Confrontation
• Immediacy
Skills
1. Personalizing the meaning
Counsellor ability to go beyond
What meaning has the situation for this counselee?
Point out area of problem.
2. Personalizing the problem and the goal together

72. Third stage : Initiating

73. Subsequent stage : evaluating
• Attitudes: skills :-
Respect 1)a week or so after the counselee has
• Genuineness taken the first step, evaluate with her
• Empathy performance and modify the plan of
• Concreteness action in the light of her feedback.
• Self disclosure 2)sustain his motivation using
• Confrontation reinforces
• Immediacy
Purpose
 What modification should need?
 How to sustain motivation?
 Make sense to personal achievement.
 Observe the counselee behaviour

74. Termination of a Session
 There is no great secret to
ending sessions. There
are some guidelines:
Start and end on time.
Leave 5 minutes or so for a summary of the
session.
Introduce the end of the session normally (“Our
time is coming to a close.”).
Assign homework.
Set up next appointment.

75. Termination of the
Relationship
 Termination is the end of the professional
relationship with the client when the session
goals have been met.
 A formal termination serves three functions:
 Counseling is finished and it is time for the client to
face their life challenges.
 Changes which have taken place have generalized
into the normal behavior of the client.
 The client has matured and thinks and acts more
effectively and independently.

76. Timing of Termination
 There is no one answer when termination is to
take place. Questions you may wish to ask
yourself concerning termination include:
 Have clients achieved behavioral, cognitive, or
affective goals?
? Can clients concretely show where they have made
progress in what they wanted to accomplish?
? Is the counseling relationship helpful?
? Has the context of the initial counseling
arrangements changed?

77. Resistance to Termination
Clients & Counselors may not want
counseling to end. In many cases this
may be the result of feelings about the
loss and grief or insecurities of losing the
relationship.
 For clients, this is something to process.
For counselors, this is an issue for
supervision.

78. Premature Termination
Client.
Many clients may end counseling before all
goals are completed. This can be seen by not
making appointments, resisting new
appointments, etc… It is a good idea to try
and schedule a termination/review session
with the client so closure may take place. At
this time a referral may be in order.

79. Premature Termination
Counselors.
At times, counselors have to end counseling
prematurely. Whatever the reason for the
termination, a summary session is in order
and referrals are made, if appropriate, to
another counselor.

80. Referrals
At times, a counselor needs to make a
referral. When this is done, specific
issues need to be addressed with the
client:
Reason for the referral.
Note specific behaviors or actions which
brought the need for a referral.
Have the names of several other counselors
ready for referral.
You cannot follow up with the new counselor
to see if the client followed through
(Confidentiality issue).

81. Follow-Up
At times, a follow-up may be scheduled
for various reasons including evaluation,
research, or checking-in with client.
Follow-ups need to be scheduled so as to
not take the responsibility of change
away from the client.

82. CONCLUSION
Guidance & counseling enjoys a dominant
role in the present day education system. It helps the
students to acquire ability which promote self-
direction & self-realization.
Guidance & counseling have three fold functions
namely adjustmental, orientational and
developmental which are needed to maintain a
healthy climate in the educational sector.
In nursing education, it helps the teacher’s
& students to become more professional so that they
can face the challenges badly. The main purpose is to
help the students or individual to help himself.

83. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NEERAJA K P, “ TEXTBOOK OF NURSING
EDUCATION,” JAYPEE BROTHERS, MEDICAL
PUBLISHERS (P) LTD, NEW DELHI, 1ST EDITION, 2003,
(PAGES – 447-494).
 BT BASAVANTHAPPA “NURSING EDUCATION” JAYPEE
BROTHERS, MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD, NEW
DELHI, 1ST EDITION, 2003, (PAGES – 864-897).
 J.M. FUSTER, “PERSONAL COUNSELING” BETTER
YOURSELF PUBLISHER ,3RD REVISED EDITION, 1986.
 CHRISTINE S. FAWCET “FAMILY PSYCHIATRIC
NURSING” , MOSBY PUBLICATION
 A,S. SHARMA“COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY”,
COMMONWEALTH PUBLISHERS.
 WWW.GOOGLE.COM FOR GUIDANCE & COUNSELING.

84. Questions

85. Thank you