Transformer Design
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Transformer Design
- 1. Brandon Walther Jason Weaver Nate Putnam Dennis Wang The University of Texas at Austin Prof Kristin Wood SUTD-MIT International Design Centre (IDC) Dan Jensen United States Air Force Academy
- 2. Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture A Transformer is a system that exhibits a state change in order to facilitate new functionality or enhance existing functionality A State is a specific physical configuration in which a system performs a function
- 3. Multiple mission capability on a single platform Certain transforming devices may perform functions between states that are not possible in single-state products Benefits may be achieved in weight-sensitive applications Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 4. To develop a Transformational Design Theory & Method to facilitate the design of transforming products Motivation Develop transforming Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAVs) thus expanding their mission profile and increasing flexibility to rapidly changing missions Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Coordinate with USAFA cadets to advance design curriculum
- 5. Inductive Approach (Bottom to Top) Observe and Study Nature; Patents; Products Search, gather and identify elements and key features of transformation Extract and categorize transformation heuristics Transformation principles and theory Hypothesize definitions, transformers, scenarios, etc. Identify needs and possible solutions Extract and categorize transformation heuristics Deductive Approach (Top to Bottom) Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 6. Inductive Approach: We’ve studied over 2,400 patents for laws of transformation 1,000s of products and 100s of natural analogies were also studied for laws of transformation 3 Transformation Principles 20 Transformation Facilitators Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 7. Transformation Principle A Transformation Principle is a generalized directive to bring about a certain type of mechanical transformation Transformation Principles describe the basic mechanics of the act of transformation Transformation Facilitator Transformation Facilitators aid in the design for transformation but their implementation does not create transformation singly Transformation Facilitators describe critical details of the transformation Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 8. Expand/Collapse Change physical dimensions of an object to bring about an increase/decrease in occupied volume primarily along an axis, in a plane or in three dimensions This portable sports chair expands and collapses for a sitting mode and a storage/ portable mode The puffer fish expands to ward off and escape predators The bag in this patent expands from a towel to a tote bag 1. Product 2. Natural Analogy 3. Patent Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 9. Common Core Structure Compose devices with a core structure that remains the same, while the periphery reconfigures to alter the function of the device JSF – CTOL and STOVL A Changing Cane System Reproductive Termite CTOL STOVL Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 10. Store / Fly Whole plane in container Wings in fuselage 1 wing inside another Wings in container Fuselage = container Expose Cover Enclosure Nesting Wrap /Fold Wings wrap plane Wings form container Fitted container Wrapper for plane Fuse Divide Plane = Tools Interchange Wings Disassemble plane Wing/ fuselage compose other devices Wing or body compose other part MAV in 2 halves Body Armor Function Sharing Modularity Composite Nesting Disassemble and store separately Part of plane fits inside anther part Wrap/ Fold Nest Roll wing around fuselage Roll up wing Disassemble Telescoping Wing inside other Wings inside fuselage Inflate Form Container Container forms from other items Slap bracelet Shape Memory Alloy Furcate “Bird wing” Expand Collapse Enclosure Capability Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 11. Roll up wing Store / Fly Wrap/ Fold Roll wing around fuselage Slap bracelet Furcate Expand/Col lapse Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Design problem Transformation Principle Transformation Facilitator Concepts
- 12. T-Cards are a form of deployment of tool to aid concept generating for transformational designs Each card contains a “Principle” or a “Facilitator” – its definition and illustrative examples Principle Card Facilitator Card How to use these cards Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 13. Each card is color coded – PRINCIPLE and FACILITATOR The coding groups certain facilitators under the 3 specific principles Expand/Collapse, Expose/Cover and Fuse/Divide For Example: Inflate facilitates the Expand/Collapse type transformation Inflate on the other hand doesn’t facilitate the Fuse/Divide type transformation x Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 14. Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Ports open Servo Ports closed Concept Variants: Wing with Spoiler Ported Wing
- 15. Driven by asynchronism Commonality between states Activity Flow Applicable at different phases of design We have identified 3 ways to indicate when to pursue transformation Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 16. The system needs to be packaged for portability, deployment, and/or protection Applied at initial stage in design – customer needs analysis Commonality in activity Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 17. The system performs multiple, related overall functions asynchronously Applied at black box level of abstraction Commonality in activity Functional relationship Hierarchical relationship Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 18. The system performs multiple, unrelated processes asynchronously, and the individual states share common material and/or energy Applied at function structure level of abstraction Flow commonality Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 20. Motivation TFIs tell us when to pursue transformation as designers What lacks is a scientific way to correlate customer needs to Transformation Indicators Methods in engineering design map customer needs to functional descriptions Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 21. Basics Considers “what” (function) the product must do, not “how” (form) it is to be achieved Leads to component-independent expression Organizes the design process and allows for problem decomposition and abstraction Describe what the system must do as a system of functions Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 22. Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Import MTE Store MTE Export MTE Mech Energy Mech Energy Mech Energy Mech Energy
- 23. Import EEEE Store EEEE EE Actuate EE EE Regulate EE EE Convert EE to MRE MRE Convert MRE to Pneum E Pnu E Convert Pneum E to MTE MTE Acoustic, Thermal Air Air Air Xmit EE EE Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 24. 2-in-1 Flashlight Lantern Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 25. Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 26. Focus on shifting the following functions STOP + DISTRIBUTE GUIDE Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 27. Opportunity for transformation stems from: Common flow (energy, material) between states Redundant functionality across states Geometrical relationship Form follows function Indication for transformation is functional Implementation is form-based Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 28. Utilizes functional analysis 2 Product architectures Grouped Common flow heuristics Identify independent flow groups from function structure System of systems Immense function sharing Unclear sub-system boundaries Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 29. Out of 30 products functionally modeled, half exhibited a grouped product architecture Half of products examined were blended Most exhibit packaging TFI (portable) High ratio of functions/components Physical elements “blend” at interfaces Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 30. Blended Wing Body (BWB) Traditional aircraft (uncoupled) Blended Wing Body (coupled) Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 31. Develop a strategy to design transformers with blended architecture Fewer existing design methods Interfaces have complex interactions Efficient, performance-based design Strong relationship to physical components How to implement form into a design strategy and method Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture Transformation Transformation Indicators Functional Analysis Function Shifting Blended Architecture
- 32. Empirical Study to Find Relationships Experimental Transformer Design Method
- 33. We have discussed Principles Facilitators Functions How are they related? Is there any underlying organization? How can they be implemented in design? Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary
- 34. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary To identify specific patterns and relationships among principles and facilitators Motivation: Develop a unifying theory of transformation behavior and design Guide the designer to favorable combinations “Bend the rules” to find innovative new transformation solutions
- 35. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary How? Use an Inductive Approach Hypothesize definitions, transformers, scenarios, etc. Identify needs and possible solutions Extract and categorize transformation heuristics Deductive Approach (Top to Bottom) Inductive Approach (Bottom to Top) Observe and Study Nature; Patents; Products Search, gather and identify elements and key features of transformation Extract and categorize transformation heuristics Transformation principles and theory
- 36. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Compiles transformation characteristics of a large sample set of products Why? Previous work identified principles and facilitators using patent search Initial study covered 35 products Transformer repository examines much larger sample size, including original examples
- 37. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Sources of transformers Patent search Industrial Design websites and literature Observation Organization of repository 190 transforming products Lists principles, facilitators, sources, types of states
- 38. Transformer Example Source Expand / Collapse Expose / Cover Fuse / D ivide Conform w / Struct. Int.Enclose Fan Flip FoldFurcate Inflate Interchange W orking O rgan M odularize N est Roll/W rap/C oil Segm ent Share C ore Structure Share Functions Share Pow er Transm ission Shell Telescope U tilize Com posite U tilize Flexible M aterial U tilze G eneric Connections TotalStates Active States Storage States M ethod of D iscovery Bicycle Seat/Pump http://www .dahon.com /technology /component /zorin.htm 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 2 1 google "bicycle lock pump" Foldable bicycle helmet http://www .stashkit.co m/stashkit/i ndex.htm 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 piggyback Frisbee/Ball Patent 4955841, Patent 6896577 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 previous lit Bicycle/Boat http://www .gizmag.co m/go/2505/ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 2 1 piggyback RC car/Boat http://www .sharperima ge.com/us/ en/catalog/ product/sku 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 google "amphibious car" ATV/Jet ski http://www .aquada.co. uk/mediace ntre/quadsk i.php 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 piggyback Luggage/ Laptop table http://www .gadling.co m/2007/06 /18/luggag e-cart- transforms- to-laptop- 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 previous lit Headphones/Tr ansformer toy http://uk.gi zmodo.com /2007/08/0 6/transform ers_headph ones_fight. html 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 piggyback Wristwatch/ Cell phone http://blog. scifi.com/te ch/archives /2006/07/1 7/triple_wat ch_ce.html 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 piggyback Bra/Shopping bag http://www .pinktentacl e.com/2006 /11/eco- friendly-bra- 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 piggyback Chair/Table Patent D506324 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 patent search "table chair" Inline/Ice skate http://www .roces.com/ inlineskates .asp?cat=4 2, http://www .hypnoskat es.com/, MGM Spa, 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 search for "inline ice skate"
- 39. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Facilitator-Facilitator Matrix Identifies links among principles, facilitators Method of creating matrix: Transformer P & F P & F X = P & F P & F Transformer
- 40. Expand / Collapse Expose / C over Fuse / D ivide Conform w / Struct. Int.Enclose Fan Flip FoldFurcate Inflate Interchange W orking O rgan M odularize N est Roll/W rap/CoilSegm ent Share Core Structure Share Functions Share Pow er Transm ission Shell Telescope U tilize C om posite U tilize Flexible M aterial U tilze G eneric Connections Expand / Collapse 125 117 64 110 50 53 78 89 22 14 10 72 101 31 95 60 90 27 107 31 40 53 12 Expose / Cover 117 160 83 139 51 53 108 101 23 13 13 105 117 35 123 81 124 39 127 33 48 56 20 Fuse / Divide 64 83 108 99 23 29 58 54 11 4 23 86 75 12 104 59 82 39 83 21 33 16 42 Conform w/ Struct. Int. 110 139 99 164 49 49 97 97 23 8 26 113 114 30 139 88 122 47 127 28 49 45 40 Enclose 50 51 23 49 55 11 36 37 8 9 3 32 41 20 38 22 43 7 44 11 17 33 6 Fan 53 53 29 49 11 56 38 46 13 4 4 33 47 16 45 28 39 17 51 7 20 21 3 Flip 78 108 58 97 36 38 111 84 18 3 10 78 72 19 91 58 91 31 80 11 33 32 15 Fold 89 101 54 97 37 46 84 106 19 7 11 68 79 18 88 54 84 31 85 15 34 37 8 Furcate 22 23 11 23 8 13 18 19 23 0 0 12 17 6 15 10 19 6 18 1 4 11 1 Inflate 14 13 4 8 9 4 3 7 0 14 1 6 9 9 5 8 10 2 11 2 2 14 1 Interchange Working Organ 10 13 23 26 3 4 10 11 0 1 27 26 14 3 27 26 21 26 16 3 5 3 18 Modularize 72 105 86 113 32 33 78 68 12 6 26 128 82 17 113 86 96 49 93 23 32 27 40 Nest 101 117 75 114 41 47 72 79 17 9 14 82 125 28 103 60 94 29 125 31 43 42 21 Roll/Wrap/Coil 31 35 12 30 20 16 19 18 6 9 3 17 28 37 20 18 24 6 31 6 14 31 4 Segment 95 123 104 139 38 45 91 88 15 5 27 113 103 20 149 86 111 49 116 28 49 30 41 Share Core Structure 60 81 59 88 22 28 58 54 10 8 26 86 60 18 86 102 79 39 70 18 23 31 30 Share Functions 90 124 82 122 43 39 91 84 19 10 21 96 94 24 111 79 139 45 104 25 36 44 31 Share Power Transmission 27 39 39 47 7 17 31 31 6 2 26 49 29 6 49 39 45 54 31 8 10 7 20 Shell 107 127 83 127 44 51 80 85 18 11 16 93 125 31 116 70 104 31 140 32 47 46 26 Telescope 31 33 21 28 11 7 11 15 1 2 3 23 31 6 28 18 25 8 32 36 13 13 4 Utilize Composite 40 48 33 49 17 20 33 34 4 2 5 32 43 14 49 23 36 10 47 13 54 14 13 Utilize Flexible Material 53 56 16 45 33 21 32 37 11 14 3 27 42 31 30 31 44 7 46 13 14 61 5 Utilze Generic Connections 12 20 42 40 6 3 15 8 1 1 18 40 21 4 41 30 31 20 26 4 13 5 43 0 - 25 % 25 - 50 % 50 - 75 % 50 - 100 % 140 instances of Shell in the repository 140 instances of Shell in the repository 11 instances of Shell and Inflate in the repository 11 instances of Shell and Inflate in the repository ShellTelescope U tilize Com posite U tilize Flexible M aterialU tilze G eneric Connections Inflate tW rap/CoilSegm ent Share Core Structure Share Functions Share Pow er Transm ission ShellTelescope U tilize Com posite U tilize Flexible M aterialU tilze G eneric Connections Shell Shell
- 41. Expand / Collapse Expose / Cover Fuse / D ivide Conform w / Struct. Int. Enclose Fan Flip Fold Furcate Inflate Interchange W orking O rganM odularize N est Roll/W rap/C oilSegm ent Share C ore Structure Share Functions Share Pow er Transm ission ShellTelescope U tilize Com posite U tilize Flexible M aterial U tilze G eneric Connections Expand / Collapse 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.26 0.47 0.22 0.71 0.18 0.12 0.00 0.19 0.82 0.28 0.71 0.41 0.33 0.07 0.74 0.22 0.26 0.45 0.02 Expose / Cover 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.21 0.24 0.18 0.69 0.59 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.55 0.12 0.12 0.47 0.41 0.71 0.19 0.76 0.13 0.15 0.07 0.01 Fuse / Divide 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.89 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.29 0.82 0.14 0.02 0.93 0.58 0.74 0.35 0.51 0.06 0.27 0.05 0.54 Conform w/ Struct. Int. 0.51 0.15 0.35 1.00 0.15 0.26 0.24 0.48 0.11 0.03 0.11 0.49 0.53 0.15 0.82 0.49 0.55 0.21 0.65 0.14 0.26 0.23 0.21 Enclose 0.47 0.49 0.04 0.44 1.00 0.07 0.49 0.66 0.08 0.11 0.01 0.33 0.41 0.34 0.47 0.34 0.51 0.01 0.75 0.18 0.23 0.37 0.04 Fan 0.67 0.31 0.01 0.64 0.06 1.00 0.40 0.78 0.15 0.06 0.02 0.27 0.57 0.21 0.69 0.44 0.43 0.15 0.78 0.07 0.25 0.28 0.01 Flip 0.21 0.76 0.03 0.38 0.26 0.26 1.00 0.74 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.57 0.20 0.09 0.59 0.43 0.71 0.20 0.69 0.07 0.20 0.12 0.04 Fold 0.49 0.48 0.03 0.56 0.26 0.37 0.55 1.00 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.40 0.45 0.14 0.67 0.39 0.58 0.15 0.74 0.11 0.21 0.24 0.01 Furcate 0.88 0.08 0.04 0.92 0.23 0.50 0.38 0.73 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.65 0.23 0.65 0.42 0.42 0.12 0.58 0.08 0.15 0.42 0.00 Inflate 0.89 0.11 0.00 0.33 0.44 0.28 0.17 0.44 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.28 0.61 0.56 0.17 0.61 0.33 0.06 0.67 0.17 0.22 0.89 0.00 Interchange Working Organ 0.00 0.25 0.75 0.75 0.03 0.06 0.25 0.16 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.97 0.19 0.00 0.97 0.94 0.66 0.91 0.56 0.03 0.13 0.00 0.69 Modularize 0.14 0.47 0.39 0.60 0.14 0.14 0.45 0.42 0.03 0.03 0.18 1.00 0.26 0.06 0.79 0.61 0.69 0.32 0.65 0.11 0.18 0.09 0.25 Nest 0.78 0.13 0.09 0.85 0.22 0.38 0.21 0.62 0.13 0.08 0.04 0.34 1.00 0.24 0.76 0.45 0.46 0.11 0.87 0.24 0.26 0.35 0.08 Roll/Wrap/Coil 0.64 0.32 0.04 0.59 0.45 0.34 0.21 0.46 0.11 0.18 0.00 0.18 0.57 1.00 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.04 0.79 0.13 0.25 0.59 0.04 Segment 0.38 0.30 0.32 0.73 0.14 0.25 0.34 0.52 0.07 0.01 0.13 0.58 0.43 0.09 1.00 0.52 0.59 0.24 0.69 0.15 0.27 0.13 0.19 Share Core Structure 0.32 0.38 0.30 0.65 0.15 0.24 0.36 0.45 0.07 0.07 0.18 0.66 0.37 0.13 0.76 1.00 0.62 0.30 0.63 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.20 Share Functions 0.20 0.51 0.29 0.57 0.17 0.18 0.46 0.51 0.05 0.03 0.10 0.58 0.29 0.10 0.67 0.48 1.00 0.25 0.71 0.10 0.23 0.15 0.16 Share Power Transmission 0.13 0.43 0.43 0.69 0.01 0.19 0.42 0.42 0.04 0.01 0.43 0.85 0.22 0.03 0.85 0.75 0.78 1.00 0.58 0.09 0.16 0.04 0.36 Shell 0.38 0.45 0.17 0.55 0.22 0.27 0.37 0.55 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.45 0.47 0.17 0.66 0.41 0.59 0.15 1.00 0.17 0.25 0.20 0.10 Telescope 0.54 0.37 0.10 0.60 0.25 0.12 0.17 0.38 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.37 0.63 0.13 0.69 0.48 0.42 0.12 0.85 1.00 0.27 0.27 0.06 Utilize Composite 0.42 0.29 0.29 0.71 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.49 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.41 0.46 0.18 0.81 0.37 0.61 0.14 0.81 0.18 1.00 0.20 0.19 Utilize Flexible Material 0.81 0.14 0.06 0.68 0.38 0.35 0.24 0.63 0.15 0.22 0.00 0.22 0.67 0.46 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.04 0.69 0.19 0.22 1.00 0.04 Utilze Generic Connections 0.04 0.02 0.94 0.96 0.06 0.02 0.13 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.92 0.23 0.04 0.94 0.69 0.69 0.50 0.54 0.06 0.31 0.06 1.00 0 - 25 % 25 - 50 % 50 - 75 % 50 - 100 % 67% of Inflate processes also Shell 67% of Inflate processes also Shell 5% of Shell processes also Inflate 5% of Shell processes also Inflate Inflate ShellTelescope U tilize Com posite U tilize Flexible M aterialU tilze G eneric Connections Inflate ze N est Roll/W rap/CoilSegm ent Share Core Structure Share Functions Share Pow er Transm ission ShellTelescope U tilize Com posite U tilize Flexible M aterialU tilze G eneric Connections Shell Shell
- 42. Most prevalent Least prevalent Most exclusive Expand / Collapse Conform w/ Struct. Int. Nest Shell Segment Interchange Working Organ Utilize Generic Connections Share Power Transmission Inflate Inflate Furcate Utilize Flexible Material Nest Expose / Cover Shell Share Functions Flip Fold Inflate Utilize Generic Connections Furcate Interchange Working Organ Flip Fuse / Divide Segment Conform w/ Struct. Int. Modularize Share Functions Inflate Fan Furcate Roll/Wrap/Coil Utilize Generic Connections Interchange Working Organ
- 43. Conform w /Struct.Int. Enclose Fan Flip FoldFurcate Inflate InterchangeW orking O rganM odularize N est Roll/W rap/CoilSegm ent ShareCoreStructure ShareFunctions SharePow erTransm ission ShellTelescope U tilizeCom posite UtilizeFlexibleM aterial U tilzeG enericConnections Conform w/ Struct. Int. Enclose X X X X Fan X X X Flip X X Fold X X Furcate X X X X X Inflate X X X X X Interchange Working Organ X X X X X X X X X Modularize Nest Roll/Wrap/Coil X X Segment X Share Core Structure Share Functions Share Power Transmission X X X X Shell Telescope X X X X Utilize Composite X Utilize Flexible Material X X X Utilze Generic Connections X X X X X X X X X Mutual High Correlation High One-Way Correlation Mutual Low Correlation Correlation over 75% Correlation over 50% Correlation below 10%
- 44. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary
- 45. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Concept Generation “More is better” Seeing combinations of principles, facilitators, and functions spurs the imagination Mind-mapping Design-by-Analogy Transformation principles and theory Inductive Approach (Bottom to Top) Observe and Study Nature; Patents; Products Search, gather and identify elements and key features of transformation Extract and categorize transformation heuristics Hypothesize definitions, transformers, scenarios, etc. Identify needs and possible solutions Extract and categorize transformation heuristics Deductive Approach (Top to Bottom) Application - How can we use these relationships to design better transformers? Design Methodology Use the Deductive Approach (Scientific Method)
- 46. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Design-by-Analogy Search for new analogies across domains Example: Automatic towel folder Synonym for “Fold” is “Douse” douse a sail Led to a new concept using similar process
- 47. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary word hypernym troponyms sister terms sister terms
- 48. rotate screw wheel twirlspin, whirl, reel, gyrate birlcrank cartwheel whirligig move turn revolvecircumvolve caracole pirouette spiral, corkscrew turn out splay flip over swing around twist curl, wave, kink crick pivot, swivel quiver, pulsate bendflick writhe pronate seesaw divergetumbleflap make way
- 49. Test Case: Transforming Screwdriver Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Investigate use of WordTrees with Principles/Facilitators + =
- 50. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Many solutions available on the market Mature, well-populated design space How many can we find?
- 51. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Stage 1: Identify “key product descriptors” Create WordTrees for descriptors Create WordTrees for the 3 principles Mind-map, using WordTrees as mental cues
- 52. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary
- 53. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Stage 2: Reference newly discovered relationships to identify important facilitators Create WordTrees for facilitators Investigate unknown or intriguing terms Mind-map, using WordTrees and external research as mental cues
- 54. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary flick move turn bend rotate move bend flip turn flip flick
- 55. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary About 60 concepts total Additional 23% from second stage
- 56. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Additional Concepts
- 57. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Future Validation of Method Run design problem with several groups of engineering students Familiar and unfamiliar with transformers Test variations against control group Determine which portions of the process are most beneficial
- 58. Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Research Goal Transformer Repository Principles & Facilitators Applications to Design Design Experiment Summary Matrix analysis New IdeasWordTrees Extract relationships Investigate analogies To sum up . . .
- 59. Problem Analysis Concept Generation Experiment
- 60. Project Introduction Solution Procedure Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment MAVs expend energy as they fly A finite amount of energy can be stored on the craft and is typically imported prior to mission There are two ways to increase available energy: Increase energy storage capacity Import energy during the mission
- 61. Project Introduction Solution Procedure Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Concept Generation Energy Component Database Energy System Modeling Core-Function Modeling Strategy 6-3-5 WordTree Mind-Mapping Task Clarification Analysis WordTree Creation Prototyping / Experimentation MAV Reconfigurable Platform PROBLEM REFORMULATION AND HYPOTHESIS Functional Modeling Customer Needs Analysis Concept Development CAD Modeling Math Modeling of MAV Flight Concept Generation Experiment Preliminary Concept Generation Literature Review Working Prototype Design Research Findings Preliminary Solution Ideas Technology Forecasting Scientific Method Path Design Method Path Concept Variants Tabletop POCs Design Review Problem Generalization Problem Reformulation Energy Morph Matrix Two paths to two results Design method results in working prototype Scientific method furthers study of design
- 62. Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Initial goal was to understand energy systems from a functional standpoint Started with a functional basis1 —a list of 42 functions and 14 energy types Analyzed ~30 function structures to identify a handful of core functions found in energy systems Result is 5 core functions and 6 energy types
- 63. CONVERT IMPORT EEXPORT E STORE TRANSMIT Light Microwaves Radio Air Compression Heat Air Compression Light Heat Propulsion/Drag Sound Sound Wind Radio Communications MAV in Flight Fuel in AirExhaust
- 64. STORAGE MEDIA TRANSMISSION CHANNELS CONVERTERS from to Rotational Kinetic Electromagnetic Radiation Photovoltaic Panel Translational Kinetic -Light Rectenna Array Spring Potential -Microwaves Photosynthetic Organism Rotational Kinetic Mechanical Coupling Piezoelectric Generator Translational Kinetic Solid Momentum/Force Electric Motor Generator Compressed Fluid Potential Fluid Momentum/Force Turbine Battery Conduction Air Engine Ultracapacitor Induction LASER Liquid Phase Moving Chemicals Microwave Emitter -Fossil Fuel Convection Resistor -Alcohol Conduction Electric Motor Gas Phase Radiation Electrolysis -Propane Piezoelectric Actuator -Hydrogen Fuel Cell Solid Phase Piston Engine -Hydrogen Metal Hydride Jet Engine -Other Powder Fuel Chemical Muscle Hot, Insulated Mass Various Living Bacteria Exothermic Reaction (general) Endothermic Reaction (general) Thermoelectric Generator Shape-Memory Alloy Stirling Engine Energy Morph Matrix
- 65. Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Key Customer Needs Maximize: Range Loiter capability Automation Stealth Minimize: Interruption of surveillance Sensitivity to weather/light conditions
- 66. Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Literature Review/Prior Work Boeing, AFRL, 2007 AAR control algorithm for UAVs NASA, others solar-powered HALE aircraft CRC (Canada, 1980’s) SHARP UAV powered by microwaves SPAWAR Systems Center, 2006 VTOL UAV refueling by UGV ground station
- 67. Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Aerial Refueling versus Mid-mission Re-energizing Goals of Restatement/Generalization/Reformulation: Break fixation on obvious solutions Inspire analogical thinking by restating the problem in a general way Expand the relevant design space
- 68. Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Question: How do we incorporate problem reformulation and analogical thinking into the design process? Answer: Use WordTrees
- 69. Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment We have two useful sources of information: Energy Morph Matrix WordTrees HYPOTHESIS: By presenting this information during concept generation, more concepts will be generated.
- 70. Concept Generation Experiment – Setup Control Group • only saw problem statement • mind map • 6-3-5 Energy Morph Matrix Group • saw problem statement • saw morph matrix • performed thought exercise • mind map • 6-3-5 WordTree Group • saw problem statement • created WordTrees • saw one provided • mind map • 6-3-5 Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment Project Introduction Solution Procedure Energy System Analysis Task Clarification Problem Reformulation and Hypothesis Concept Generation and Experiment
- 71. You are here Surveillance Area Design a system to maintain fuel capability without returning to launch point Minimize human input that a soldier has to do to operate the system Goal is continuous operation, with minimum time spent refueling Might need to be used in day or night Should be reasonably stealthy Maximize the range over which the system can operate Maximize the time surveillance can be maintained Problem Statement Given to All Groups
- 72. STORAGE MEDIA TRANSMISSION CHANNELS CONVERTERS from to Rotational Kinetic Electromagnetic Radiation Photovoltaic Panel Translational Kinetic -Light Rectenna Array Spring Potential -Microwaves Photosynthetic Organism Rotational Kinetic Mechanical Coupling Piezoelectric Generator Translational Kinetic Solid Momentum/Force Electric Motor Generator Compressed Fluid Potential Fluid Momentum/Force Turbine Battery Conduction Air Engine Ultracapacitor Induction LASER Liquid Phase Moving Chemicals Microwave Emitter -Fossil Fuel Convection Resistor -Alcohol Conduction Electric Motor Gas Phase Radiation Electrolysis -Propane Piezoelectric Actuator -Hydrogen Fuel Cell Solid Phase Piston Engine -Hydrogen Metal Hydride Jet Engine -Other Powder Fuel Chemical Muscle Hot, Insulated Mass Various Living Bacteria Exothermic Reaction (general) Endothermic Reaction (general) Thermoelectric Generator Shape-Memory Alloy Stirling Engine Energy Morph Matrix Provided
- 73. convey [substance] deliver air-dropretrieve connect hitch yoke (oxen) bridgedaisy-chain conjoin move trundle (move heaviliy) scramble caravanfloat flockdrag circuit provide [energy] heat fuel pumpshower tool energize arouse animate invigoratestimulate inspirit WordTree Provided
- 74. WordTree and Morph Matrix groups had 50% more concepts than control group
- 75. Use camouflage on these Add capability to assist in relaunch Could be dropped on separate mission or otherwise brought to site Various types of energy storage possible
- 76. Design of The Black Mamba Battery Swapping Prototype
- 77. Project Introduction Use of Flexibility Principles Design Details Modification for Battery Swapping System Live Demo Project Introduction Use of Flexibility Principles Design Details Modification for Battery Swapping System Live Demo Goal is to design a flying platform to test various MAV concept systems This platform will facilitate rapid embodiment of current and future MAV system concepts developed at UT First use of test platform is an Aerial Refueling System
- 78. Project Introduction Use of Flexibility Principles Design Details Modification for Battery Swapping System Live Demo Project Introduction Use of Flexibility Principles Design Details Modification for Battery Swapping System Live Demo Principles used: Modularity • Using separate modules to carry out functions that are not closely related Interface Decoupling • Creating detachable modules Spatial • Providing free interfaces and expansive, unobstructed surfaces for new interfaces
- 79. 4 Distinct Modules: Tail Wing Fuselage Motor Mount
- 80. Motion constrained/controlled in all directions Mount slides off upon impact, saving the motor
- 81. Project Introduction Use of Flexibility Principles Design Details Modification for Battery Swapping System Live Demo Project Introduction Use of Flexibility Principles Design Details Modification for Battery Swapping System Live Demo Magnets Spring-loaded Electrical contacts Al Battery Electrodes
- 82. - RC car drives battery into MAV, where magnets line up and connect
- 83. - Servo rotates, pushing battery - Magnets shear apart - Battery falls off
Editor's Notes
- Ladies and gentlemen, let’s get ready to RUMBLE…..
- Most of you are probably familiar with the ’80s animated series of the Transformers, along with the film that came out last summer. Our research, however, focuses on utilitarian Transformers, such as the ones pictured here. Before we get started, allow me to define a couple terms that will be used throughout our presentation:
- Transformers are a beneficial product domain in that: They have multiple mission capability on a single platform (such as the amphibious troop carrier) Some transformers can perform functions between states (like the Shift bike that helps a child merge to a bicycle from a tricycle) Transformers show great potential for weight-sensitive products
- …So, as design researchers, it our ultimate goal to develop a theory and methodology for transformational design. Our motivation for such is to develop transforming MAVs and subsequently expand their mission capability. We also exchange ideas with USAFA cadets to further our design theory and methodology.
- Our research path is twofold. Our inductive approach begins with observation of products, patents, and nature; extract information, and then put this info into principles and theory. We also use deductive reasoning (essentially the scientific method), where we start with a hypothesis, and work our way through experimentation to prove/disprove our initial thoughts on theory.
- As I get into the meat of our theory, our inductive approach includes studying over 2,400 patents, 1,000s of products, and 100s of biological examples of transformation. This work has lead to the development of our foundational theory, which comes in the form of 3 Transformation Principles and 20 Transformation Facilitators for the mechanical domain.
- A Transformation Principle tells us how the transformation happens. The Transformation Facilitators are a more detailed description of the transformation. Transformation Facilitators show ways to assist transformation, but do not initiate transformation individually.
- Here is 1 of 3 Transformation Principles: Expand/Collapse, defined at the top of the slide. Some example objects from which we developed this Principle are the expanding/collapsing sports chair (in the product domain), the puffer fish that expands to ward off predators, and the patent of a towel that expands into a tote bag.
- This slide discusses 1 of our Transformation Facilitators, which is Common Core Structure. This facilitator basically states that as some products transform between states, the core of the device stays the same. Again, this part of theory was developed from numerous existing products, natural analogies, and patents.
- Shifting from theory to design applications, we have developed a couple of tools around the theory to put into practice to aid in the concept generation of transforming devices. The first one I will mention is a modified Mind Map. The overall design problem is labeled in a center node. From this origin, one would write in nodes representing the 3 Transformation Principles. Branching off the Principles Nodes, are the Transformation Facilitators, and subsequently separate concept variants.
- Here is an expanded snapshot of the overall mind map shown previously, with a solution that was taken into concept sketch phase of design. Using the expand/collapse principle, wrap/fold and furcate facilitators, an idea came about to inlay a bi-stable metallic strip within a wing that would allow it to wrap for storage.
- Another concept generation tool we’ve developed are T-Cards. Each card has a Principle (yellow background) or a Facilitator (blue background).
- The T-Cards are also color coded and have geometrical cues that indicate how certain Facilitators go with certain Principles, while the facilitator does not work with other Transformation Principles.
- For the gust-resistance wing problem, the T-Cards were used to develop a wing with spoilers to spoil the unwanted lift and remain in stable flight, and also a ported wing which bleeds off the unwanted lift produced by a gust.
- The next part of the Transformation theory we have developed is the Transformational Indicators. These indicators tell us when we should pursue transformation as design engineers. Transformation is mainly pursued when one does not need to use separate systems simultaneously. There is usually a commonality between the states of a transformer, which I will elaborate on later, and these indicators are applicable at different phases of the design.
- The first indicator is the packaging TFI. What this means is that when the customer has stated that the system needs to be portable for storage and/or protection, transformation may be an effective means to satisfy this need.
- The second indicator describes when 2 separate systems are have a commonality in activity. For example, the bike lock/tire pump we presented last year is useful for a taking a general bike ride – allowing for the bike to be locked and the tires to be inflated when necessary.
- The final indicator states that transformation may be pursued when two systems that do not have a relationship in activity but have the same energy and/or material flowing through them. The sprinkler/sprayer that we demonstrated last year shows this indicator. While a lawn sprinkler and a hose nozzle both have water and hydraulic energy passing through them, their activities are not related.
- Now that I’ve explained the TFIs…what we need is a way to examine CNs. Functional analysis is a way to scientifically correlate CNs to know when and how to pursue transformation.
- Put concisely, functional analysis is an examination of the what the product must to – not how it does it. It’s a published design method that describes what the device must do as a system of functions.
- Here is a short example of a function structure. Basically, the diagram describes how the flow of mechanical energy is first imported, then stored, then finally exported – all from a functional perspective. Here are some forms of products that accomplish this function chain.
- Functional analysis is a known science. This slide simply demonstrates that we can develop a model of a complex device (such as an R.C. airplane) and break down into a simpler problem of functions. Here is a function chain that demonstrates how electrical energy is ultimately converted to thrust and lift.
- At this time, I’d like to demo a transformer that I functionally modeled. This product converts from a flashlight (which directs the light) to a lantern (which disperses the light for 360 deg area lumination)
- This slide shows the function structures of the lantern on top and the flashlight on bottom. What I want you to take away from this is that the two diagrams are very similar. What functionally separates the two states apart is what the light does before leaving the system boundary. For the lantern, the light is stopped and distributed – for the flashlight, the light is guided or directed.
- What allows this transformation to occur is the ability to shift between the above functions. What we are answering is that could we have predicted a possible transformer by simply examining both function structures. The path of light needs to shift, but the rest of the system is the same.
- We are discovering from the functional analysis of transformation that the opportunity of transformation results from the same energy and/or material between states and a significant similarity in overall functionality. One important thing to mention, though, is that form is critical for the final embodiment of the transformation.
- We are currently applying the findings from functional analysis toward the development of a design methodology. The next realm of design that I am currently pursuing is the product architecture of transformers. There are two architectures: Grouped products have separable functional groupings. We presented a design methodology for this product domain last year, showcased by our sprinkler/sprayer. The other architecture, system of systems, have a great deal of function sharing and hazy system boundaries.
- We functionally examined 30 random transforming products. Half of these were grouped, while the other half were of the blended or systems-of-systems architecture.
- Here is an example product of a blended product, the Boeing Blended Wing Body aircraft. The body shares the primary functions of lift, storage, and control. A traditional aircraft, on the other hand, has a one-to-one mapping of functions to components.
- I am currently working on further analysis and development of a methodology for the design of transformers with an emphasis on the system of systems product architecture. My results and first run on the method will be included in my thesis, to be finished this summer. Now, I would like to give the floor to Jason who will discuss further analysis of function and how they tie to principles and facilitators.
- Now we’ll take a closer look at the principles and facilitators Brandon described. In particular, we’ll focus on an empirical study of transformers and a feasibility study for a new design methodology.
- To review, transformation principles describe the general form of a transformation process, like Expand/Collapse. Facilitators are supporting characteristics that aid the process, like folding and nesting. Functions are the elemental descriptions of what a product does. We see here just a sample of the great variety of transformers. Each one uses many principles and facilitators, all interacting to create transformation. Analyzing and designing these systems would be much easier if we understood these relationships.
- These relationships can be studied using an inductive research approach. In an inductive approach, we observe the world around us, extract data from the observations, and then derive supporting theories.
- We conducted an empirical study looking at a large range of real-life transformers. This information was compiled into a transformer repository for reference.
- The information in the transformer repository could then be analyzed to isolate trends in the data. One method that we have used previously with success is vector space analysis. Basically, the repository can be seen as one big matrix. Multiplying different elements of the matrix together results in a square matrix where each principle or facilitator is linked to every other one in the matrix.
- Design heuristics - If you have a certain principle/facilitator in mind, automatically know what other ones to look at
- Mature design space. Hypothesis that if this is a useful method, should be able to independently come up with many examples already in use, plus some new ones
- Here is where we tie back to facilitator matrix look at combinations