1. BENNETT’S HIERARCHY
OF OUTCOMES
Bennett & Rockwell (1995)

2. WHAT
 Seven sequential steps
 First four steps focus around process evaluation
 Last three steps focus on outcome evaluation

3. WHAT
LEVEL STEP DESCRIPTION
7 End Results Social, Economic, Environmental
6
Practice
Change
Behavioural changes in target group
(direct/proxy evidence)
5 KASA Change Knowledge, Attitude, Skills, Aspirations
4 Reactions Reaction to involvement
3 Involvement
Involvement of different stakeholders
(participation monitoring)
2 Activities
Implementation of activities (activities
monitoring)
1 Input
Programming resources to support program
activities (input monitoring)

4. HOW
 Working from level 1 to 7 for planning
 Working from level 7 to 1 for evaluation

5. WHAT
 How well the program is working?
 Is it reaching the intended people?
WHY
 Tells how well the plans developed are working
 Identifies early problems that occur in reaching the target
 Allows adjustments to be made before problem worsens
METHODS
 Quantitative, Qualitative, Combination
EVALUATING PROCESS
HOW

6. WHAT
 Helps to measure immediate changes brought about by the
problem
 Helps assess changes in KASA
WHY
 Allows for program modification in terms of materials, resource
shifting etc
 Tells whether or not programs are moving in the right direction
METHODS
 Quantitative, Qualitative, Combination
EVALUATING OUTCOME
HOW

7. LADDER OF OUTCOMES
STEP MEASURES
Actions Changes in behaviours and practices
Learning
Changes in knowledge, attitudes, skills,
aspirations
Reactions
Degree of satisfaction with program; level of
interest; feelings towards activities, educational
methods
Participation
Number and characteristics of people reached;
frequency and intensity of contact
HOW

8. REFERENCE
Bennett C. & Rockwell K. (1995) Targeting outcomes to program
outcomes (TOP)L An integrated approach to planning and
evaluation University of Nebraska
Radhakrishna R.B. & Relado R.Z. (2009) Viewing Bennett’s Hierarchy
from a Different Lens: Implications for Extension Program Evaluation
Journal of Extention http://www.joe.org/joe/2010december/tt1.php
Radhakrishna R.B. & Relado R.Z. (2009) A framework to link
evaluation questions to program outcomes Journal of Extention
http://www.joe.org/joe/2009june/tt2.php