A Pattern Language for Creating Cities with Natural, Local and Creative Elements

Misaki Yamakage
Sakie Namiki
Sawami Shibata
Kiyoka Hayashi
Takashi Iba
Mitsuhiro Yamazaki
A Pattern Language for Creating a City with
Natural, Local and Creative Elements:
Learned from Portland, Oregon
*1 Keio University
*2 Portland Urban Architecture Research Laboratory (PUARL), University of Oregon
*3 Creative City Lab
*1
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*3

Our Research Project
To create a pattern language of sharing essences in a
speciﬁc city in order to incorporate such essences into
another city’s development

A city we choose is…
Portland, Oregon, USA

Multiple Japanese cities are carrying city development projects modeled
after the city of Portland
+ Prof. Iba lived in Portland as Research Associate of PUARL in 2018 - 2019
→ Experienced the texture of Portland
→ Developed connections with people in Portland
+ Mitsuhiro Yamazaki, involved in many city development projects in Japan
belonged to Portland Development Commission (PDC)
Background of choosing Portland

City Development Modeled after Portland
in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
FARMER’S MAEKET

in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
Portland and Sapporo are sister cities for over 60 years
Food Card Area
Event Venue Mixed Use

in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
←A book about strategies taken
in Portland written by the mayor
of Setagaya City
LECTURES AND WORKSHOPS

in Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
WITH PORTLAND
DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
ON PUBLIC-PRIVATE- ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIP

Other City Development Examples
Modeled after Portland
Zushi city
(City Repair)
Tokushima city
(Farm to Table)
Manazuru city
(Tech Lab)
Wakayama city
(Workshops)

City Development in a city with less historical texture
Not all the cities in Japan are like Kyoto…
City Development is difﬁcult especially in cities with only a few
historical features and tourism resources
→Portland succeeded under such a situation

→ Tend to remain in shallow copy in some cases
→ Focusing on differences and cannot get how good aspects of a
model city can be incorporated in own city
City Developments Modeled on A City
Patterns
mined from Portland
?
Abstracting Generating
Another cityPortland
Pattern Language written in lifted
abstract level can be a tool resolving
such problems, and incorporating the
essentials in different area

Why does Portland become a model city in city
developments in Japan?
What makes multiple Japanese Cities
Modeling Portland?

Mixture of
Natural, Local and Creative Elements
in A City
We captured that is because of…

A Pattern Language for Creating a city with Natural,
Local and Creative Elements
Describe and share the natural, local and creative elements, which makes
Portland attractive for Japan, in the purpose of utilization in city developments

Mining of elements in Portland
・Urban Development Strategist
・Belonged to Portland Development Commission(PDC)
・Involved in multiple projects of town development
・Lived in Portland for sabbatical
・Visited Portland for multiple times
Naoko Tamura Kyoko Shinohara Kaoru Miyanaga
・A pioneer of organic food preparation in Japan
・Runs a restaurant serving healthy food in Portland
・A coordinator of food and agriculture, energy,
　and environment-related inspections in Oregon
・Organizer of ‘’Portland Japan Girls’’
・A secretary of Japan-America Society of 　　
　Oregon (JASO)
Prof. Takashi Iba Mitsuhiro Yamazaki

1 NATURAL × LOCAL × CREATIVE
A good town is not only a functional environment, but also a
well-balanced mix of natural, local and creative elements.
When people try to create a good city, they tend to focus on the
functional aspects of the city in order to provide each resident
with an efficient and comfortable living environment. It is true
that a city with as many functional conveniences as the location
allows, or with trendy designs, or with similar buildings
artificially placed side by side, may be filled with material
wealth, but it remains in a cramped space that does not allow for
spiritual comfort. One of the indicators of the richness of human
life is "spiritual richness". This indicator is different for each
person, but only when people are satisfied with this spiritual
richness, it can be said that the city is really in a good state. So
how does spiritual richness become a reality? It is important that
each person's life is fulfilling and easy to live, but at the same
time, as long as people gather to form a city and live in the same
area, the city as a whole and the lives in the city must be rich.
The first thing that can satisfy the need for spiritual enrichment is the
presence of natural elements in the city. Just as there are always a
certain number of people who prefer to live in the country, and just as
every urban development is dotted with trees, even if they are artificial,
people desire to live in a way that allows them to feel nature. Nature is
inseparable from human history and daily life, just as cotton, vegetables,
wood, and other resources necessary for food, clothing, and shelter are
derived from nature. The space created by nature, which is the opposite
of people’s busy lives, is essential for us to live stress-free, rich life. In
order to feel this, nature should be close to our lives.
Secondly, it is important for a city to have many interactions and vitality
that creates a local element. If the town as a whole has a sense of unity
and love for its neighbors, it is easy to collaborate and help each other.
By using local ingredients for food and valuing local products, a
regional cycle can take place within the town and a sustainable, high
quality lifestyle becomes possible.
And finally, let's not forget the creativity and uniqueness - the creative
element. This element allows people to create their own lives in the city,
rather than all working and living in a similar way. By designing a town
that encourages challenge of people as a space, people will be able to
work on their own initiative, and each person will be able to live their
lives with vibrancy and commitment. When self-expression is
celebrated and people are able to create a life that suits them, they can
recognize, connect, and enhance each other.
When these three elements, natural, local and creative, come together,
people can envision their ideal life and try to give shape to it, and the
town as a whole can become a lively space.
Therefore:
Build a town that incorporates these three elements.

In Portland, there is a system called the "Urban Growth Boundary"
that defines areas where town development is allowed and prohibits
further erosion into nature. Due to this, not only protect the great
nature in the neighborhood, but also stay a town in compact size.
This is different from "The Green That was There(8)", but it is
possible to remain the nature naturally by determining areas for
nature where are completely unattended by humans. As described, a
"system that leaves the whole of nature" a little distance from
everyday life, enables you to develop towns without causing large-
scale destruction of ecosystems and placing a burden on the
environment. Furthermore, this environment makes you protected by
nature and easier to cherish nature. As a result, it enables
coexistence of nature conservation and urban development.
Therefore:
Establish boundaries between nature and urban areas with a
view to future development. Establish boundaries that are not
unreasonable and are slightly wider than the areas currently
being developed.
9 NATURE SURROUNDING TOWN
Activities and awareness to protect nature are necessary.
However if you limit the areas in which humans can develop,
you can minimize the environmental load.
Originally, all the places on the earth were surrounded by
nature.However human beings have cultivated there, and an
artificial place has been created as a city gradually. The point is,
for building and developing towns, cultivating nature is
indispensable. However, this does not mean that we can destroy
nature. If people cultivate nature endlessly, it leads to the
destruction of nature and the loss of circulation as an ecosystem.
In order to avoid this, it is necessary to establish restrictions to
coexist with nature in the long term in advance.
NATURAL

18 STORES WITH
PASSION AND ORIGINALITY
LOCAL
If you just focus on efficiency and profitability, small
businesses cannot survive.
Though there are various things that customers ask for in
stores, stores that are too close to customers' needs tend to give
priority to cost reductions and efficiency, private businesses are
unsafe and chain stores are more prevalent. But when you were
asked about favorite stores, how do people answer that? The
answer is the stores in pursuing their own commitments, not
the stores in considering profits or only needs for customers. In
the future, stores must provide their own commitment and
attract customers. What is specific about our commitment? For
example, remaking drinks from usual beer or wine to craft beer
or wine from rare localities, using local organic ingredients and
making open spaces for feeling the atmosphere outside.In any
case, it is important that each shop has their own concepts and
thoughts and communicates them to customers through menus
and provision of services.
Portland has various small businesses. They don't compete with
each other, however if there is a commonplace shop, the customer
will choose an original shop naturally. In this way, there is an
environment in which small businesses enhance their own
commitments to each other unconsciously. Furthermore, being able
to select stores that match their mood every time leads to the
richness of the lives of residents. As a result, both stores and
customers are able to raise their level of commitment.
Therefore:
emphasize the distinctiveness of the shop by promoting one's
own commitment even on a small scale.
For example, knowing the story of the agricultural products from
producers through the “Farmers Market (15)” helps them
understand the concept and what part we should make use of. Thus
it makes it easier to reflect their thoughts in cooking/works. It is
also expected to develop ideas by sharing the preferences of “Local
Shops (17)”. Your preference will always capture the hearts of
customers, and sales will follow.

27 DRAWING OWN TOWN
CREATIVE
Awareness that residents will create towns and their own
livelihoods, and expectations that they will make towns better
by themselves, encourage community development with the
participation of residents.
Japanese residents' associations and neighborhood associations
have little administrative impact and their activities are limited to
festivals and volunteers to revitalize local communities.
As areas of contribution to the community are narrow, the
willingness to participate in community development is difficult to
enhance. On the other hand, Portland has self-governing
organizations authorized by the city, called neighborhood
association. In there, the desired citizens participate on an
individual basis and carry out activities aimed at improving the ease
of living, such as beautifying the local environment and
developing, providing, and proposing social welfare. Also the city
has a certain budget for neighborhood associations, and opinions
and suggestions from neighborhood associations must be discussed
in congress.
In addition to neighborhood associations, there are other activities
that incorporate the voices of citizens. The "Vision PDX," which was
carried out from 2005 to 2008 and was aimed at envisioning the
future of Portland, drew up 17,000 opinions over two years.
In order to capture more voices of residents, various plans were
taken, such as providing tea with flashy trucks on the street corner in
the summer, offering snacks to children, and taking questionnaires at
different places and times by age. By listening to and incorporating
the residents’ opinions rather than by deciding the opinion from only
government, residents can think positively about their town
development, and a better town can be built.
Therefore, create a system that enables citizens to participate
independently in community development, and to develop
community taking in the opinions of citizens.
In this way, citizens and government can work together to shape
“Lifestyling (20)” even on a large scale that cannot be achieved by
only citizens.

ENJOY THE NATURE
In a developed city, it is easier to open the distance between
nature and humans. However, if nature is not located close,
people will not be able to develop a sense of sustainability.
The greatness of nature, which is different from parks that
artiﬁcially include green space, teaches people the value of
nature.
Therefore, create trails near where it is possible to feel
the natural scenery while walking.
The presence of local farmers is indispensable for the small
creation of the town. However, if there are no farms in the
vicinity, not only people have to rely on the big companies
that make it hard for small businesses to be maintained, but
they also have to rely on the unnecessary energy such as
transport and freezing to distribute the vegetables.
Therefore, establish a farmer/farm in the vicinity.
Enjoying the changes in nature makes it possible for people to
live in harmony with the natural ﬂow of nature, which is healthy
for our bodies. That means choosing what is in season when it
comes to food. Seasonal food is more organic and best in
terms of health and quality. It is possible to feel the power of
nature and to use it as energy for one's life, in a town that can
feel the seasons.
Therefore, create a town that is close to nature, where
people can experience the changes in nature.
Accessible Trails
Seasonal Experience
Nearby Farms
3.
4.
2.

ECO-FRIENDLY AND HUMAN-FRIENDLY LIFE
In the first place, human life is only possible because of
nature, and humans are just a part of the ecosystem.
Everything around us comes from nature, and we can ensure
sustainability in the true sense of the word by always being
grateful for the things around us. Therefore, make a town a
place where people can feel that their lives come from
nature.
If people try to make the most effective use of their towns, if
they try to make each space functional, then the number of
places that have a specific purpose and are not easy to drop
in on will increase. However, if there are places in the town
where people can simply relax and enjoy themselves, they
will be able to return to their natural selves even in their busy
lives. Therefore, prepare spaces in the town where people
can go and sit down without a purpose.
Sometimes it is inconvenient to have an eco-friendly life, and
because of the high entry barrier, it is difficult to engage in.
Therefore, first create an environment where people can
easily make eco-friendly choices in order to enrich their
lives. Improve maintenance services for bicycle paths and
offices, create parks as a way out, and establish a
structure to enrich life.
Human Lives
Build on Nature
Blank Space in A Town
Ecological Richness
6.
7.
5.

LIFE AS A PART OF NATURE
Even though there is green in the town doesn’t mean you can
definitely feel nature.
Therefore, when creating a town, instead of designing
the town by adding nature, design the nature that was
originally there. When building a house, be careful to build
where there are no trees.
Activities and awareness to protect nature are necessary.
However if you limit the areas in which humans can develop,
you can minimize the environmental load.
Therefore, establish boundaries between nature and
urban areas with a view to future development. Establish
boundaries that are not unreasonable and are slightly
wider than the areas currently being developed.
Obtaining resources from nature means you are destroying
nature at a small level.
Therefore, set limits to maintain a "constant and
unchanging nature" as the town develops. Set limits on
the amount of resources available from nature and create
structures that keep the natural cycle going for trees to be
regenerated.
The Green
that was There
Nature
Surrounding Town
A Preserved
Ecosystem
9.
10.
8.

A TOWN WITH OVERFLOWING CONNECTIONS
The bigger the size of the town will be, the more difficult it is
for residents to see the town as their own business.
Therefore, make the living area into a compact size.
Place facilities necessary for living in an area where you
can walk.
If there is only one purpose in the place, only people with the
same ideas gather, and that will lose the diversity of people in
the town.
Therefore, mix all the houses, offices, or commercial
facilities in a single town or in a single building. For
example, place commercial facilities such as restaurants on
the first floor, and a house on the upper floor.
Every store needs a sense of openness in order to create a
pleasant town to walk on.
Therefore, design the store so that the atmosphere inside
the store can be seen from the outside. Cover the area
near the entrance with a window, or provide a mechanism
so that people from the outside can recognize the store.
A Walkable Distance
The Town that is
Mixed Up
An Opened Space
12.
13.
11.

CYCLES WITHIN A TOWN
The act of destroying a building is the same as destroying the
culture there.
Therefore, build a town with the textures that have been
nurtured. When constructing a new building, the old one
should not be completely razed, but rather a mixture of
historical and contemporary culture.
Farmers' markets are the midway point in the city that
connects citizens through food.
Therefore, hold a Farmer’s Market at the following
locations. They should be held in locations throughout
the town that offer a sense of seasonality. They should
be held regularly, to the extent that they are rooted in the
community. Provide a place where people can experience
a variety of things, not just buy things.
We need to establish a mechanism to promote the circulation
of goods throughout the town.
Therefore, set up a mechanism to promote the circulation
of goods in the whole town.
Nurtured Texture
Farmer’s Market
The Cycle of Things
15.
16.
14.

ESTABLISHMENT OF TOWN IDENTITY
A town infested with systematized businesses driven by mass
production in search of efficiency and profit is just one of the
towns that can be found anywhere.
Therefore, put in place a system to increase local
business for the first stop.
If you just focus on efficiency and profitability, small
businesses cannot survive.
Therefore, emphasize the distinctiveness of the shop by
promoting one's own commitment even on a small scale.
A shortcut to have a sense of unity in a town and to spread
and develop the good things about a town, is to increase the
number of people in the town.
Therefore, create spaces and gimmicks that foster deep
connections.
Local Shops
Stores with
Passion and Originality
Producing Connection
18.
19.
17.

A TOWN GROWING RESIDENTS’ INTERESTS
A truly good town that residents can be proud of is not the
local specialties or tourist attractions, but rather "the life you
can live in the town".
Therefore, create a town that pursues the ideal lifestyle
set forth by its residents.
We will give back to the town with our passion for life.
Therefore, there must be a place where you can send out
your commitment on a regular basis.
That commitment must be expressed in something that
can be visualized.
Respecting and accepting the odd thing will inspire citizens
and shape a creative and attractive city.
Therefore, let every citizen have their own community
which they can enhance what they are committed to in
order to let them be able to capture uniqueness in a
positive way.
Lifestyling
Gallery of Specialities
Positive Attitude
towards Uniqueness
21.
22.
20.

Most things can be made by yourself if you take advantage of
human connection and the internet.
Therefore, make some manufacturing space that can be
easily accessed to make manufacturing more familiar.
The businesses do not have to necessarily be started on a
large scale when you try to turn your hobby into your
occupation.
Therefore, provide some places in the town where
citizens can sell their work casually and regularly.
The ﬂow of time and the changes in time are inevitable, so the
quality of human life and products will be declined unless they
respond to the changes.
Therefore, set a margin to accommodate changes. The
vision should be always kept in mind, but do not make
many rigid rules.
Craft Space
Diving in Startup
Margins for Change
24.
25.
23.
A TOWN WHICH RESIDENTS CAN ACHIEVE THEIR VISION

CREATING OWN TOWN
A good city is formed by respecting diversity but maintaining
the unity of buildings. Therefore, establish a set of criteria
for the design of architecture in order to keep the unity in
the town. Indicators such as the design guidelines will
help the town to rediscover what kind of place the town
is, even if the town grows, changes and increases in
diversity.
Awareness that residents will create towns and their own
livelihoods, and expectations that they will make towns better
by themselves, encourage community development with the
participation of residents.
Therefore, create a system that enables citizens to
participate independently in community development,
and to develop community taking in the opinions of
citizens.
Challenges exist in every era and in every town, and the
shape of the future will change depending on whether the
attitude toward the challenge is passive or active.
Therefore, draw an image of the ideal appearance of the
city you want to create while facing the challenges of the
city and make long-term efforts to get close to that ideal.
The town has to be a pioneer experimenting new actions
and initiatives for the purpose of achieving that ideal and
this would lead to a "good" town for the residents.
City Guide Line
Drawing Own City
Ideal Image beyond
Challenges
27.
28.
26.

Relation with Patterns from A Pattern Language (APL)
A Pattern Language (APL)A Pattern Language for
Creating a city with Natural,
Local and Creative Elements
5.
9.
14.
Human Lives Build on Nature
Nature Surrounding Town
Nurtured Texture
4. SACRED CITES
8. The Green that Was There
61.
171.
172.
SMALL PUBLIC SQUARES
TREE PLACES
GARDEN GROWING WILD
165. OPENING TO THE STREET13. An Opened Place
by Christoper Alexander et al.
Proposed Patterns

A Pattern Language
（Universal Patterns）
Project Pattern Language
(Desired Patterns)
Proposed Pattern Language we created is between
‘A Pattern Language’ and ‘Project Pattern Language’
A Pattern Language for Creating a
city with Natural, Local and Creative
Elements
(Patterns mined from a speciﬁc city
for incorporating them into  
other city development)
Proposed
Pattern Language

＋Creating Pattern Languages sharing elements of other cities
FUTURE WORK
① Publishing a Book / Pattern Cards of the Pattern Language
② Holding Workshops with using the Pattern Language

PROCEEDINGS, COINs13
A PATTERN LANGUAGE FOR GOOD OLD FUTURE
FROM JAPANESE CULTURE
Megumi Kadotani
Aya Matsumoto
Takafumi Shibuya
Younjae Lee
Saori Watanabe
Takashi Iba
Keio University
5322 Endo, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
e-mail: s11214mk@sfc.keio.ac.jp
ABSTRACT
Having developed greatly over millennium under its
culture, the ancient buildings and old town
atmospheres maintain a quality of comfort. However,
people only appreciate the “good old” quality and do
not think further about the rational reasons why they
feel comfort in it. This keeps them from creating their
own things and models with good old quality, relying
on the imported western thinking and methods as a
result of modernization. Since people are now
struggling under the imbalanced and complex society,
we believe that support is needed for generating things
and frameworks with good old quality in modern time
situations and scenes.
Therefore, we propose a language, which verbalized
the process of generating things and systems with such
quality under creative activities. Based on Christopher
Alexander’s pattern language of describing good
design practices, we have created a Pattern Language
for good old future from Japanese culture. In order to
create things and frameworks with a quality of
comfort in collaboration, a common language is
needed among people in Japan. Using this pattern
language, people will be able to create their own
comfortable society where frameworks and things
with good old quality are widespread. Additionally, by
extracting the good old quality from old cultural
backgrounds, it will be possible to build on a society
with its fully cultivated culture alongside a firm basis.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, people visit ancient buildings and towns as
sightseeing places where they feel and enjoy the
atmosphere and emotional senses. We unconsciously
feel comfort in and appreciate such mood called good
old quality, which has developed over a period of time.
It is a quality, which we feel comfort in while usually
visiting traditional and historical sites, in thought of
the past. However, people go no further than sensing
the good old quality, leaving behind the deep
understandings about the reasons why we feel
comfortable. Though our ancestors has accumulated
the comfort in traditional culture, if we do not
understand the reasons why we feel pleasure in it,
finding ways to create a future with comfort would be
difficult. More importantly, we are most likely to
design a future with comfort not only by finding and
understanding the good old quality from the past, but
also by setting up creations using a suitable method.
This will help pass down the comfort to the next
generation and set precedents of good old periods and
society to reflect on.
Naming such comfort, good old quality, we eagerly
aim to support people in both discovering it and
making it.
To accomplish our goal of helping people to discover
and create a good old quality, we used the format of
pattern language as an effective description.
PATTERN LANGUAGE
Architect C. Alexander pursued the quality of “good
old” in buildings and has presented pattern language, a
methodology of describing good design practices. He
extracted a common form out of good old buildings
and called it a “pattern.” After gathering them as one
language, C. Alexander presented pattern language,
which is verbalized and described in a particular
format. Each pattern is written in the order of Context,
Problem, Solution, and Consequence, explaining the
types of problems and its occasion, possible actions,
and finally, the result. Following the Alexandrian
format, context, problem, and solution, help people
realize, as context, solution, and consequence,
influence people to design. Therefore this inspired
people both to discover and create a good old quality.
<Scene>
“Bonsai,” originated in and imported from China, had
developed as part of the important Japanese culture to
cherish the sceneries of nature through plant
cultivation in gardens. After the miniature tree is
transferred to a low-sided pot and is gently taken good
care of, it allows the viewers to imagine it as a full-size
tree with a compact form of aesthetics. The unique
practice of looking further into the “unseen” aesthetics
of Bonsai shows the tacit interaction with miniature
trees. The purposes of bonsai are primarily
contemplation and self-realization on a grand scale
through continuous dialogues with the traditional art
form. Additionally, Bonsai transforms its theme each
season, placed at Japanese-style restaurants to
demonstrate the seasonal aspects of nature. Such
display offered an opportunity for the viewers to talk
about the theme and added a cultural topic in
communication.
In modern days, small figures of “anime” characters
are presented as specimen of the unreal world.
Another example would be miniature trains, which
exemplifies the big and long trains to enjoy at home.
As explained, the specimen inspires us to
conceptualize a reviving and vital image, capturing the
details of the object and converting it into a smaller
size as duplication. Also, well-known Japanese fresh
confections in Kyoto are skillfully made to vastly
express note a seasonal reminder in spite of being
small. In making Japanese confectionary, diverse and
profound art techniques are used, such as representing
the season by color and highlighting contrast to
symbolize complex nature.
<Context>
You come across a mesmerizing scene.
<Problem>
You are trying to keep the memory that you have
encountered in real life, but you forget as time elapses.
<Solution>
Exemplify and compress the grand scenery into a
smaller size as a compact universe in details.
<Consequence>
You can immerse yourself into the grand scenery
through an art form in a small scale. Such form of
Japanese aesthetic will cover all aspects of the scenery
in every detail. This will allow the viewers to witness
the vitality and lively objects as if they are moving.
The grandness of a microcosm and tradition will
originate under the co-existence of complexity and
authenticity.
No.2
INNERMOST AND EXTRAORDINARY
<Scene>
Like the inner shrine of Mount Koya, the residence of
the Gods has been placed behind the main hall of the
temple or deep in the woods from ancient times. The
path to the gods' residence runs through the shrines in
the order of *“Shimosya,” “Nakasya,” “Kamisya,”
and finally “Okusya.” Thus, it is as if the path is
guiding us towards an uncommon world from daily
life.
Traditionally constructed houses are also made with
spacing of depth, drawing us on a long way from the
entrance to the living room, the hallway to the
Japanese parlor, then to the bedroom. Therefore, this
distance emphasizes “depth” in any space and tracing
such area was considered good.
Furthermore, Basho Matsuo, writer of “haikai” poems,
expresses aesthetic and dignity, in one of his works;
“Through the curtains of the deep inner room, I catch a
Megumi Kadotani, Aya Matsumoto, Takafumi Shibuya, Younjae Lee, Saori Watanabe, Takashi Iba,
"A Pattern Language for Good Old Future from Japanese Culture", 4th International Conference on
Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs13), Santiago de Chile, August, 2013

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