SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 10
LEARNER SUPPORT AND RESOURCES In order to retain comparable learner support and services in its online delivery format, Yavapai College requires that its learner support systems and resources must be as complete, responsive and as student oriented as those provided for the on-campus learner. A well-designed online course provides alternativesupport methods to ensure that distance education students are not significantly inconvenienced or barred from accessing any and all services and resources required. Online courses should meet the following requirements: 1
LEARNER SUPPORT AND RESOURCES Course contains links to available campus resources  for online learners. Course offers access to a wide range of resources supporting course content. 1
ONLINE ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN In order to foster positive learning communities in its online delivery format, Yavapai College requires that each online course contain clear and concise guidelines for accessing and navigating the Blackboard environment. Course information must be easily accessible, understandable, and consistent with YavapaiCollege syllabi standards regarding course requirements, attendance policies, etc. Online courses should meet the following specifications for organization and design. 2
ONLINE ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN • Course is well-organized and easy to navigate. Students can clearly understand all components and structure of the course. • Course syllabus identifies and clearly delineates the role the online environment will play in the total course. • Aesthetic design presents and communicates course information clearly throughout the course, including customized buttons and banner. • All web pages are visually and functionally  consistent throughout the course. • Student accessibility to all online media is addressed. 2
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND DELIVERY In order to reinforce basic principles of cooperation among students and active learning environments, Yavapai College emphasizes the importance of interaction and communication in its online courses. An exemplary online course models collaboration, which builds support networks to enhance learning outcomes. Online courses should meet the following requirements: 3
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND DELIVERY • Course offers opportunities for interaction and communication student to student, student to instructor, and student to content. • Course goals are clearly defined and aligned to learning objectives. • Learning objectives are identified, and learning activities are clearly integrated. • Course provides visual, textual, kinesthetic, and/or auditory activities to enhance student learning. • Course provides multiple activities that help  students develop critical thinking and  problem-solving skills. 3
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF STUDENT LEARNING Yavapai College considers assessment and evaluation to be a vital part of the teaching and learning process. The online environment presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities in helping students learn of their strengths and academic deficiencies, while still maintaining academic integrity. Online courses should incorporate the following elements for assessment and evaluation of student learning. 4
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF STUDENT LEARNING ,[object Object],• Learning objectives are closely aligned with instructional and assessment activities. • Ongoing multiple assessment strategies are used to measure content knowledge, attitudes, and skills. • Regular feedback about student performance is provided in a timely manner throughout the course. • Student self-assessments and peer feedback  opportunities exist throughout the course. 4
APPROPRIATE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY Yavapai College maintains state-of-the-art instructional technology resources that are used to enhance instruction in both traditional and distance education environments. In order to apply the rich blend of technology available, online courses should exhibit the following elements of innovative teaching with technology. 5
APPROPRIATE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY • Course uses a variety of technology tools to appropriately facilitate communication and learning. • New teaching methods are applied to enhance student learning and interactively engage students. • A variety of multimedia elements and/or learning objects that are relevant to student learning are used throughout the course. • Course optimizes Internet access and effectively  engages students in the learning process in a  variety of ways throughout the course. 5

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Energía Eólica
Energía Eólica Energía Eólica
Energía Eólica Owen Burgos
 
2 entopismos e3oruxi_metafora_petrelaiou&fa
2 entopismos e3oruxi_metafora_petrelaiou&fa2 entopismos e3oruxi_metafora_petrelaiou&fa
2 entopismos e3oruxi_metafora_petrelaiou&faenergysequel
 
Reggaeton project
Reggaeton projectReggaeton project
Reggaeton projectrynniieboo
 
Escalando agilidad en grandes empresas
Escalando agilidad en grandes empresasEscalando agilidad en grandes empresas
Escalando agilidad en grandes empresas233 Grados de TI
 
Controle ambiental _2_2016-01-15_15_46_26
Controle ambiental _2_2016-01-15_15_46_26Controle ambiental _2_2016-01-15_15_46_26
Controle ambiental _2_2016-01-15_15_46_26Laura Magalhães
 
Scalable load testing using jmeter in cloud
Scalable load testing using jmeter in cloudScalable load testing using jmeter in cloud
Scalable load testing using jmeter in cloudVijay Rayapati
 
Cloud Computing
Cloud ComputingCloud Computing
Cloud ComputingEdureka!
 
Appium & Robot Framework
Appium & Robot FrameworkAppium & Robot Framework
Appium & Robot FrameworkFurkan Ertürk
 

Viewers also liked (13)

Technical Side of Agile
Technical Side of AgileTechnical Side of Agile
Technical Side of Agile
 
QCcon_Tokyo_2010_ja
QCcon_Tokyo_2010_jaQCcon_Tokyo_2010_ja
QCcon_Tokyo_2010_ja
 
Energía Eólica
Energía Eólica Energía Eólica
Energía Eólica
 
2 entopismos e3oruxi_metafora_petrelaiou&fa
2 entopismos e3oruxi_metafora_petrelaiou&fa2 entopismos e3oruxi_metafora_petrelaiou&fa
2 entopismos e3oruxi_metafora_petrelaiou&fa
 
Reggaeton project
Reggaeton projectReggaeton project
Reggaeton project
 
Escalando agilidad en grandes empresas
Escalando agilidad en grandes empresasEscalando agilidad en grandes empresas
Escalando agilidad en grandes empresas
 
E28LL03
E28LL03E28LL03
E28LL03
 
Controle ambiental _2_2016-01-15_15_46_26
Controle ambiental _2_2016-01-15_15_46_26Controle ambiental _2_2016-01-15_15_46_26
Controle ambiental _2_2016-01-15_15_46_26
 
Aula 03
Aula 03Aula 03
Aula 03
 
Scalable load testing using jmeter in cloud
Scalable load testing using jmeter in cloudScalable load testing using jmeter in cloud
Scalable load testing using jmeter in cloud
 
Cloud Computing
Cloud ComputingCloud Computing
Cloud Computing
 
Appium & Robot Framework
Appium & Robot FrameworkAppium & Robot Framework
Appium & Robot Framework
 
Inversores
InversoresInversores
Inversores
 

More from Todd Conaway

2019 i am a loose cannon
2019 i am a loose cannon2019 i am a loose cannon
2019 i am a loose cannonTodd Conaway
 
Chapter One Introduction to Business OpenStax
Chapter One Introduction to Business OpenStaxChapter One Introduction to Business OpenStax
Chapter One Introduction to Business OpenStaxTodd Conaway
 
Lessons learned from Health ed. and Promotion Minor
Lessons learned from Health ed. and Promotion MinorLessons learned from Health ed. and Promotion Minor
Lessons learned from Health ed. and Promotion MinorTodd Conaway
 
3 Slides 5 Minutes: Not Really
3 Slides 5 Minutes: Not Really3 Slides 5 Minutes: Not Really
3 Slides 5 Minutes: Not ReallyTodd Conaway
 
2015 ITC Conference 9x9x25
2015 ITC Conference 9x9x252015 ITC Conference 9x9x25
2015 ITC Conference 9x9x25Todd Conaway
 
What’s in it for me? (Karly Way ITC Presentation)
What’s in it for me? (Karly Way ITC Presentation)What’s in it for me? (Karly Way ITC Presentation)
What’s in it for me? (Karly Way ITC Presentation)Todd Conaway
 
Bells and Whistles
Bells and WhistlesBells and Whistles
Bells and WhistlesTodd Conaway
 
9x9x25 Learning Summit presentation
9x9x25 Learning Summit presentation9x9x25 Learning Summit presentation
9x9x25 Learning Summit presentationTodd Conaway
 
2014 lightning round
2014 lightning round2014 lightning round
2014 lightning roundTodd Conaway
 
9x9x25 Challlenge for globaled13
9x9x25 Challlenge for globaled139x9x25 Challlenge for globaled13
9x9x25 Challlenge for globaled13Todd Conaway
 
Challenges of Online Community
Challenges of Online CommunityChallenges of Online Community
Challenges of Online CommunityTodd Conaway
 
New Faculty Orientation (social networks)
New Faculty Orientation (social networks)New Faculty Orientation (social networks)
New Faculty Orientation (social networks)Todd Conaway
 
YCETC Blended Learning
YCETC Blended LearningYCETC Blended Learning
YCETC Blended LearningTodd Conaway
 
Fall Welcome Back 2011
Fall Welcome Back 2011Fall Welcome Back 2011
Fall Welcome Back 2011Todd Conaway
 
COCSD Professional Portfolio Introduction
COCSD Professional Portfolio IntroductionCOCSD Professional Portfolio Introduction
COCSD Professional Portfolio IntroductionTodd Conaway
 
COCSD Online Professional Development
COCSD Online Professional DevelopmentCOCSD Online Professional Development
COCSD Online Professional DevelopmentTodd Conaway
 

More from Todd Conaway (20)

2019 i am a loose cannon
2019 i am a loose cannon2019 i am a loose cannon
2019 i am a loose cannon
 
9x9x25
9x9x259x9x25
9x9x25
 
Chapter One Introduction to Business OpenStax
Chapter One Introduction to Business OpenStaxChapter One Introduction to Business OpenStax
Chapter One Introduction to Business OpenStax
 
Lessons learned from Health ed. and Promotion Minor
Lessons learned from Health ed. and Promotion MinorLessons learned from Health ed. and Promotion Minor
Lessons learned from Health ed. and Promotion Minor
 
3 Slides 5 Minutes: Not Really
3 Slides 5 Minutes: Not Really3 Slides 5 Minutes: Not Really
3 Slides 5 Minutes: Not Really
 
2015 ITC Conference 9x9x25
2015 ITC Conference 9x9x252015 ITC Conference 9x9x25
2015 ITC Conference 9x9x25
 
What’s in it for me? (Karly Way ITC Presentation)
What’s in it for me? (Karly Way ITC Presentation)What’s in it for me? (Karly Way ITC Presentation)
What’s in it for me? (Karly Way ITC Presentation)
 
Bells and Whistles
Bells and WhistlesBells and Whistles
Bells and Whistles
 
9x9x25 Learning Summit presentation
9x9x25 Learning Summit presentation9x9x25 Learning Summit presentation
9x9x25 Learning Summit presentation
 
2014 lightning round
2014 lightning round2014 lightning round
2014 lightning round
 
9x9x25 WI
9x9x25 WI9x9x25 WI
9x9x25 WI
 
The Easy Button
The Easy ButtonThe Easy Button
The Easy Button
 
9x9x25 Challlenge for globaled13
9x9x25 Challlenge for globaled139x9x25 Challlenge for globaled13
9x9x25 Challlenge for globaled13
 
Challenges of Online Community
Challenges of Online CommunityChallenges of Online Community
Challenges of Online Community
 
New Faculty Orientation (social networks)
New Faculty Orientation (social networks)New Faculty Orientation (social networks)
New Faculty Orientation (social networks)
 
YCETC Blended Learning
YCETC Blended LearningYCETC Blended Learning
YCETC Blended Learning
 
Welcome Back 2012
Welcome Back 2012Welcome Back 2012
Welcome Back 2012
 
Fall Welcome Back 2011
Fall Welcome Back 2011Fall Welcome Back 2011
Fall Welcome Back 2011
 
COCSD Professional Portfolio Introduction
COCSD Professional Portfolio IntroductionCOCSD Professional Portfolio Introduction
COCSD Professional Portfolio Introduction
 
COCSD Online Professional Development
COCSD Online Professional DevelopmentCOCSD Online Professional Development
COCSD Online Professional Development
 

Recently uploaded

4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptxmary850239
 
Unraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing Postmodern Elements in Literature.pptx
Unraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing  Postmodern Elements in  Literature.pptxUnraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing  Postmodern Elements in  Literature.pptx
Unraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing Postmodern Elements in Literature.pptxDhatriParmar
 
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptxQ4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptxlancelewisportillo
 
CHEST Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.pptx
CHEST Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.pptxCHEST Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.pptx
CHEST Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.pptxAneriPatwari
 
Narcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesic..pdf
Narcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesic..pdfNarcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesic..pdf
Narcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesic..pdfPrerana Jadhav
 
Mythology Quiz-4th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Mythology Quiz-4th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWMythology Quiz-4th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Mythology Quiz-4th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQuiz Club NITW
 
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSTextual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSMae Pangan
 
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptxmary850239
 
Scientific Writing :Research Discourse
Scientific  Writing :Research  DiscourseScientific  Writing :Research  Discourse
Scientific Writing :Research DiscourseAnita GoswamiGiri
 
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQ-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQuiz Club NITW
 
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdfGrade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdfJemuel Francisco
 
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentationCongestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentationdeepaannamalai16
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemConcurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemChristalin Nelson
 
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfActive Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfPatidar M
 
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQ-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQuiz Club NITW
 
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmOppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmStan Meyer
 
Using Grammatical Signals Suitable to Patterns of Idea Development
Using Grammatical Signals Suitable to Patterns of Idea DevelopmentUsing Grammatical Signals Suitable to Patterns of Idea Development
Using Grammatical Signals Suitable to Patterns of Idea Developmentchesterberbo7
 

Recently uploaded (20)

4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
 
Unraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing Postmodern Elements in Literature.pptx
Unraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing  Postmodern Elements in  Literature.pptxUnraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing  Postmodern Elements in  Literature.pptx
Unraveling Hypertext_ Analyzing Postmodern Elements in Literature.pptx
 
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptxQ4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
 
CHEST Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.pptx
CHEST Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.pptxCHEST Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.pptx
CHEST Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.pptx
 
Narcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesic..pdf
Narcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesic..pdfNarcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesic..pdf
Narcotic and Non Narcotic Analgesic..pdf
 
Faculty Profile prashantha K EEE dept Sri Sairam college of Engineering
Faculty Profile prashantha K EEE dept Sri Sairam college of EngineeringFaculty Profile prashantha K EEE dept Sri Sairam college of Engineering
Faculty Profile prashantha K EEE dept Sri Sairam college of Engineering
 
Mythology Quiz-4th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Mythology Quiz-4th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWMythology Quiz-4th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Mythology Quiz-4th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
 
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
 
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION PRACTICES FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS.pptx
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION PRACTICES FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS.pptxINCLUSIVE EDUCATION PRACTICES FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS.pptx
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION PRACTICES FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS.pptx
 
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSTextual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
 
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
 
Scientific Writing :Research Discourse
Scientific  Writing :Research  DiscourseScientific  Writing :Research  Discourse
Scientific Writing :Research Discourse
 
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQ-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor General Quiz-7th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
 
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdfGrade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
Grade 9 Quarter 4 Dll Grade 9 Quarter 4 DLL.pdf
 
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentationCongestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemConcurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
 
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfActive Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
 
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITWQ-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
Q-Factor HISPOL Quiz-6th April 2024, Quiz Club NITW
 
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmOppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
 
Using Grammatical Signals Suitable to Patterns of Idea Development
Using Grammatical Signals Suitable to Patterns of Idea DevelopmentUsing Grammatical Signals Suitable to Patterns of Idea Development
Using Grammatical Signals Suitable to Patterns of Idea Development
 

Yavapai College Online Standards Points

  • 1. LEARNER SUPPORT AND RESOURCES In order to retain comparable learner support and services in its online delivery format, Yavapai College requires that its learner support systems and resources must be as complete, responsive and as student oriented as those provided for the on-campus learner. A well-designed online course provides alternativesupport methods to ensure that distance education students are not significantly inconvenienced or barred from accessing any and all services and resources required. Online courses should meet the following requirements: 1
  • 2. LEARNER SUPPORT AND RESOURCES Course contains links to available campus resources for online learners. Course offers access to a wide range of resources supporting course content. 1
  • 3. ONLINE ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN In order to foster positive learning communities in its online delivery format, Yavapai College requires that each online course contain clear and concise guidelines for accessing and navigating the Blackboard environment. Course information must be easily accessible, understandable, and consistent with YavapaiCollege syllabi standards regarding course requirements, attendance policies, etc. Online courses should meet the following specifications for organization and design. 2
  • 4. ONLINE ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN • Course is well-organized and easy to navigate. Students can clearly understand all components and structure of the course. • Course syllabus identifies and clearly delineates the role the online environment will play in the total course. • Aesthetic design presents and communicates course information clearly throughout the course, including customized buttons and banner. • All web pages are visually and functionally consistent throughout the course. • Student accessibility to all online media is addressed. 2
  • 5. INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND DELIVERY In order to reinforce basic principles of cooperation among students and active learning environments, Yavapai College emphasizes the importance of interaction and communication in its online courses. An exemplary online course models collaboration, which builds support networks to enhance learning outcomes. Online courses should meet the following requirements: 3
  • 6. INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND DELIVERY • Course offers opportunities for interaction and communication student to student, student to instructor, and student to content. • Course goals are clearly defined and aligned to learning objectives. • Learning objectives are identified, and learning activities are clearly integrated. • Course provides visual, textual, kinesthetic, and/or auditory activities to enhance student learning. • Course provides multiple activities that help students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. 3
  • 7. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF STUDENT LEARNING Yavapai College considers assessment and evaluation to be a vital part of the teaching and learning process. The online environment presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities in helping students learn of their strengths and academic deficiencies, while still maintaining academic integrity. Online courses should incorporate the following elements for assessment and evaluation of student learning. 4
  • 8.
  • 9. APPROPRIATE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY Yavapai College maintains state-of-the-art instructional technology resources that are used to enhance instruction in both traditional and distance education environments. In order to apply the rich blend of technology available, online courses should exhibit the following elements of innovative teaching with technology. 5
  • 10. APPROPRIATE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF TECHNOLOGY • Course uses a variety of technology tools to appropriately facilitate communication and learning. • New teaching methods are applied to enhance student learning and interactively engage students. • A variety of multimedia elements and/or learning objects that are relevant to student learning are used throughout the course. • Course optimizes Internet access and effectively engages students in the learning process in a variety of ways throughout the course. 5