undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.

1. Introduction to Materials Science
and Engineering
Department of IE & M
JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore-560060

2. PART – A
UNIT - 1
Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal
imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion,
factors affecting diffusion.
UNIT - 2
Mechanical Behavior: Stress-strain diagram showing ductile and brittle behavior of materials, linear and
nonlinear elastic behavior and properties, mechanical properties in plastic range, yield strength offset yield
strength, ductility, ultimate tensile strength, toughness. Plastic deformation of single crystal by slip and
twinning.
UNIT - 3
Fracture: Type I, Type II and Type III. Creep: Description of the phenomenon with examples. Three stages of
creep, creep properties, stress relaxation. Fatigue: Types of fatigue loading with examples, Mechanism of
fatigue, fatigue properties, fatigue testing and S-N diagram.
UNIT - 4
Solidification: Mechanism of solidification, Homogenous and Heterogeneous nucleation, crystal growth, cast
metal structures. Phase Diagram I: Solid solutions Hume Rothary rule Substitutional, and interstitial solid
solutions, intermediate phases, Gibbs phase rule.

3. PART - B
UNIT - 5
Phase Diagram II: Construction of equilibrium diagrams involving complete and partial solubility, lever rule. Iron
carbon equilibrium diagram description of phases, solidification of steels and cast irons, invariant reactions.
UNIT - 6
Heat treating of metals: TTT curves, continuous cooling curves, annealing and its types. Normalizing, hardening,
tempering, martempering, austempering, hardenability, surface hardening methods like carburizing, cyaniding,
nitriding, flame hardening and induction hardening, age hardening of aluminium-copper alloys.
UNIT - 7
Ferrous and non-ferrous materials: Properties, Composition and uses of • Grey cast iron, malleable iron, SG iron and
steel • Copper alloys-brasses and bronzes. Aluminium alloys-Al-Cu, Al-Si, Al-Zn alloys.
UNIT - 8
Composite Materials: Definition, classification, types of matrix materials & reinforcements, fundamentals of
production of FRP's and MMC's advantages and application of composites.

4. TEXT BOOKS:
1. Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, Smith, 4th Edition McGraw Hill, 2009
2. Materials Science, Shackleford., & M. K. Muralidhara, Pearson Publication – 2007.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. An Introduction to Metallurgy; Alan Cottrell, Universities Press India Oriental Longman Pvt. Ltd., 1974.
2. Engineering Materials Science, W.C.Richards, PHI, 1965
3. Physical Metallurgy; Lakhtin, Mir Publications
4. Materials Science and Engineering, V.Raghavan , PHI, 2002
5. Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, H. VanVlack, Addison-Wesley Edn., 1998
6. Materials Science and Engineering,William D. Callister Jr., John Wiley & Sons. Inc, 5th Edition, 2001.
7. The Science and Engineering of Materials, Donald R. Askeland and Pradeep.P. Phule, Cengage Learning, 4lh Ed., 2003.

5. What is Materials Science and Engineering?
interdisciplinary field concerned with inventing new materials and improving previously
known materials by developing a deeper understanding of the microstructure-
composition-synthesis-processing relationships.

6.  composition means the chemical make-up of a material.
 structure means a description of the arrangement of atoms, as seen at different levels of
detail.
 synthesis refers to how materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals.
Terminologies
 Processing means how materials are shaped into useful components.
• In materials science, the emphasis is on the relationships between the synthesis and processing.

7. The structure of materials has a profound influence on many properties of materials,
even if the overall composition does not change!
Example
if you take a pure copper wire and bend it repeatedly, the wire not only becomes harder but
also becomes increasingly brittle. Eventually, the pure copper wire becomes so hard and
brittle that it will break rather easily. The electrical resistivity of wire will also increase as we
bend it repeatedly.

8. • In the above example, we did not change the material’s composition (i.e., its chemical make
up).
• The changes in the material’s properties are often due to a change in its internal structure.
• If we examine the wire after bending using an optical microscope, it will look the same as
before However, its structure has been changed at a very small or microscopic scale.
• The structure at this microscopic scale is known as microstructure.

9. The four components of the discipline of materials science and
engineering and their interrelationship.
Figure: photograph showing three thin disk specimens of aluminum oxide placed over some printed matter

10. Classification of Materials
1. metals and alloys;
2. ceramics, glasses, and glass-ceramics;
3. polymers (plastics);
4. semiconductors; and
5. composite materials

15. strengths of various categories of materials

16. Metals and Alloys
 These include steels, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, cast iron, titanium,
copper, and nickel.
 In general, metals have good electrical and thermal conductivity.
 Metals and alloys have relatively high strength, high stiffness, ductility or
formability, and shock resistance.
 They are particularly useful for structural or load bearing applications..

17. Fig: Familiar objects that are made of metals and metal alloys

18. Ceramics can be defined as inorganic crystalline materials.
• Ceramics are probably the most ‘‘natural’’ materials.
• Beach sand and rocks are examples of naturally occurring ceramics.
• Advanced ceramics are materials made by refining naturally occurring ceramics
and other special processes.
• Advanced ceramics are used in substrates that house computer chips, sensors
and actuators, capacitors, spark plugs, inductors, and electrical insulation.
• Ceramics have exceptional strength under compression.
Ceramics

19. Fig: Common objects that are made of ceramic materials.

20. Polymers are typically organic materials produced using a process known as
polymerization.
 Polymeric materials include rubber (elastomers) and many types of adhesives.
 Many polymers have very good electrical resistivity, good thermal insulation.
 polymers have a very good strength-to-weight ratio.
 Not suitable for use at high temperatures., have good resistance to corrosive
chemicals.
 Polymers have thousands of applications ranging from bulletproof vests,
compact disks (CDs), ropes, and liquid crystal displays (LCDs) to coffee cups.
Polymers

21. Fig: common objects that are made of polymeric materials

22. Carbonated Beverage Containers
One common item that presents some interesting material property requirements
is the container for carbonated beverages.
 provide a barrier to the passage of carbon dioxide, which is under pressure in the container;
 nontoxic, unreactive with the beverage, and preferably be recyclable;
 be relatively strong, and capable of surviving a drop from a height of several feet when
containing the beverage;
 be inexpensive and the cost to fabricate should be relatively low;
 if optically transparent, retain its optical clarity;
 capable of being produced having different colors and/or able to be adorned with decorative
labels.

23. the basic material types—
• metal (aluminum),
• ceramic (glass), and
• polymer (polyester plastic)—are used for carbonated beverage Containers.
 All of these materials are nontoxic, and unreactive with beverages

24.  The aluminum alloy is relatively strong (but easily dented), is a very good
barrier to the diffusion of carbon dioxide, is easily recycled, beverages are
cooled rapidly, and labels may be painted onto its surface.
• cans are optically opaque, and relatively expensive to produce.
 Glass is impervious to the passage of carbon dioxide, is a relatively
inexpensive material, can be recycled.
• it cracks and fractures easily, and glass bottles are relatively heavy.

25.  Plastic is relatively strong, may be made optically transparent, is inexpensive
and lightweight, and is recyclable, it is not as impervious to the passage of
carbon dioxide as the aluminum and glass.
• we may have noticed that beverages in aluminum and glass containers retain
their carbonization for several years, whereas those in two-liter plastic bottles
“go flat” within a few months.

26. Composite Materials
The main idea in developing composites is to blend the properties of
different materials. The composites are formed from two or more materials,
producing properties not found in any single material.
Concrete, plywood, and fiberglass are examples of composite materials.
• Advanced aircraft and aerospace vehicles rely heavily on composites
such as carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers.
• Sports equipment such as bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets,
skis/snowboards make use of different kinds of composite materials that
are light and stiff.

27. ADVANCED MATERIALS
Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are
termed advanced materials
Examples: electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.),
computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military.
• Advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have
been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials.

28. Advanced materials include semiconductors & biomaterials
• Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between
the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz.
ceramics and polymers)
• Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body
for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
• These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues.

29. Materials of the Future
Smart Materials
“smart” implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their
environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners
Components of a smart material (or system) include sensor (that detects an input
signal), and an actuator (that performs a responsive and adaptive function)

30. End of Module 2