2. 2
Ca Penis
• Epidemiology
• Risk factor
• Pathology
• Premalignant lesion & Mx
• Investigation and dx
• Staging
• Mx of local tumor according to stage
• Mx of LN
• Metastasis
3. 3
Epidemiology
• What is the incidence of Ca penis?
– 1 case per 100 000
– ~ 0.5 % of all malignancies Western World (decreasing)
– Higher incidence in South America (Brazil), East Africa
and South East Asia (10% of all male malignancy)
– SEER database: no racial difference between black
and white in US
– But poor prognostic factor if African American
ethnicity (Rippentrop et al, 2004)
– Overall incidence is decreasing
4. 4
Risk factors
• What are the risk factors?
1. Smoking
2. UV radiation
3. Foreskin: phimosis , poor hygiene
• neonatal circumcision eliminate risk by 5x [Daling 2005]
• But not circumcision in adult (Maden 1993)
1. HPV infection (16, 18): asso in 50%
• Sexual transmission causing genital warts, condyloma acuminate
• HPV infects the basal epithelial cell that proliferates
• Daling (2005) HPV DNA was detected in 80 % of tumor specimens
• Carcinogenesis : interfering with p53 & pRB
• Role in prognosis is unclear
• Verrucous carcinoma is not related to HPV infection
1. Penile trauma
• Prognostic makers:
– p53, SCC antigen, P16, Ki-67m E-cadherin and MMP-2
6. 6
What are the growth patterns and
differentiation grading systems?
7. 7
What is Broders’ & Maiche
classification?
• Broders’ grading :Divided into 4 grade (1921)
– Define the level of differentiation based on
• Keratinization
• Nuclear pleomorphism
• Number of mitosis
• + other factors
– 80 % of the Ca penis is low grade lesion ( Gd 1 and 2 )
– 20% Gd 3 and 4
• Maiche grading : divided into 3 grade Maiche 1991
– Correlate with 5 year survival
Grade 1 80%
Grade 2,3 50%
Grade 4 30%
8. 8
What is the distribution of Ca
penis?
• Glans (50%)
• Prepuce (21%)
– May be related to constant exposure to
irritants within the prepuce
• Glans and prepuce (9%)
• Coronal sulcus (6%)
• Shaft (less than 2%)
9. 9
Risk factor for metastasis
1. Growth pattern (Cubilla 1993)
– Superficially spreading, LN met in 42%
– Vertical growth, LN met in 82%
1. Basaloid and sarcomatous histologic
pattern [MSKCC review (Cubilla 2001)]
2. Stage
3. Grade
4. Status of vascular invasion (Slaton 2001)
10. 10
How do they present ?
Presentation:
• a sore that has failed to heal
• a subtle induration in the skin, to a large exophytic growth.
• a phimosis may obscures the tumor and allows it to grow undetected.
• Rarely, a mass, ulceration, suppuration, or hemorrhage may manifest in the
inguinal area because of nodal metastases.
• Pain is infrequent.
• Buck fascia, which surrounds the corpora, acts as a temporary barrier.
• Eventually, the cancer penetrates the Buck fascia and the tunica albuginea,
where the cancer has access to the vasculature and systemic spread is
possible
• Delay presentation (50%) due to
– Embarrassment, guilt, fear, ignorance, and neglect
– Self treatment with various skin creams and lotions.
– Doctor: confuse with other benign penile lesions
• Metastasis :
– Dehydration : hypercalcemia in 20% on presentation (PTH like) [MSKCC]
– SOB
11. 11
Natural History
• Begins as small lesion, papillary & exophytic or
flat & ulcerative.
• Flat & ulcerative lesions >5cm and extending
>75% of the shaft have higher incidence of
metastasis and poor survival.
• Pattern in lymphatic spread.
• Metastatic nodes cause erosion into vessels,
skin necrosis & chronic infection.
• Distant metastasis uncommon 1 – 10%
• Death within 2 years for most untreated cases.
13. 13
What are the benign penile lesion?
• Non cutaneous:
– Congenital and acquire inclusion cyst
– Retention cyst
– Angioma , lipoma
– Pyogenic granuloma
– Peyronies plaque
• Cutaneous:
– Pearly Penile papules (PPP)
• White, dome-shaped, closely spaced small papules at glans penis
• Arranged circumferentially at corona
• Histology : angiofibromas similar to lesion TS
• 25% of young adults (uncircumcised)
• NO association with HPV infection/ cervical CIN
• Mx: Reassurance
• Local destruction: CO2 laser, cryotherapy
– Zoon balanitis: shinny , erythematous plaque on glans or prepuce
– Lichen Planus :flat-topped violaceous papule
17. 17
• Cutaneous horn:
– extreme hyperkeratosis with base malignant txn with wide local excision
• Pseudo-epitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic balanitis (PEMKB)
– Unusual hyperkeratotic growth of the glans
– Txn: Excision , may recur
• Leukoplakia:
– Whitish glanular plaque involve meatus
– Asso with CIS
– Txn: Excision and FU
• Bowenoid papulosis have high risk of progression to SCC (90% long
term)
• Giant condyloma acuminata or Buschke-Löwenstein tumor
– Displaces, invades, and destroys adjacent structures by compression,
whereas the standard condyloma remains superficial and never invades
– Does not metastasis
– Treat with excision and recurrence is common
18. 18
Premalignant lesion: CIS
• Erythroplasia of Queyrat: [non keratinizing CIS]
– CIS: as oppose to Bowen’s disease, occur in glans or inner part of prepuce
– Red velvety circumscribed painless lesion , may ulcerate and painful
– Histology:
• Atypical hyperplastic mucosal cell with malignant features
• Hyperchromatic nuclei & multi-level mitotic figures
• Submucosa : proliferation of capillaries & inflammatory infiltrate of plasma cell
– 10x more likely to progress then Bowen’s disease
– Treatment
– Penile preserving:
• Topical 5-FU or imiquimod
– 5-FU: block DNA synthesis (structure similar to thymine) SE: erythema , weeping
– 5% Imiquimod (imidazoguinonin tetracyclicamine): induce IF-alfa
• Laser (CO2) , photodynamic therapy , cryotherapy , Mohs MS
• If affect large area or recurrence: Total glans resurfacing + skin graft + deep biopsy
– High risk of local recurrence in penile preserving txn
• Bowen’s disease: [Keratinizing CIS ]
– CIS in the genital and perineal skin
– Txn : WLE , laser, cryoablation
19. 19
Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)
– Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
– >10% asso with future Ca penis
– Location: White patch on Glans and prepuce, may affect meatus
or fossa navicularis
– Etiology: Infection/ chronic antigenic stimulation, phimosis
– Histology :
1. epidermal atrophy,
2. loss of rete pegs,
3. chronic inflammatory change,
4. hyperkeratosis with collagenized dermis
5. perivascular infiltration of dermis
– Treatment:
• Steroid cream 4-6/52 for mild scarring and retractable foreskin
• Surgical excision (circumcision), reconstruct if stricture.
• Remember not to use genital skin for reconstruction (recurrence)
– If still not responsive > biopsy to rule out other causes like
erythroplasia of Queyrat
– Koebner phenomenon: BXO recur on split skin graft
20. 20
Circumcision
• Consent:
– Bleeding (2%)
– Infection (2%)
– Altered sensitivity of glans
– Meatal stenosis (10%)
– Need of further bx of suspicious lesion
– Unsatisfactory cosmetic result (4%)
• Procedure:
– Penile block
– Midline dorsal slit
– Inspect meatus (no hypospadias) & look for lesion
– Circumcoronal incision of inner prepuce and outer skin
– Meticulous hemostasis (bipolar diathermy)
– Skin closed with interrupted undyed absorbable suture
24. 24
What is 2009 Staging of Ca penis?
SCC penis invading prostate is T3
25. 25
What is the shortcoming of the
staging?
• Prognosis of patients with tumour invasion of the
corpus spongiosum is much better than invasion
of the corpus cavernosum in terms of local
recurrence and mortality
– Rees et al
• Authors proposed defining
– T2a patients by spongiosum-only invasion
– T2b patients by involvement of tunica or corpus
cavernosum
• No differences in long-term survival between T2
and T3
• No differences between N1 and N2
26. 26
What is the proposed modification to 2009 TNM
classification?
28. 28
Case:
• Patient present with a penile mass
• Painless
• Not affecting urination
• P/E:
– 1.5cm solid growth at glans of penis
– 1cm Right groin LN
• What is your approach?
29. 29
History
• Age
• Previous duration of phimosis
• LUTS
• Smoking history
• Sexual history: HPV infection
• Exposure to UV radiation
31. 31
Penile biopsy
• The most important diagnostic test
• Circumcision and excisional biopsy if the cancer
is small
• Incisional biopsy should contain tissue beneath
and beside the tumor in order to help stage the
disease
– Confirm histological diagnosis
– Determine the depth of invasion
– Detect the presence of vascular invasion
– Evaluate the grading of the tumour ( Broders’
classification )
32. 32
How would you stage the
tumor?Local staging
1. USG, 7.5 MHz
– Tumor appear as hypoechoic
– Adv : detect corpus cavernosal invasion with sensitivity of 100 %
– Disadv: Could not differentiate Ta from T1
1. MRI penis with intracavernosal prostaglandin
– Accurate in demonstrating invasion of the corpora,
and the extent of the cancer
1. CT:
– Not useful in local tumour staging because of poor
soft tissue resolution
– For LN status
34. 34
What is the lymphatic drainage
of penis?
• First to the inguinal LN and then to the pelvic LN
• Bilateral drainage of the penis to the LN
• The inguinal LN
– Superficial group that lie deep to the Scarpa’s fascia
but superficial to the fascia lata (8-25 LNs)
– The deep group (deep to the fascia lata) is a smaller
group that lie around the junction of the long
saphenous and femoral veins
• The commonest detected group of LN which
include the LN of Cloquet lies craniomedial to
the junction between the long saphenous and
femoral veins
35. 35
What is the accuracy of P/E of
lymphadenopathy?
• High (90%) sensitivity but a low specificity (20%)
of clinical examination detecting pathologically
positive inguinal lymphadenopathy
• 50% of patients with penile cancer will have
clinically palpable inguinal LN at presentation
• 50% of patients with pathologically positive
unilateral inguinal LN will have contralateral
metastatic disease
36. 36
What is the imaging
investigation for LN?
• CT / MRI
– Predict LN involvement by size only
– Sensitivity : 35 %, specificity : 100 %
• Strongest predictor for survival is the
presence or absence of nodal metastases
39. 39
What are options of organ
preserving therapy?
• Circumcision
– Small tumors confined to the prepuce
– But with recurrence 40%
• Local wedge excision
– Margin of 5 mm
– 50% recurrence rate
• Glansectomy : T1 (not involving the CC)
– Tourniquet control
– subcoronal incision down to Buck’s fascia
– proximal margin at least 5mm
– the glans cap is mobilized off the head of the corpora cavernosa
– Urethra is transected and split and fixed
– Shaft skin is anchored to the new corona
– Raw surface is covered with partial thickness skin graft
– T1G3 - lowest recurrence rate of 2%
40. 40
What is organ preserving therapy?
• Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS)
– “ shaving “ the tumour mass by excising thin layers of tissue and
examining them microscopically till clear deep resection margin is
confirmed by frozen section
– Adv :
• With a surgeon experienced in MMS, it is able to remove the cancerous
tissue while preserving normal structures
– Disadv :
• Messy and bloody and time consuming
• Required expert technique
• Experienced pathologist is needed to confirm clear margin by frozen
section
• Wound may healed with scarring result in disfiguration
• Urethra is sometime involved and required urethroplasty
• Recurrence rate was high at 30%
41. 41
What is organ preserving therapy?
• Laser surgery
– For local and limited invasive disease
– Four types of lasers have been used
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (ND:YAG)
3. Argon
4. Potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) lasers
– The carbon dioxide laser
• vaporizes tissue
• penetrates only to a depth of 1mm
• coagulate blood vessels less than 0.5 mm
– The ND:YAG laser
• penetrate 5 mm depending on the power
• Can coagulate vessels up to 5 mm
– The argon and KTP lasers have less tissue penetration than the
carbon dioxide laser and are rarely used
– Result : 7% recurrence in 4yr FU [Frimberger 2002]
42. 42
What are the problems of
conservative treatment?
• Not be suitable in cases of multifocal
lesions
• Mohs’ micrographic surgery,
photodynamic and topical therapy with 5-
fluorouracil ( 5-FU) or 5% imiquimod
cream have been reported for superficial
lesions with relatively high recurrence rate
• Best results are achieved with laser
surgery
43. 43
What is Partial Penectomy?
• When the cancer involves the glans and distal shaft
• T1a to T2 (not for T3 !!!!)
• Traditionally, partial amputation has required removal of 2-cm tumour-free
margins, to lower risk of local recurrence T (50% reduced to 6%)
• Pathological confirmation a surgical margin of 5-10 mm is safe
• Frozen sections at the time of surgery are often helpful, and a careful review
of the specimen and permanent sections with the pathologist help to
determine if the resection has been adequate
• If margin + ve: local recurrence in 10%
• Patient should be counselled about poor cosmetic and functional result
– He will need to sit to void
– He cannot have sexual intercourse
• If surgical resection by either wedge or partial penectomy does not provide an
adequate margin, a total penectomy should be considered
• If the amount of residual penis and urethra is inadequate to allow the patient
to urinate while standing, a perineal urethrostomy can be performed
• Berry suggested to have 3cm penile functioning length and 2cm clear margin before
consideration of partial penectomy
• Recurrence of partial or total penectomy: 0-8%
44. 44
How to perform partial
penectomy?
• Tourniquet control, cover tumor with glove finger
• Deglove the penis
• Mark the extent of tumor free margin
• Mobilize the neurovascular bundle and ligated
• Mobilize the urethra
• Send the proximal margin for frozen-section
• Oversew the corpora and Buck’s fascia and cover the corpora
with penile skin or skin graft
• Spatulate the urethra, creation of neoglan with split skin graft
• Further lengthening can be achieved by dividing suspensory
ligament +/- full thickness SG
• Foley to BSB
45. 45
What is total Penectomy ?
• Total amputation of penis + excision of
scrotum and its content
• Formation of perineal urethrostomy
• Complication:
– Urethral meatal stenosis
46. 46
• CIS, Ta-1 G1-2 (i.e. T1a)
– Penis-preserving strategy for those guarantee regular FU (70%)
• local excision + reconstructive surgery / glansectomy (depend on
size and location of tumor)
• Laser , cryoablation, RT & brachytherapy
• Moh’s MS or photodynamic therapy for (CIS, TaG1)
• Local 5-FU (for CIS only)
– No difference in local recurrence rate between micrographic
surgery, EBRT, interstitial brachy and laser
– Overall recurrence 15-20%
– Partial amputation for those who don’t comply with regular FU.
• T1b G3, T2 (glans only)
– V. carefully selected patients with tumour less than half of glans
& close FU can be carried out → conservative strategy
– Glansectomy +/- Tip amputation or reconstruction
– Margin 3mm is consider safe
47. 47
• T2 (invasion to corpora)
– Partial amputation
– Margin 5-10mm
– If no LN on presentation 5yr survival 66%
• T3 (invasion to urethra)
– Total amputation with perineal urethrostomy
• T4 (invasion to other structure)
– Neo-adj chemo + surgery in responsive patient (selected)
– Others: RT
• Local disease recurrence
– 2nd conservative procedure if < T2
– If large or deep infiltrating recurrence → partial / total amputation
– External beam radiotherapy / brachytherapy for lesions < 4cm diameter
50. 50
RT?
• Indications:
1. Organ-preserving treatment in young pt. with T1-2 lesions < 4 cm
– EBRT: Response rate: 50% Local failure rate: 40%
– Brachytherapy: response rate 70%, failure 16%.
1. Alternative to chemo + surgery in T4 disease
2. Those who have metastatic disease and need some form of palliative therapy
• Procedure:
– High dose: 60cGy during 3 weeks
– Circumcision prior to initiating radiation therapy
• Prepuce will fuse with the glans
• Allows better evaluation of the tumor stage
• Minimizes the morbidity associated with the therapy, includes swelling,
irritation, moist desquamation, phimosis, and infection
• Prophylaxis
– NOT recommended. (fails to prevent mets, morbidity, difficult to follow)
• Neo adjuvant
– can render fixed nodes operable.
• Adjuvant
– may be used to reduce local recurrence.
51. 51
Radiotherapy?
• Adv
– Avoid the psychological trauma associated with partial or complete penectomy
– Potential to maintain potency
– Local control rate 60-90%
• Disadv
– Squamous cell carcinomas tend to be resistant
– High tumor dose (i.e., 60 cGy) required
– Complication:
1. Meatal stenosis + urethral stricture (30%)
2. glans necrosis
3. Telangiectasia (90%)
4. Late fibrosis of the corpora cavernosa
5. Late fistula and pain
6. Testicular damage
7. Secondary neoplasia
– Disfiguration and associated pain may in fact make the phallus practically
useless
– Close FU is necessary
– Difficulty in distinguishing tumour recurrence and post – RT fibrosis / scarring
making multiple Bx necessary
– Local recurrence rate – 40% (EBRT), 16% (Brachytherapy)
53. 53
What is the draining LNs of CaWhat is the draining LNs of Ca
penis?penis?
• Femoral and inguinal lymph nodes are the earliest path for tumor
dissemination
• The lymphatics of the prepuce join with those from the shaft. These
drain into the
sentinel LN ( superomedial to the saphenofemoral junction )
other superficial inguinal nodes. ( superficial to the fascia lata )
deep inguinal nodes, which are beneath the fascia lata.
to the pelvic nodes
• Multiple cross connections exist at all levels, permitting penile
lymphatic drainage to proceed bilaterally (80%)
• Untreated, metastatic enlargement of the regional nodes leads to skin
necrosis, chronic infection, and, eventually, death from sepsis or
hemorrhage secondary to erosion into the femoral vessels
• No lymphatic drainage was observed from the penis to the inferior two
regions of the groin and no direct drainage to the pelvic nodes
54. 54
LN spread in Ca Penis
• Regional LN of penis are located in inguinal region :
superficial or deep
• Then drain to 2nd line LN: Iliac & obturator fossa
• Most constant node:
– Cloquet’s (or Rosenmuller’s)
– Medial side of the femoral vein
– Mark the transition btw inguinal and pelvic region
• Superficial: under subcutaneous fascia and above fascia
lata, 25 LN on the muscle of the upper thigh in Scarpa’s
triangle
• Deep: region of fossa ovalis where greater saphenous vein
drain into femoral vein through an opening of the fascia lata
• Most met found in medial superior Daseler group
• Sentinel LN of Ca penis only found in superior and central
zones of the inguinal region (by SPECT-CT)
55. 55
Daseler region
• Inguinal region is divided into four sections by a horizontal and a vertical line drawn through the
fossa ovalis
• Five anatomical subgroups with the central zone being located at the confluence of the greater
saphenous vein and the femoral vein. The four other zones are described as lateral superior,
lateral inferior, medial superior, and medial inferior
56. 56
Incidence
• Depends on:
– Tumor grade: 30% G1 vs 40% G3
– Local stage : 60% in pT2 & 75% in pT3-4
– T1G2: 50% [Naumann BJU 2008]
– Type of local tumor: Basaloid vs Classic
57. 57
Prognostic significant of LN met
• Presence and extent of inguinal LN metastasis
are the most important factors for the
prognosis of the pt.
• Pelvic LN worse then inguinal LN
• Predictor of DFS:
– Extra capsular growth in met node
– Bilateral inguinal LN met
– Pelvic nodal disease
• 3yr Cancer specific survival:
– Inguinal LN –ve or pN1: ~ 100%
– pN2 : 70%
58. 58
Predictor of LN met
• Variable if only take primary tumor into
account (pT stage, grade , depth of
invasion & histological subtype)
• Lymphovascular and vascular invasion
was reported to predict LN met
• Risk scoring system: Solsona
• Ficarra nomogram (2006)
64. 64
Molecular marker
• HPV DNA status: conflicting results
• Ki-67: conflicting result on LN met
• Reduce KAI1/CD82 expression: predictive
on LN involvement in one study
• P53 –ve: better survival & less LN +ve
• Conclusion: no tissue parameter is
sufficiently validated as a prognostic
marker for LN involvement to be used as a
basis for clinical decisions
65. 65
What is the approach for non-
palpable nodes?
• Explained :
– 25% risk of lymph node metastases
– Radical LND for all will result in > 75% of over treatment
• Any investigation suitable ?
– No value in dx of inguinal LN met
– Ultrasound + FNAC
• may reveal abnormal nodes & guide for fine-needle aspiration biopsy
• Non palpable LN: SV 40% , SP 100%
– Sentinel node Bx not recommended due to high false –ve rate (25%)
– Dynamic SNB - 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity, false negative rate 5%
– CT/MRI groin cannot detect micrometastasis
– Pelvic CT/MRI scan is not necessary in patients with no inguinal node metastases
(SV 40%)
– Nanoparticle-enhance MRI :SV 100%, SP 97% , PPV 80%
– 18FDG PET/CT: SV 80% , SP 100%
• Thus: risk adapted approach is more appropriate
66. 66
Non-palpable LN : by pT stage
• Low risk gp: pTis, pTaG1/2, pT1 G1 (LN met < 17%)
– Active surveillance
– Optional: modified inguinal LND
• Intermediate risk gp: pT1G2 or higher (LN met 50%)
– DSNB , follow by complete LND if tumor +ve
– If DSNB not available base on risk factor + nomogram
• Superficial growth + no vascular invasion: Active surveillance
• vascular or lymphatic invasion OR infiltrating growth pattern: modified LND radical if tumor
+ve
• High risk gp: pT2-4 , any G3 (LN met 70%)
– Active surveillance is not appropriate:
• Higher risk of recurrence [Leijte]
– Immediate LN staging
• DSN then LND if +ve
• 3 yr. DSS: 91% vs 80% (surveillance) [Lont]
– Modified radical inguinal LND (if FZ +ve in MILND)
– Immediate vs delay LND:
• 3yr survival: 84% vs 35%
• Which side? Both side
68. 68
What is the approach for palpable LN ?
• Explained:
– Palpable LN present at diagnosis in 58% patients
– Traditional : 50% +ve for metastasis, 50% inflammatory [Brazil]
– Today’s thinking: > 90% palpable LN are met
– If LN +ve on one side there is 50% chance to be +ve on the other side
• Any investigation suitable ?
– No value in dx of inguinal LN met
– Ultrasound + FNAC
• may reveal abnormal nodes & guide for fine-needle aspiration biopsy
• Palpable LN: SV 93% , SP 91%
• If negative repeat biopsy
– Dynamic SNB – No role is palpable LN
– Pelvic CT/MRI scan are widely done but with low SV/SP
– Nanoparticle-enhance MRI :SV 100%, SP 97% , PPV 80%
– 18FDG PET/CT: SV 80% , SP 100%
• But since LND is going to be perform irrespective of FNA result , FNA
may not be useful
• Thus early & bilateral radical LND is the standard procedure
69. 69
Palpable mobile LN
• If T1 & G1 & no vascular invasion, mobile LN
– Antibiotics for 4 weeks & reassess (50% inflammatory)
• USG guide FNAC: may not be necessary
• +ve
– Ipsilateral radical inguinal LN dissection
– Contralateral superficial inguinal LN dissection & frozen section-> proceed to
radical LN dissection if FZ +ve (Pompeo)
– Pelvic LND if
• Cloquet LN+, or ≥2 inguinal LN+, or extracapsular involvement
• To be done on the side (uni or bi) whenever the above criteria is reach
• -ve :
– Repeat bx
– Excised suspicious LN
– Proceed to LND
71. 71
Pelvic LND
• Incase of uninvolved inguinal LN, pelvic LND not indicated
• Risk of +ve pelvic LN: Culkin J Urol 2003;170:359-365
– 23% if < 2 inguinal LN involved
– 56% if > 3 inguinal LN involved or 1 with extracapsular spread
• Indication of pelvic LND:
– Extracapsular spread
– Cloquet node involved
– > 2 inguinal LN metastases
• Consider if basaloid subtype or strong expression of p53
• Approach: Extraperitoneal , midline incision
• Includes external iliac lymphatic chain and ilio-obturator chain with the
following borders:
– proximal boundary: iliac bifurcation
– lateral boundary: ilio-inguinal nerve
– medial boundary: obturator nerve
• Provide cure rate: 14-54%
• Unanswered questions:
– If extensive unilateral inguinal LN involvement , should pelvic LND be unilateral or
bilateral?
– When is the most suitable timing of pelvic LND?
72. 72
Fixed inguinal LN
• Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (response rate 20-60%)
– [Pizzocaro’s series]
– 3-4 courses of cisplatin & 5FU in 16 patients for fixed LN
– 60% could be radically resected following primary chemoTx
– 30% have probably cured
– Survival rate 25%
• Subsequent radical ilio-inguinal LNectomy strongly
recommended
• Should be used as part of a clinical trial
• Or Radiotherapy followed by lymphadenectomy but
higher morbidity
• Problem: high toxicity + high number of non responder
74. 74
Surgical LN staging
• Direct histological examination of inguinal
LN is the most reliable method of
assessing their involvement by
metastases
• Approach:
– Radical inguinal LND
– Modified inguinal LND
– Sentinel node biopsy
– Video endoscopic LND
78. 78
What is the boundary of femoral
triangle?
• Superior: Inguinal ligament
• Lateral: Medial border of Sartorius
• Medial: lateral border of adductor longus
• Floor:
– Medial: Pectineus muscle
– Lateral: iliopsoas muscle
– Femoral A & V
79. 79
Radical inguinal
lymphadenectomy
Margin :
• Upper : anterior superior iliac spine to
superior margin of external iliac ring
• Lateral : a vertical line of 20 cm from the
anterior superior spine
• Medial : a vertical line of 15 cm from the
pubic tubercle
• Lower : joining the lateral and medial border
Content :
• Superficial inguinal LN deep to the Scarpa
fascia
• Deep inguinal LN deep to the fascia lata
• LN remove: all 5 Daseler region + deep
inguinal LN
• Saphenous vein is ligated and divided
• Femoral artery and vein are skeletonized
• dissection posterior to the femoral vessel is
not required
• Sartorius is divided at the origin and
transposed to cover the femoral vessel
• Skin rotation flaps + MC flaps for primary
wound closure
Morbidity:
• wound infection , skin necrosis , wound
dehiscence , lymph edema, lymphocele
Modified inguinal
lymphadenectomy
• Proposed by Catalona
• Exclusion of area lateral to femoral artery &
caudal to fossa ovalis
• Boundary reduced by 1-2cm
Margin :
• Upper : inguinal ligament
• Medial : margin of adductor longus muscle
• Lateral : lateral border of the femoral artery
• Lower : apex of the femoral triangle
Content :
• The superficial LN deep to the Scarpa fascia,
superficial to the fascia lata
• But should dissect central and superior zones
• If + ve LN is identified on modified approach,
formal radical lymphadenectomy is
proceeded.
• Complications: early (7%) , late (3.4%)
• Morbidity reduced : Skin necrosis (2.5% vs
8%) , lymphoedema (3% vs 20%) , DVT
(none vs 12%)
• False –ve rate increase
80. 80
Describe the difference between radical vs
modified inguinal lymphadenectomy
1. Shorter skin incision
2. Limitation of the dissection by excluding the
area lateral to the femoral artery and caudal to
the fossa ovalis
3. Femoral vessel need not skeletonized deep to
fascia lata
4. Preservation of the saphenous vein (less
edema)
5. Elimination of the need to transpose the
Sartorius muscle
81. 81
Complications
• Early minor complications :40%
– Hemorrhage
– Wound infection
– Flap necrosis
• Major complications: 15%
– Debilitating lymphedema
– Lymphocele
– Prolong lymph drainage
– Patchy sensory loss of thigh
82. 82
How to decrease morbidity of LND?
• Prevention:
– Prophylactic antibiotic
– Care and diligent tissue handling
– Use of vacuum drain
– Elastic stocking +/- pneumatic stocking
– Early ambulation & anticoagulant (controversial)
• Treatment of lymphedema:
– Supporting underwear
– Avoid trauma to skin
– Scrotoplasty
83. 83
Dynamic sentinel node biopsy
(DSNB)
• Identification of the LN in pt. which is the first drainage node
• Assumption: there is stepwise and orderly progression of lymphatic
metastatic spread from the sentinel node to secondary LN
• Usage: in non palpable LN met (> pT1G2)
• Method:
– Technetium-99m nanocolloid injection around the penile tumor
intradermally 1d before surgery
– Shortly before OT: 1ml of patent blue dye injection intradermally
– Sentinel LN identify by lymphoscintigraphy , & area marked on skin
– Dissection: sentinel LN identify by intra-op gamma-ray detection probe +
patent blue dye staining
– LN then isolated and removed for FZ
– If FZ +ve formal inguinal LND perform
• Result:
– With improved technique (combine with USG FNAC): false negative rate of
5% achieved (vs 25%)
– Specificity : 95%, sensitivity : 95%
– Netherlands Cancer Institute
84. 84
How was the FN rate of DSNB
improved?
• Before : FN rate of DSNB is 25%
• Now: 5%
• This is achieved by combination of USG guided
FNAC before OT
• Reasons:
– LN with extensive tumor does not have normal lymph
drainage and TF not detect by DSNB
– However, they are shown by USG + FNAC
– Thus USG improved detection of extensive tumor
involved LN which are clinical not palpable and not
detected by DSNB
• Thus reduced the FN rate of DSNB
85. 85
Video endoscopic LND
• Recently described technique
• Lower risk of skin complication
• Higher risk of lymphocele (23%)
• Reliability is not yet possible
88. 88
What is the treatment for local
recurrence?
• For local recurrence after conservative therapy,
a second conservative procedure is strongly
advised if there is no corpora cavernosa
invasion
• Palpable inguinal nodes on FU - Nearly 100% is
metastatic
• Local recurrence at groin after penile amputation
– Poor prognosis
– Bilateral inguinal LND
– If more then 2 node combined chemotherapy and
radiotherapy
90. 90
How about chemotherapy?
• For distant metastasis disease
• Drugs :
– cisplatin, bleomycin, methotrexate (CBM), and fluorouracil
– Cisplatin monotherapy
• Partial short duration response rate15-23%,
– Bleomycin +/- radiation or vincristine and methotrexate
• Partial and/or complete response rate of 45%
– Overall response is partial and short live (20-60%)
• Adjuvant setting in high risk gp
– 3 course Cisplatin + 5-FU in pN2-N3 patients with relapses
(<10%) & survival benefit
92. 92
Neo-adj chemo
• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high risk groups :
– extranodal extension
– pelvic LN
– bilateral metastasis
• combination regimen :
– vincristine
– bleomycin
– methotrexate ( VBM )
• improve 5- years survival of the high risk group
from 40 % to 80 %
• ( Milan National Tumour Institute )
93. 93
Follow-up schedule for penileFollow-up schedule for penile
cancercancer
• Most relapses in first 2 years.
• 0-7% chance of relapse after partial / total
penectomy.
• Development of palpable nodes with non
palpable nodes initially means metastasis ~
100%.
• Physical exam, CT & CXR.
98. 98
• SCC (80%) Bulbomembranous urethra (60%)
• Risk factors – HPV, UV, chronic inflammatory or stricture condition, STD
• Presentation
– Late with metastasis
– Bloody urethral discharge or painless hematuria (initial/end)
– LUTS or perineal pain
– Peri-urethral abscess or UC fistula
• P/E:
– Palpable mass at female urethral meatus or along course of male urethra
– LN: pelvic LN (posterior) , inguinal LN (ant)
• Ix
– FC + biopsy first
– EUA
– MRI scan for local staging
– CT abdomen and pelvis for LN
• Tx
– Localized anterior urethral Ca
• Wide local excision with adjacent tunica albuginea,
• Urethral reconstruction either perineal urethrostomy or hypospadiac urethra if adequate length
• Total penectomy if advanced disease
– Posterior or prostatic urethral Ca
• Cystogrostatourethrectomy in men
• Anterior pelvic exenteration in women (PLND, bladder , urethra, uterus , ovaries, vagina)
– For LN > same as CA penis
– Locally advance: RT + surgery
– Met : Chemo
• 5-yr survival:
– Surgery ant urethra 50%
– Surgery post urethra 15%
RT 30%
– RT + surgery 50%
99. 99
Ca scrotum
• SCC, < 50yr
• Chimney worker: chronic exposure to soot
, tar or oil
• Presentation: painless lump or ulcer in
scrotal wall, inguinal LN
• Txn: Wide local excision +/- LND
• Adj chemo
• Poor prognosis in metastatic disease
