Town Planning - Planning Concepts

1. TOWN PLANNING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
UNIT I
TAMIL EZHIL G Presentation prepared as a part of lecture series
Architect Planner @ School of Architecture and Interior Design, SRM University

2. PLANNING CONCEPTS

3. FOCUS AREAS
• Garden City Concept – Sir Ebenezer Howard
• Geddisain Triad – Patrick Geddes
• Neighbourhood Planning – C A Perry
• Radburn Theory
• City Beautiful
• Broad Acre City – F L Wright
• Satellite Town
• Ribbon Development
• Ekistics

4. GARDEN CITY – Sir Ebenezer Howard…
• Garden City most potent
planning model in
Western urban planning
• Created by Ebenezer
Howard in 1898 to solve
urban and rural problems
• Source of many key
planning ideas during
20th century

5. GARDEN CITY – important dates…
1850 - 1928 SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
1899 Published ‘Garden City of Tomorrow’
Garden City Association was formed
1903 LETCHWORTH was designed for 35000 persons
1920 WELWYN was designed for 40000 persons
1947 LETCHWORTH had 16000 population
& 100 factories
WELWYN had 18000 population
& 75 factories
UK – Europe – US – rest of the world

6. THE CONCEPT …
• ‘Garden City’ – an
impressive diagram of
THE THREE MAGNETS
namely the town
magnet, country
magnet with their
advantages and
disadvantages and the
third magnet with
attractive features of
both town and country
life.
• Naturally people
preferred the third one
namely Garden City

7. THE CONCEPT…
 Core garden city principles
 Strong community
 Ordered development
 Environmental quality
 These were to be achieved by:
 Unified ownership of land to
prevent individual land
 speculation and maximise
community benefit
 Careful planning to provide
generous living and
 working space while
maintaining natural qualities
 Social mix and good
community facilities
 Limits to growth of each
garden city
 Local participation in
decisions about development

8. THE CONCEPT…
Affordability
 Howard wanted garden city for all
incomes
 Most originally for those of modest
incomes
 Their attractiveness as living
environments has often made
them become more popular with
better off people
Examples of modest income garden Some garden city
developments always
city - developments built just after WW1 intended for wealthy
are commuters
 Kapyla (Helsinki, Finland), Denenchofu
 Colonel Light Gardens (Adelaide,
(Tokyo, Japan)
was an example of this,
Australia) and developed by railway
company
 Orechovka (Prague, Czech Republic)

9. APPLICATION…
• Letch worth – 35 miles
from London
• Land of 3822 acres
• Reserved Green belt –
1300 acres
• Designed for a maximum
of 35000 population
• In 30 years – developed
with 15000 population
& 150 shops, industries
LETCHWORTH , UK
Health of the Country
Comforts of the Town

10. APPLICATION…
• Welwyn– 24 miles from
London
• Land of 2378 acres
• Designed for a maximum
of 40000 population
• In 15 years – developed
with 10000
population & 50 shops,
industries
WELWYN ,UK

11. APPLICATION…
Enskede, Stockholm, Sweden (1908-)
Margarethenhohe in Essen, Germany (1908-)
Chemin Vert in Reims, France

12. APPLICATION… After 1945, the garden city model was mutated
VALLINGBY, STOCKHOLM into satellite or new towns in many
countries . eg in Sweden, UK or Hong Kong.
MILTON KEYNES, UK
SHATIN, HONG KONG

13. GEDDISIAN TRIAD – Patrick Geddes
• Father of modern
town planning
• First to link
sociological concepts
into town planning
• “Survey before plan”
i.e. diagnosis before
treatment

14. GEDDISIAN TRIAD– important dates…
1854 - 1932 PATRICK GEDDES
1886 Settled in EDINBERGH
1892 Outlook tower - World’s first Sociological
observatory
1911 Exhibition on Cities and Town planning
Published Cities in Evolution
1915
INDIA
Visited
1920 - 23 Professor of Civics and Sociology
in University of Bombay
1924 Settled in Montpellier, France

15. GEDDISIAN TRIAD
Organic relationship between
SOCIAL , PHYSICAL &
ECONOMICAL environment

16. Patrick Geddes – Planning concepts
• Rural development, Urban Planning and City
Design are not the same and adopting a
common planning process is disasturous
• Conurbation” -waves of
population inflow to large cities,
followed by overcrowding and slum formation,
and then the wave of backflow – the
whole process resulting in amorphous sprawl,
waste, and unnecessary obsolescence.

17. Patrick Geddes – Planning concepts
CONURBATION
DELHI – NCR, INDIA
LONDON , UK

18. Patrick Geddes – Planning concepts
The sequence of planning is to be:
Regional survey
Rural development
Town planning
City design
These are to be kept constantly up to-date
He gave his expert advice for the
improvement of about 18 major towns in
India.

19. Patrick Geddes – Outlook Tpwer
• took over ‘Short’s
Observatory’ in 1892.
• spectacular views the
surrounding city region.
• Positioned at the top is
the Camera
Obscura, which
refracts an image onto a
white table within, for
study and survey.

20. Patrick Geddes – Outlook Tpwer
• a tool for regional analysis, index-
museum and the ‘world’s first
sociological laboratory’.
• It represents the essence of Geddes’s
thought - his holism, visual thinking,
and commitment to understanding
the city in the region.
• He said of it: ‘Our greatest need today
is to conceive life as a whole, to see its
many sides in their proper relations,
but we must have a practical as well
as a philosophic interest in such an
integrated view of life.
• Now the tower is home to the Patrick
Geddes Centre For Planning Studies,
where an archive and exhibition are
housed.

21. NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
The neighbourhood is the
planning unit for a town.
 evolved due to advent of industrial
the
revolution and degradation of the city
environment caused due to
 high congestion,
heavy traffic movement through the city,
insecurity to school going childrens,
distant location of shopping and recreation
activities; etc.

22. NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
 to create a safely healthy physical
environment in which
 children will have no traffic streets to cross on
their way to school, schools which are within
walking distance from home;
 an environment in which women may have
an easy walk to a shopping centre where
they may get the daily households goods,
 employed people may find convenient
transportation to and from work.
 well equipped playground is located near the
house where children may play in safety with
their friends for healthy development of their
mind and spirit.

23. PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
 Unit of Urban
Planning
 Street System
 Facilities
 Population
 Sector
 Size and Density
 Neighbourhood
Walkways
 Protective Strips

24. CLARANCE STAIN’s CONCEPTION
• Walking distance radius is
one mile.
• In the figure A, elementary
school is the centre of the
unit and within a one half
mile radius of all residents
in the neighbourhood,
local shopping centres
located near the school.
• Residential streets are
suggested as CUL-DE-SACS
to eliminate through traffic
and park space flows into
the neighbourhood

25. UPDATED NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT…

26. EXAMPLES…

27. EXAMPLES…

28. RADBURN’S CONCEPT
" We did our best to follow "the most significant notion in 20th
Aristotle's recommendation Century urban development“ – Anthony
that a city should be built to Bailey
give its inhabitants security "Town for the Motor Age" is truly
and happiness“- Clarence Stein a "Town for Tomorrow"
"social planning of an advanced order.
It is manipulation of physical elements
the first major advance in city
to induce and encourage a social and planning since Venice - Lewis Mumford
human goal. It is a kind of planning
which recognizes that the growing edge
of civilization is in the human and not
the mechanical direction, though the
mechanical factors must be carefully
aligned and allocated to support and
advance the communal achievements
and the social inventions of a free
people of autonomous family life.“ –
James Dahir

29. RADBURN’s Planning
1929 Radburn Created conceived by
CLARANCE STEIN &
25000 people HENRY WRIGHT
149 acres
Factors that influenced
430 single houses  Rapid Industrialisation
90 row houses after World War I
54 semi attached houses  Migrationgrowth ofto Cities
 Dramatic
of Rural
Cities
93 apartment units  Housing Shortage
 The need to provide
housing and protect from
motorised traffic

30. RADBURN’s Planning – INSPIRATION…
Henry Wright's "Six Planks for a Housing Platform"
 Plan simply, but comprehensively.  Cars must be parked and stored,
Don't stop at the individual property deliveries made, waste collected
line. Adjust paving, sidewalks, sewers (Vehicular Movement) - plan
and the like to the particular needs of for such services with a minimum
the property dealt with - not to a
conventional pattern. Arrange of danger, noise and
buildings and grounds so as to give confusion.
sunlight, air and a tolerable  Relationship between buildings.
outlook to even the smallest and Develop collectively such services as
cheapest house. will add to the comfort of the
 Provide ample sites in the right individual, at lower cost than is
places for community use: i.e., possible under individual operation.
playgrounds, school gardens, schools,  Arrange for the occupancy of
theatres, churches, public buildings houses on a fair basis of cost and
and stores. service, including the cost of what
 Put factories and other industrial needs to be done in organizing,
buildings where they can be used building and maintaining the
without wasteful transportation community.
of goods or people.

31. GLEN ROCK Bolder
RADBURN’S CONCEPT
 SEPARATION of pedestrian
and vehicular traffic
Super block - large block
ERNIE Rail road
surrounded by main roads
 houses grouped around
Saddle river
small CUL DE SACS - each
accessed from main road,
Living, Bedroom faced
gardens & parks, service
areas to ACCESS ROADS
 remaining land - PARK
AREAS SADDLE BROOK Township
WALKWAYS - designed
such that pedestrians can
reach social places without
crossing automobile street

32. RADBURN’S CONCEPT
FINANCIAL PLANNING
 Parks without additionol
cost from REsidents
 Savings from minimising
roads - requires less road
area
 25% less area gave 12-
15% of total park area

33. RADBURN’S CONCEPT - applications
 US
 Baldwin Hills Chandigarh, India
 Los Angels
 Kitimat B.C
Brazilia, Brazil
Several towns in Russia
England - post WWII – Section of Osaka , Japan
 Coventry,
 Stevenage, Wellington, New
 Bracknell and Zealand
 Cumbermauld
 Sweden – US - Reston, Virginia &
 Vallingby,
 Baronbackavna Estate, Orebro &
Columbia, Maryland
 Beskopsgaden Estate Goteborg

34. SATELLITE TOWNS
A satellite town or
satellite city is a
concept in urban
planning that refers
essentially to
miniature
metropolitan areas
on the fringe of
larger ones

35. SATELLITE TOWNS
Characteristics  Are physically separated from
Satellite cities are the metropolis by rural
territory; satellite cities should
small or medium-sized have their own independent
cities near a large urbanized area, or equivalent;
metropolis, that are  Have their own bedroom
Predate that communities;
metropolis' suburban  Have a traditional downtown
expansion; surrounded by traditional
Are at least partially "inner city" neighborhoods;
independent from  May or may not be counted as
that metropolis part of the large metropolis'
economically and Combined Statistical Area
socially;

36. RIBBON DEVELOPMENT
• Ribbon development means building houses along the
routes of communications radiating from a human
settlement.
• Such development generated great concern in the UK
during the 1920s and 30s, as well as in numerous other
countries.
• Following the Industrial revolution, ribbon
development became prevalent along railway lines -
predominantly in the UK, Russia, and United States.
• A good example of this was the deliberate promotion
of Metroland along London's Metropolitan railway.
• Similar evidence can be found from Long Island (where
Frederick W Dunton bought much real estate to
encourage New Yorkers to settle along the Long Island
Railroad lines), Boston and across the American mid-
west
• Ribbon development can also be compared with a
linear village which is a village that grew along a
transportation route, not as part of a city's expansion.

37. EKISTICS
• Ekistics is the study of human settlement,
which examines not only built forms, but also the
interface of time, movements and systems in the built
environment.
• Doxiadis saw ekistics as an intellectual approach to
balance the convergence of the past, present,
and future in human settlements as well as a
system for creatively coping with the growth of
population, rapid change and the pressures of large-
scale, high-density housing.

38. EKISTICS
 Ekistics Lograthamic Scale (ELS) MAN
 ELS consists of 15 Ekistic Units ranging ROOM
from Man to Ecumenopolis DWELLING
 Classified under 4 major types NEIGHBOURHOOD
Minor shells, or elementary units (man,
room, house)
TOWN
Micro-settlements, the units smaller than, CITY
or as small as, the traditional town where
METROPOLIS
people used to and still do achieve
interconnection by walking CONURBATION
Meso-settlements, between the traditional MEGALAPOLIS
town and the conurbation within which one
can commute daily URBAN REGION
Macro-settlements, whose largest possible ECUMENAPOLIS
expression is the Ecumenopolis,

39. EKISTICS UNITS
NATURE MAN SOCIETY SHELL NETWORKS
 Population  Housing
composition  Water supply
 Geological  Biological  Community
and density systems
resources needs (space, services
 Social  Power supply
 Topographical air, (schools,
stratification systems
resources temperature, hospitals, etc.)
 Cultural  Transportation
 Soil resources etc.,)  Shopping
patterns systems (water,
 Water  Sensation and centers and
 Economic road, rail, air)
resources perception markets
development  Communication
 Plant life (the ‘five  Recreational
 Education systems
 Animal life senses') facilities
 Health and (telephone,
 Climate  Emotional  Civic and
welfare radio, TV etc.)
needs (human business centers
 Law and  Sewerage and
relations, (town hall, law-
administration drainage
security, courts, etc.)
 Physical layout
beauty, etc.)  Industry
(Ekistic plan)
 Moral values  Transportation
centers

40. EKISTICS – Nature & Goals of Settlement
Five elements forms a System
Goal - make man happy and safe.
Primary
Man
Nature Society Secondary
Network Shells Tertiary

42. BROAD ACRE CITY
 specific in his designation of
the various elements.
 In a model representing four
square miles, he proposed a
main arterial adjoined
to rectangular field used for
agricultural purposes (vineyards
and orchards).
meandering stream
in the southern portion.
 Zoning - by activity and
function, and single-
family home was the
predominant building type.
 Large thoroughfares were
intersected by large street at
half-mile intervals.

43. BROAD ACRE CITY LAYOUT

44. BROAD ACRE CITY
“organic
 buildings - designed by
architecture”, to reflect the individuality
of the population.
 This would eliminate the imitations
which he felt were reflected in the World Expositions
in Chicago (1893) and New York (1939-40).
 He further advocated the use of more modern
material such asglass and steel which keeps
the elements (of weather) out, but allows the
outdoors in, putting man less separate from
nature and eliminating what he likens to a fortification.
 buildings -groups of smaller units in a
beautifully landscaped setting.
 He advocated the concept of mobile hotels and
houseboats which promoted the freedom of
movement aforementioned – the freedom to stay
or the freedom to go.

45. BROAD ACRE CITY LAYOUT

46. BROAD ACRE CITY LAYOUT