2. Greece has been the source of highest artistic
inspiration and its architecture has influenced all
styles almost down to our own periods.
It is said that Greek architecture was created in a
short time for all times. Their ambition was to erect
buildings, human in scale that is a classically ideal
architecture.
Their success may be measured by the fact that their
work have been copied on and off for some 2500
years and have never been superseded.
Though severely damaged Parthenon remains the
most nearly perfect building ever erected.
Greek architecture
3. GREEK ORDERS
OPTICAL ILLUSION
ENTASIS
GOLDEN SECTION
CARPENTRY IN MARBLE
GREEK MASNORY
ACROPOLIS
AGORA
PREFRENCES AND INVENTIONS IN
ARCHITECTURE
4. TRABEATED SYSTEM
The construction system of Greek
architecture was self-evident and
in-complicated i.e. no arch, no
vault and no dome were used
and the simplicity of lines and
proportions gave them the
timeless look.
construction system
5.
6. The Greek architecture is developed from a
wooden structure of upright posts supporting
beams and slopping rafters.
Greek columns and their entablature were at
first entirely of wood with terra-cotta
decoration in upper trabeation but was
reproduced in stone around 600 BC.
As the translation from wood to marble was quite
direct and the imitation was imitated with
remarkable exactness, it is called carpentry in
marble.
CARPENTRY IN MARBLE
8. GREEK ORDERS
The best known Greek contribution to architecture
was a set of styles called orders.
They used 3- basic orders.
DORIC ORDER
IONIC ORDER
CORINTHIAN ORDER
EACH HAS THEIR OWN DISTINCTIVE
DECORATION AND CHARACTER
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
9. Doric Ionic Corinthian
The Doric style is
sturdy and its top is
plain. This style was
used in mainland
Greece and the
colonies in southern
Italy and Sicily.
The Ionic style is
thinner and more
elegant. Its top is
decorated with a
scroll-like design (a
volute). This style
was found in eastern
Greece and the
islands.
GREEK ORDERS
The Corinthian style
is seldom used in the
Greek world, but
often seen on Roman
temples. Its capital is
very elaborate and
decorated with
acanthus leaves.
10. 3 MAIN PARTS
1.Entablature-
Cornice,Frieze,Architrave
2.Column-Capital,Shaft,Base
3.Pedestal-Cap,Die,Base
ORDERS
13. Capital- a circle topped by a
square.
Shaft -- 20 sides.
NO base in the Doric order.
The area above the column,
called the frieze had simple
patterns.
The metope is a plain, smooth
stone section between triglyphs.
Sometimes the metopes had
statues of heroes or gods on
them.
The triglyphs are a pattern of 3
vertical lines between the
metopes.
14. DORIC ORDER
GREEK ORDERS
POPULAR
Origin is wood, Square abacus
Column
It stands without a base.
Its height including the
capital is 4 to 6 times the
diameter of base.
Entablatures—3 PARTS
Cornice
Frieze
architrave
15. Scroll capital Ionic order
Column
It was slenderer than Doric.
Base at lower end to
spread the load
transmitted.
Its height, including the
capital and base was 9
times lower diameter.
Entablatures---2 parts
Architrave
cornice
golden section
Lotus, shell, ram horns
17. Capital-inverted bell with
leaves and flowers
CORINTHIAN ORDER
COLUMN
Base and shaft resembles
Ionic.
More slender than ionic
10-times its diameter in
height.
Entablature
Almost like ionic.
Sometimes both Doric
and Ionic were used
ACANTHUS LEAVES
21. In the mid 5th century, Greek masonry reached its height in
refinement. No mortar was used and the blocks were fitted
together with extra ordinary precision. They made their
bedding surface slightly concave to obtain a hairline joint
on the face of the wall.
GREEK MASONRY AND COLUMNS
22. This method was also
applied in case of
columns. Each huge
column was made of
circular stones,
shaped like huge
drums and piled on
top of one another.
Metal dowels
connecting the drums
together were
encased in wood to
prevent them from
splitting the stone.
columns
23.
24. Each block was joint
to its neighboring
block by a metal
Dowell, either
bronze or iron. And
these were fixed in
position with molted
lead. Exposed
surface was left
rough and then
dressed in Situ.
GREEK MASONARY
25. Designed by Iktinos
Due to the presence of optical illusions, the Parthenon
has what are known as “optical refinements” built into
its structure.
These illusions are physiological and psychological in
nature. They are not geometrical effects.
To the unaided eye, columns tend to look narrower in
the middle than at the top or bottom. Each of the
columns in the Parthenon was built with a slight bulge
in the middle, to make them appear “straight”.
The Parthenon-OPTICAL
REFINEMENT(447 and 438 B.C)
26. Designed by Iktinos
Columns tend to “contract” near the top, and hence
the base of each column was built a little
thicker. Columns further away from the centre
appear thicker. To counteract this effect, the columns
in the centre were built a little thicker.
Horizontal lines appear to “dip” in the middle, and
hence the centre portion of the floor was slightly
raised.
The Parthenon-OPTICAL
REFINEMENT(447 and 438 B.C)
28. ENTASIS-This device was
used by Greek builders and
adopted by Romans.
It is the slight curvature of a
column CLASSICAL COLUMN
that diminishes as it rises.
In the Doric column of
Parthenon,34ft high and 6ft
3in. In diameter at the
bottom the total convexity is
only 3-4 in.
Optical correction in
Architecture
ENTASIS
40. The Fibonacci numbers
are Nature’s numbering
system. They appear
everywhere in Nature,
from the leaf arrangement
in plants, to the pattern of
the florets of a flower, the
bracts of a pinecone, or
the scales of a pineapple.
The Fibonacci numbers
are therefore applicable to
the growth of every living
thing, including a single
cell, a grain of wheat, a
hive of bees, and even all
of mankind.”
41. Acropolis
Acropolis in Greek means "The Sacred
Rock, the high city". All around the world
the Acropolis of Athens is known as 'The
Acropolis'.
The Acropolis is primarily dedicated to
the Goddess Athena.
