short overview on western modern philosophy

1. Lecturer: syed noman ali

2. Ancient Philosophy
Greek, Hellenistic ,Roman
Medieval Philosophy(5th
-15thcentury
)
Greco-Roman, Scholastic, Renaissance
Modern Philosophy (15th
to 17th
century)
Age of reasons, revolution and enlightenment

3. Intellectual speculation
Scientific methods
Theories of knowledge
Theories of truth
Humanism
Comprehensive understanding
Skepticism
Individualism
Liberalism
Historical progress
 Philosophical methods

4. Scientific experiments.Scientific experiments.
SkepticSkeptic
HistoricalHistorical
DogmaticDogmatic
PhenomenologicalPhenomenological
TranscendentalTranscendental
Logical positivismLogical positivism
AnalyticalAnalytical
DialecticalDialectical

5. Rationalism
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz
Empiricism
Locke, Berkeley, Hume
Idealism
Kant, Hegel
Pragmatism
Pierce ,William James, Dewey
Existentialism
Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre

6. Age of science
Copernicus and Galileo
Age of revolution
Bacon ,Hobbes and Pascal.
Age of reason
Descartes –Hume
Age of enlightenment
Rousseau

7. Nicolas Copernicus
(1473-1543)
“The earth revolves around the sun”

8. He revolutionize the conception of man on theHe revolutionize the conception of man on the
earth.earth.
The sun remain in a fixed positions.The sun remain in a fixed positions.
The planet and the earth rotate in their own axis.The planet and the earth rotate in their own axis.
It rotate full turn in 24 hours and complete in 364It rotate full turn in 24 hours and complete in 364
days.days.
Using Pythagoras calculations he managed toUsing Pythagoras calculations he managed to
predict.predict.
Copernicus revolution gave birth to scientific age.Copernicus revolution gave birth to scientific age.
It helped in removing many superstitious belief.It helped in removing many superstitious belief.
It would lead to new scientific inquiry andIt would lead to new scientific inquiry and
inventioninvention

9. Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642)

10. He observed from telescope astronomical objects.He observed from telescope astronomical objects.
Milky way was made up of million of stars.Milky way was made up of million of stars.
Scientific and theological method should not beScientific and theological method should not be
confused.confused.
Discovered the moon of Jupiter & phase of Venus.Discovered the moon of Jupiter & phase of Venus.
Principle of inertia body moves in straight linePrinciple of inertia body moves in straight line
Body moves in uniform velocity .Body moves in uniform velocity .
The book of nature is written in language of math.The book of nature is written in language of math.

11. Francis Bacon –lawyer-englishman
(1561-1627)
“Knowledge itself is power”

12. The sme incident never give same results.The sme incident never give same results.
By far the knowledge is proof by sensory experiences.By far the knowledge is proof by sensory experiences.
It advances new laws that make new invention possibleIt advances new laws that make new invention possible
Idol is metaphor for human error.Idol is metaphor for human error.
Idol of the cave that knowledge is universal.Idol of the cave that knowledge is universal.
Idol of the tribe that each one has different intellects.Idol of the tribe that each one has different intellects.
Idol of marketplaces that error of use language.Idol of marketplaces that error of use language.
Idol of theatre that flaws i.n system of knowledgeIdol of theatre that flaws i.n system of knowledge
Human are anti-philosophers in nature.Human are anti-philosophers in nature.
Applied deductive reasons in practical forms.Applied deductive reasons in practical forms.
Skeptical in reason always and be humanist in nature.Skeptical in reason always and be humanist in nature.
This scientific revolution produced Newton & Galileo.This scientific revolution produced Newton & Galileo.

14. All creature are flesh. Nothing without substance exist.All creature are flesh. Nothing without substance exist.
Everything in the universe is physical form.Everything in the universe is physical form.
Everything has some cause and effects: laws of motion.Everything has some cause and effects: laws of motion.
Life is a motion of limbs. Senses work as mechanical.Life is a motion of limbs. Senses work as mechanical.
Heart is battery, nerves are string ,joints are wheels.Heart is battery, nerves are string ,joints are wheels.
Spirit carried information through nervous systems.Spirit carried information through nervous systems.
The world is governed by mechanical law of motion.The world is governed by mechanical law of motion.
Human are bound by the rule of nature.Human are bound by the rule of nature.
Later ,Julien present mechanistic view of human beingsLater ,Julien present mechanistic view of human beings
All religious entities are the matter of belief notAll religious entities are the matter of belief not
science.science.
God is the first cause of all creator in universe.God is the first cause of all creator in universe.

16. Imagine is a powerful force override our reasons.Imagine is a powerful force override our reasons.
Imagination lead us astray what we see in real.Imagination lead us astray what we see in real.
Truth produce through imagination is incorrect.Truth produce through imagination is incorrect.
Wrong judgments are made from the dress code.Wrong judgments are made from the dress code.
All human evil cause come from ,sitting in a room.All human evil cause come from ,sitting in a room.
The heart has its own reason which mind don’tThe heart has its own reason which mind don’t
have.have.

18. Adam and eve are perfect natural humansAdam and eve are perfect natural humans
Knowledge make human corrupted as selfishKnowledge make human corrupted as selfish
Education perpetuating the evils of societyEducation perpetuating the evils of society
Laws imposed by society condemn to chain our lifeLaws imposed by society condemn to chain our life
Property right bind the people in unjust ways.Property right bind the people in unjust ways.
Laws prescribed according to law of general man.Laws prescribed according to law of general man.
Liberty is found in obedience to a self imposed law.Liberty is found in obedience to a self imposed law.
Everyone should be considered equalsEveryone should be considered equals
Man would receive independence in exchange ofMan would receive independence in exchange of
freedomfreedom
Back to the nature ,away from injustice modernismBack to the nature ,away from injustice modernism

20. Reasons ought to be slave of the passionsReasons ought to be slave of the passions
Reasons and feelings does not fight each othersReasons and feelings does not fight each others
Human action are led by feeling and reasoningHuman action are led by feeling and reasoning
Habitual association of mind is working with feltHabitual association of mind is working with felt
Emotions are copies of our impression of imagining.Emotions are copies of our impression of imagining.
Feeling is discoverable source of causalityFeeling is discoverable source of causality
Belief are not demonstrated by reason orBelief are not demonstrated by reason or
experimentsexperiments
Anything that is not given in experience is inventionAnything that is not given in experience is invention
It is a denial of certainty in proof of existence.It is a denial of certainty in proof of existence.
Rid of all scientific experiment based on inventions.Rid of all scientific experiment based on inventions.

22. There is nothing of which can be certainThere is nothing of which can be certain
Doubting everything reach toward true knowledgeDoubting everything reach toward true knowledge
Doubting is a kind of thinkingDoubting is a kind of thinking
Anything that is thinking existsAnything that is thinking exists
Believe in own existence cannot be doubtedBelieve in own existence cannot be doubted
I am , I exist .It is direct self evident intuitionI am , I exist .It is direct self evident intuition
We inquire all sort of knowledgeWe inquire all sort of knowledge
God has innate ideas ,He is perfect doesn't deceiveGod has innate ideas ,He is perfect doesn't deceive
Evil genius has employed all energies to deceive usEvil genius has employed all energies to deceive us

23. Truth is in unfolding history of ideas.

24. Truth is uncovered through unfolding history theTruth is uncovered through unfolding history the
ideasideas
Thought is in progression toward through absoluteThought is in progression toward through absolute
Ideas are concepts which has thesis or antithesisIdeas are concepts which has thesis or antithesis
Two opposite ideas produce new position of synthesisTwo opposite ideas produce new position of synthesis
Absolute reality with understanding of contradictionAbsolute reality with understanding of contradiction
All phenomenon are single spirit “ idea”All phenomenon are single spirit “ idea”
All ideas are interconnected in process of dialectic.All ideas are interconnected in process of dialectic.
World is a history of consciousness ,self-knowledgeWorld is a history of consciousness ,self-knowledge
Future consciousness belongs to reality as wholeFuture consciousness belongs to reality as whole
Change occur with time and in accordance of pattern.Change occur with time and in accordance of pattern.

25. “existence precedes essence”

26. Man exist first without purpose or definitionMan exist first without purpose or definition
We have our own choice to determine valueWe have our own choice to determine value
Reality is based on individual existenceReality is based on individual existence
We are what we choose to beWe are what we choose to be
No one to blame for own choicesNo one to blame for own choices
A person identity is from his struggleA person identity is from his struggle
Human define their own meaning in life by actionsHuman define their own meaning in life by actions
The destiny of man is placed within himselfThe destiny of man is placed within himself

27. “knowledge is produced to be sold”

28. Relative meaning are provided according toRelative meaning are provided according to
situationsituation
scientific knowledge is to become the game of richscientific knowledge is to become the game of rich
Wealthiest has the best chance to be right or truthWealthiest has the best chance to be right or truth
Efficiency = wealth = truthEfficiency = wealth = truth
Meanings are analogy to play gameMeanings are analogy to play game
Narratives attempt to change whole human historyNarratives attempt to change whole human history
technology has changed knowledge into informationtechnology has changed knowledge into information
Information is occupied by large corporationsInformation is occupied by large corporations
Knowledge become useful when it is saleableKnowledge become useful when it is saleable
Transformed attitude through mercantileTransformed attitude through mercantile

29. Scruton Roger ,(1999),A short history of modern
philosophy ,London, Routledge.
Russell Bertrand ,(2010),History of western
philosophy, London, Routledge classic.
Durant will ,History of philosophy