Analysis of Concentrated solar power (CSP) or Solar Thermal (STH) technologies with focus on its technology assessment, financials, challenge areas and solar market scenario
1. Concentrating Solar Power
Technologies
Presentation By –
Swapnil Gore
MS Student 5/16/2011
1
Stony Brook University, NY
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com
2. Overview
Principle: Sunlight – Heat – Electricity
Sunlight is concentrated, using mirrors or
directly, on to receivers heating the circulating
fluid which further generates steam &/or
electricity.
Solar Radiation Components:
Direct, Diffuse & Global
CSP uses- Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)
Measuring Instrument: Pyrheliometer
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4. US:
NREL analysis- ‘If only best suited sites are selected, CSP can generate about 26,400,000 GWh/year’
(It is many times more than total US consumption of 3,741,000 GWh)
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5. Concentrating Solar
Technologies
Low Temperature Medium Temperature – Line High Temperature-
(<100°C) Focusing (≈ 400 C) Point Focusing
(>400°C)
Flat Plate
Collectors
Parabolic Central Tower
Trough
Solar Chimney
Fresnel
Collectors Parabolic Dish
Solar Pond
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6. Commercial CSP
Parabolic Central Dish Stirling Fresnel
Trough Tower Collector
• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing
• Linear Receiver tube
• Water consuming
• Conc.: Parabolic Mirrors
• Heat Storage feasible
• Most Commercialized
• Good for Hybrid option
• Requires flat land
• Good receiver η but low turbine η
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7. Commercial CSP
Parabolic Central Dish Stirling Fresnel
Trough Tower Collector
• Temp~600-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Flat Conc. Mirrors
• Commercially proven
• Central Receiver
• Water consuming
• Heat Storage capability
• Feasible on Non Flat sites
• Good performance for large
capacity & temperatures
• Low receiver η but good turbine η
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8. Commercial CSP
Parabolic Central Dish Stirling Fresnel
Trough Tower Collector
• Temp~700-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Uses Dish concentrator
• Stirling Engine
• Generally 25 kW units
• High Efficiency ~ 30%
• Dry cooling
• No water requirement
• Heat storage difficult
• Commercially under development
• Dual Axis Tracking
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9. Commercial CSP
Parabolic Central Dish Stirling Fresnel
Trough Tower Collector
• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing type
• Linear receiver
• Fixed absorber row
shared among mirrors
• Flat or curved conc.
mirrors
• Commercially under
development
• Less Structures
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com 9 • 5 MW operational in CA
5/16/2011
10. CSP Power - Brief
Good DNI range ≥ 5-6 kWh/sq.m/day
Capital Cost: $ 4-8 Million / MW (Increases with Heat Storage)
Land Required: ~ 6-10 acres / MW
Generation Potential: 25-35 MW / sq.km
Units Generated: 1.81 Million Units / year (Increases with Heat Storage)
Capacity Factor: 20 – 25% (Can be increased to 40% using Heat storage)
COGN: $ 0.10 - 0.20 / kWh
Lifespan: ~ 40 years, PPA’s are generally for 20-25 years
Pay back Period: 5-12 years (Depends on the Tariff, subsidies, incentives)
Installation Period: ~ 2-3 years (Capacity dependent)
Working Cycle:
Rankine Cycle,
Brayton cycle,
Stirling cycle
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11. Existing and In-pipeline capacity
Source: Estela 2010 (Figures subject to 2009-10 scenario)
Current Status:
• Operational- ~1.2 GW; Spain 732.4 MW, US 507.5 MW, Iran 17.3 MW, etc.
• Under Construction- ~2.2 GW; Spain 1.4 GW, US 650 MW, India 28.5 MW, etc.
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12. Commercialized Project Analysis
Andasol 1, 2 & 3
Andasol 1- First Project in Europe
Capacity: 50 MW
Lat- 37°13’ N, Long.- 3°4’ W, 1100m above sea level
Location: Granada Province, Southern Spain
Andasol 3 Andasol 2
Under Const. - Mid-2011 June 2009
Andasol 1
Nov. 2008
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13. Andasol 1- Specifications
Annual DNI: 2,136 kWh / sq.m. A
Technology Used: Parabolic Trough – Skal-ET 150
Land Utilization: ~ 195 Hectares (9.6 Acres/MW)
Construction Period: July 2006 – October 2008
Estimated Lifespan: 40 years
Entire Efficiency: ~28% peak, ~ 15% annual avg.
Capacity Factor: 20%
Units Generated: upto 180 GWh / Year
Uses Heat storage and Wet Cooling systems
Developers:
ACS Group (75%) Solar Millennium (25%)
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14. Major Component- Specifications
Solar Field:
Area: 510,120 m2
209,664 mirrors – 580, 500 sq.m.
~ 90 km receiver pipes (Schott Solar & Solel Solar)
Field η = ~ 70% peak, 50% annual avg.
Sustains wind speed of 13.6 m/s
Heat Storage:
• Nitrate Molten Salt type (60% NaNO3 + 40% kNO3)
• Two Tank Indirect: Cold- 292°C, Hot- 386°C
• Storage: 28,000t
• Back up: 7.5 Hours
Water Cooling Systems:
• 870,000 cu.m./year
• 1.2 gal/kWh
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16. Key Points
Capital Cost: $ 380 Million
Financing: Equity- 20%, Debt- 80%
Carbon Emission reduction: 150,000 tonnes/year
Electricity Supply Contract: Endesa
Feed In Tariff: EUR 0.27 / kWh ($ 0.38 /kWh)
PPA: Date- Sept. 15 / 2008, Tenure- 25 years
Electricity to 200,000 people
Annual O & M jobs: 40
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17. Generalized Cost Breakup (Source: NREL Report)
Considerations:
103 MW Parabolic trough plant with 6.3 hrs. of thermal storage with wet cooling
Particular Total Cost (Including ~ Percent
Material & labor cost)
Site Improvements $ 32,171,000 3%
Solar Field (Includes Mirrors, Support $ 456,202,000 45%
structures, etc.)
HTF system $ 103,454,000 10%
Thermal Energy storage $ 197,236,000 20%
Power Block (Turbine, alternator, etc.) $ 121,006,000 12%
EPCM Costs (Includes professional $ 29,001,000 3%
services)
Contingency $ 74,591,000 7%
Total Estimate $ 1,015,661,000
Cost per kW $ 9,861
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18. Challenges & Alternatives
Heat Storage
Options developed
• Molten Salt- Most Accepted; research going for
single tank storage with two sections
• Phase Change Materials- Research stage
• Steam Accumulator- Less Duration; large area
• Concrete Materials- Research stage
Receiver Heat losses-
• Linear Receivers- Developed with 90%+ η
• Central Tower receivers- Currently used- Receivers with
multiple metallic tubes, Metallic Wire Mesh type, with a coating
technology (Pyromark High Temperature paint) which has a
solar absorptance in excess of 0.95 but a thermal emittance greater than 0.8. Research
going on in thermal spray & chemical vapor deposition
Working Fluids- For High Temperature circulation
(Higher operating temperatures result in high turbine efficiency)
• Synthetic aromatic fluid (SAF)- Currently used; Organic benzene based (400°C)
• Molten Salt- Developing (550°C); Eliminates HE for storage; In use for solar tower
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19. Challenges & Alternatives
Water Consumption- Cooling Towers, Steam cycle
make-up & Mirror cleaning
• Wet cooling: ~ 865gal/MWh; Currently used; Water
consumption
• Dry cooling: ~78gal/MWh; Developing stage, Costlier, low
thermal η
• Hybrid cooling: ~338gal/MWh; Developing stage
NREL Findings for southwest US: Switching from 100%
wet to 100% dry cooling will result in levelized cost of
electricity (LCOE) increase of approximately 3% to 8% for
parabolic trough plants, but reduces water consumption by
90 %
Receiver Materials- For Sustaining High Temp and
pressure; Research going on for developing high nickel alloy
materials
High Capital Costs
Low Capacity Factors
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20. Advantages over Competitive
Technologies (Eg. PV & Wind)
Heat Storage option – Electricity Supply after Sunset
Process Heat Generation
Hybrid Option
Good for High temperature regions
Predictable and reliable power (less variable)
Water desalination along with electricity generation (Adv. In Middle east & N. Africa)
Other Benefits:
Carbon Emission Reduction- CDM benefits Each square meter of CSP can avoid
annual emissions of 200 to 300 kilograms (kg) of carbon dioxide, depending on its
configuration.
No Fuel or its transportation cost - Substitutes Fossil Fuel use
Energy Security
High share of local contents
Employment Generation
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21. Feasible
Applications
Utility / Commercial
Domestic/small Scale
scale
Electricity Generation
Hot Water collectors
• Stand alone
Solar HVAC
• Grid projects
Solar steam Cooking
• Hybrid projects
Solar Ovens/cookers
Industrial Process
Solar Food dryers
Heat
• Boiling
• Melting
• Sterilizing
Cooling systems SOPOGY
Micro-CSP: SopoFlare
Water Desalination
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22. Development Measures
Attractive FiT, SREC and Policy Mechanisms; Eg: SREC Mechanism in NJ, CA
Tax credits /Rebates; Like: ITC of 30% in US
Grid Interconnection with HVDC; Eg: DESERTEC project
Low Interest Loans, RPS and long tenure PPA’s
On-site Resource Assessment Stations- Reliable resource Database
Setting up Demonstration Projects on Emerging Technologies
Combining CSP with existing conventional projects
R & D in major challenge areas; Eg: R&D in NREL, Sandia National Laboratories
Promote Domestic manufacturing - Cheaper equipment costs for developers
Government Land allotments; Forming SEZ’s, Solar farms for large scale installations
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23. Earth receives around 174 Petawatts of energy from sun and only a small part of
it is sufficient to meet the annual world electricity consumption of 20 Trillion kWh
We Just need to tap this potential
Thank You
Thank You
Presentation By –
Swapnil Gore
MS Student 5/16/2011
Stony Brook University, NY
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com