Rh incompatibility or iso-immunization is very uncommon. This presentation deals with some basics about blood groups and pathogenesis of it. This will be useful for under and postgraduates in the field of obstetrics.
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Rh isoimmunisation
1. Dr.Suresh Babu Chaduvula
Professor
Department of Obs & Gyn
College of Medicine
KKU, Abha, Saudi Arabia
2.
3. ο Karl Landsteiner β Proposed Blood Group
Sysytem
ο Awarded Nobel prize in 1930
ο Landsteiner and S.Weiner β discovered
Rhesus system in Rhesus monkeys.
4. ο RBC cell surface has antigens called
Agglutinogens or isoagglutinogens and
plasma contains antibodies called
Agglutinins or isoagglutinins.
ο A positive woman will have A antigen and
anti B antibodies.
ο Rhesus positive mothers means D antigen
positive.
ο Rhesus negative means D antigen negative
mothers.
5.
6.
7. ο There are 5 Rhesus antigens β D, C,c,E and e.
ο Out of which D antigen is most powerful
antigen.
ο Other antigens like Kell and Duffy antigens.
ο Anti- kell is very serious.
8.
9. ο Sensitization of maternal immune system to
produce antibodies after exposure to fetal
RBC antigens.
ο Allo or Isoimmunisation β means immune
response to foreign antigens from the same
species.
ο Prevalence is 1%.
10.
11. ο 1. Mismatched blood transfusion
ο 2.Feto maternal hemorrhage following
delivery, ectopic pregnancy, abortions.
ο 3. Invasive procedures like Chorionic villous
sampling, Amniocentesis in pregnant mothers
ο 4. APH β Placenta Previa, Abruption of
placenta
ο 5. External cephalic version
ο 6. Intrauterine fetal death
12. ο Feto-maternal hemorrhage of Rh positive cells
enter into maternal circulation and will produce
anti β D antibodies Ig M type initially called β
Sensitisation.
ο After a minimum period of 3 months IgG
antibodies are produced which are capable of
crossing placental barrier.
ο IgG antibodies attack and destroy fetal RBCs in
spleen and produce Hemolytic anemia of
Newborn.
ο Anemia will produce erythropoiesis in liver
leading to erythroblast production called
Erythroblastosis fetalis.
13. ο In a mother who is already sensitised will
have a very severe hemolytic anemia and
hyperbilirubinemia called Icterus Gravis
Neonatorum.
ο If this unconjugated bilirubin crosses blood
brain barrier it will stain basal ganglia called
Kernicterus
ο And hypo-proteinemia which will lead to
changes in hemeodynamics results in
accumulation of fluid all over the body and
also in body cavities called Hydrops fetalis.
14.
15.
16. ο Antenatally at 28 and 34 weeks Anti D
Immunoglobulin of 300 micrograms should be
given.[ decreases immunization by 0.2%]
ο Anti D Immunoglobulin of 300 micrograms
should be given within 72 hours called
RhoGAM.[ decreases immunization by 1.5%]
ο Following all invasive procedures also it
should be given.
ο 300 micrograms can protect from 30 ml of
bleed.
17.
18.
19. ο 1. Increases with each subsequent pregnancy
ο 2. Depends on paternal zygosity
ο 3. Amount of feto-maternal bleeding
ο 4.ABO incompatibility.
20. ο Initially sensitization occurs in 1st pregnancy.
ο Later due to memory in the immune system
response for antibodies will be very high.
21.
22.
23. ο Amount of antibody production varies with
the amount of fetal RBCs entered into
maternal circulation.
ο Quantity tests for FMH is done by
1.Kleihuer-Betke test
2.Flow cytometry
24. ο It occurs in mothers with βOβ blood group.
ο The antibodies in this group are weak
hemolysins.
ο These can attach to only few fetal RBCs
ο It may produce only mild hyper bilirubinemia
but not Hydrops.
ο These antibodies and mild hemolysis will
decrease Rh iso- immunization and
hemolysis.
25. ο Do Blood group and type of partners
ο Anti D immunoglobulin at 28/ 34 weeks
ο Anti D immunoglobulin within 72 hours
ο Assess amount of feto-maternal hemorrhage
and if amount is more than 30 ml adjust the
dose.
26. ο Assess accurately gestational age by USG
ο Blood group and typing of partners
ο Assess Antibody titer β by Indirect Coombβs
test β every 2-4 weeks
οAmniocentesis β at a critical titer 1:16 to
assess the hemolytic anemia
27.
28. ο To determine the amount of bilirubin which
is produced by fetal hemolysis and is
secreted by secretions from fetal body.
ο Spectrophotometric analysis is used to find
out level of bilirubin in amniotic fluid.
ο Bilirubin causes shift of optical density from
linearity. Shift is greatest at 450 nanometer.
ο Degree of shift at 450 nm called Delta OD
[OD 450] indicates degree of hemolysis.
29. ο Delta OD at 450 should be plotted in Liley
chart.[used between 27 to 41 weeks]
ο I t has X axis βindicates gestation in weeks
and Y axis about Delta OD.
ο It has 3 zones called Low, Mid and High Zone.
ο Delta OD may fall either of the zones and
gives approximate time for time of delivery.
ο This chart also helpful in preventing
iatrogenic preterm delivery.
30.
31. ο Low zone indicates - mild anemia -
ο Mid zone βmild to severe anemia
ο High zone β severe anemia and impending
fetal death within 7-10 days.
32. ο Like a normal pregnancy deliver at 38 weeks
ο Do regular ultrasound and may have to
repeat amniocentesis.
ο Fetal well being tests β NST, CTG, Biophysical
profile, Doppler study.
33. ο High mid and High zone will require
CORDOCENTESIS β to assess fetal hemoglobin,
hematocrit , platelets and group and type,
reticulocyte count fetal transfusion through
umbilical vein and delivery.
Transfusion of O negative fresh blood if
hematocrit is less than 30%.
34. ο 1. Intra peritoneal
ο 2. Intra vascular β umbilical vein
ο Transfusion can be given till fetal hematocrit
becomes normal till the risk of prematurity is
crossed.
35. ο A] Ultrasound β to determine hydropic changes
like
1. scalp edema
2. Anasarca
3. Effusions
4. Hepato and spleenomegaly
5. Umbilicalomegaly
6. Placentomegaly
B] Doppler Velocimetry β
Assess peak systolic velocity in middle
cerebral artery, aorta, vena cava and umbilical
vein. It will be increased in severe anemia.
C] CTG β NST
D] Biophysical profile
36.
37. ο Low Zone & Low Mid Zone - β Deliver at 38
weeks.
ο High mid zone High Zone β Deliver at 34
weeks electively by cesarean section .
ο Arrange adequate amount of O negative
fresh blood for the newborn.
ο Inform the neonatologist prior to the
delivery.
ο Higher tertiary centers is ideal place for
delivery.