Wireless sensor network

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Wireless Sensor NetworkWireless Sensor Network
ผศผศ.. ณัฐณัฐวุฒิวุฒิ ขวัญแกวขวัญแกว
หองปฏิบัติการวิจัยเชิงประยุกตระบบสื่อสารและสมองกลฝงตัวหองปฏิบัติการวิจัยเชิงประยุกตระบบสื่อสารและสมองกลฝงตัว
[CARSAREA : C[CARSAREA : Communicationommunication AAndnd EEmbeddedmbedded SSystemsystems AApplicationpplication ReResearch Lsearch Laab.]b.]
ภาควิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟาภาควิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟา คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตรคณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตรมหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร

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TopicsTopics
Introduction to Wireless Sensor NetworkIntroduction to Wireless Sensor Network
Basic FeatureBasic Feature
ApplicationApplication
Implementation ConceptImplementation Concept
Hardware PlatformHardware Platform
Software PlatformSoftware Platform
Existing WSN SystemExisting WSN System
Sensor Network Operating SystemSensor Network Operating System
ZigbeeZigbee
CZARNETCZARNET –– CAESAREA Wireless Sensor NetworkCAESAREA Wireless Sensor Network

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Wireless Sensor Networks (Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNsWSNs))
It consists of a set of small devices withIt consists of a set of small devices with sensingsensing andand
wireless communicationwireless communication capabilitiescapabilities
Those small devices are namedThose small devices are named sensor nodessensor nodes, and are, and are
deployed within a special area to monitor a physicaldeployed within a special area to monitor a physical
phenomenon.phenomenon.
MultifunctionalMultifunctional
Depends on what sensors are attachedDepends on what sensors are attached
FeaturesFeatures
Widely deployed. (100~1MWidely deployed. (100~1M↑↑))
Low communication bandwidthLow communication bandwidth
Limited memory space and computation powerLimited memory space and computation power

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Basic FeaturesBasic Features
SelfSelf--organizing capabilitiesorganizing capabilities
ShortShort--range broadcast communication andrange broadcast communication and multihopmultihop routingrouting
Dense deployment and cooperative effort of sensor nodesDense deployment and cooperative effort of sensor nodes
Frequently changing topology due to fading and node failuresFrequently changing topology due to fading and node failures
Limitations in energy, transmit power, memory, andLimitations in energy, transmit power, memory, and
computing powercomputing power

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ApplicationsApplications
General EngineeringGeneral Engineering
Agriculture and Environmental MonitoringAgriculture and Environmental Monitoring
Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
Military ApplicationMilitary Application
Health Monitoring and SurgeryHealth Monitoring and Surgery

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GeneralGeneral EngineeringEngineering
AutomotiveAutomotive telematicstelematics
Fingertip accelerometer virtual keyboardsFingertip accelerometer virtual keyboards
Sensing and maintenance in industrial plantsSensing and maintenance in industrial plants
Aircraft drag reductionAircraft drag reduction
Smart office spacesSmart office spaces
Tracking of goods in retail storesTracking of goods in retail stores
Social studiesSocial studies
Commercial and residential securityCommercial and residential security

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Application : Monitoring Volcanic EruptionsApplication : Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions

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AgricultureAgriculture andand EnvironmentalEnvironmental MonitoringMonitoring
Precision agriculturePrecision agriculture
Planetary explorationPlanetary exploration
Geophysical monitoringGeophysical monitoring
Monitoring of freshwater qualityMonitoring of freshwater quality
ZebranetZebranet
Habitat MonitoringHabitat Monitoring
Disaster detectionDisaster detection
Contaminant transportContaminant transport

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CivilCivil EngineeringEngineering
Monitoring of structuresMonitoring of structures
Urban planningUrban planning
Disaster recoveryDisaster recovery

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Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications
Asset monitoring and managementAsset monitoring and management
Surveillance and battleSurveillance and battle--space monitoringspace monitoring
Urban warfareUrban warfare
ProtectionProtection
SelfSelf--healing minefieldshealing minefields

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HealthHealth MonitoringMonitoring andand SurgerySurgery
Medical SensingMedical Sensing
Body temperatureBody temperature
Blood pressureBlood pressure
PulsePulse
MicroMicro--surgerysurgery
MEMSMEMS--based robotsbased robots

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Application : Medical CareApplication : Medical Care

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Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
Ubiquitous Health MonitoringUbiquitous Health Monitoring

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Technical Challenges (1/4)Technical Challenges (1/4)
Performance metricsPerformance metrics
Energy efficiency/system lifetimeEnergy efficiency/system lifetime
LatencyLatency
AccuracyAccuracy
Fault toleranceFault tolerance
ScalabilityScalability
Transport capacity/throughputTransport capacity/throughput
Power SupplyPower Supply
Battery, Capacitor, Solar CellBattery, Capacitor, Solar Cell
Design of EnergyDesign of Energy--Efficient ProtocolsEfficient Protocols
ClusteringClustering
Broadcast and multicast treesBroadcast and multicast trees
Sleep modesSleep modes

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Technical Challenges (2/4)Technical Challenges (2/4)
Capacity/ThroughputCapacity/Throughput
Expected number of successful packet transmissions of a given noExpected number of successful packet transmissions of a given node per timeslotde per timeslot
RoutingRouting
““many to onemany to one”” networknetwork –– all node report to a single base stationall node report to a single base station
UpUp--toto--date, less effort given to routing protocolsdate, less effort given to routing protocols
MultihopMultihop communication andcommunication and QoSQoS routingrouting
Ad hoc routing protocols are not suited well for WSNAd hoc routing protocols are not suited well for WSN
Channel Access and SchedulingChannel Access and Scheduling
Aim at energy and delay balancingAim at energy and delay balancing
Medium Access problemMedium Access problem –– minimum collisions and maximum spatial reuseminimum collisions and maximum spatial reuse
Node LevelNode Level -- Determines which flow will be eligible to transmit nextDetermines which flow will be eligible to transmit next
System LevelSystem Level -- Determines which nodes will be transmittingDetermines which nodes will be transmitting

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Technical Challenges(3/4)Technical Challenges(3/4)
ModelingModeling
Number of nodes and relative distributionNumber of nodes and relative distribution
Degree and type of mobilityDegree and type of mobility
Characteristics of wireless linkCharacteristics of wireless link
Volume of traffic injected by the sourceVolume of traffic injected by the source
Lifespan of nodes interactionLifespan of nodes interaction
Detailed energy consumption modelsDetailed energy consumption models
ConnectivityConnectivity
Crucial for most application : Network is not partitioned into dCrucial for most application : Network is not partitioned into disjoints partsisjoints parts
Quality of Service (Quality of Service (QoSQoS))
Capability of a network to deliver data reliably and timelyCapability of a network to deliver data reliably and timely
HighHigh Quantity of ServiceQuantity of Service generally not sufficient to satisfy an applicationgenerally not sufficient to satisfy an application’’s delays delay
requirementrequirement
Speed of propagation of information may be as crucial as the thrSpeed of propagation of information may be as crucial as the throughputoughput

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Technical Challenges (4/4)Technical Challenges (4/4)
SecuritySecurity
Sensor nodes are not protected against physical mishandling or aSensor nodes are not protected against physical mishandling or attacksttacks
Eavesdropping, jamming and ListenEavesdropping, jamming and Listen--andand--retransmit attacks can hamper or preventretransmit attacks can hamper or prevent
the operationthe operation
ImplementationImplementation
Nodes must become an order of magnitude cheaper in order to rendNodes must become an order of magnitude cheaper in order to render applicationser applications
with a large number of nodes affordablewith a large number of nodes affordable
Other IssuesOther Issues
Distributed signal processingDistributed signal processing
Synchronization and localizationSynchronization and localization
Wireless reprogrammingWireless reprogramming

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Implementation Concept : Hardware PlatformImplementation Concept : Hardware Platform
Processing UnitProcessing Unit
Transceiver UnitTransceiver Unit
Power UnitPower Unit
Sensing UnitsSensing Units
Other ApplicationOther Application
DependentDependent
ComponentsComponents

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Implementation Concept : Software PlatformImplementation Concept : Software Platform
Application Programming Interface (API)Application Programming Interface (API)
Embedded Operating System (EOS)Embedded Operating System (EOS)
Device DriversDevice Drivers
Hardware Abstract Layer (HAL)Hardware Abstract Layer (HAL) Hardware Platform
Operating System
Virtual M/C MiddleWare
Network Stack
Applications

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Motes are tiny, selfMotes are tiny, self--contained, battery powered computers with radio links,contained, battery powered computers with radio links,
which enable them to communicate and exchange data with one anotwhich enable them to communicate and exchange data with one another, and toher, and to
selfself--organize into ad hoc networksorganize into ad hoc networks
Motes form the building blocks of wireless sensor networksMotes form the building blocks of wireless sensor networks
TinyOS : componentTinyOS : component--based runtime environment, is designed to providebased runtime environment, is designed to provide
support for these motes which require concurrency intensive opersupport for these motes which require concurrency intensive operations whileations while
constrained by minimal hardware resourcesconstrained by minimal hardware resources
Figure 3: Berkeley MoteFigure 3: Berkeley Mote
Berkeley Motes (1/2)Berkeley Motes (1/2)

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Berkeley Motes (2/2)Berkeley Motes (2/2)

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Mote Kit : Crossbow (Mote Kit : Crossbow (www.xbow.comwww.xbow.com))
Monitoring temperature, humidity,
barometric pressure and other
environmental parameters.
Low sampling rates, typically
slower than 2 minutes per sensor
measurement.
Outdoor environments
Deployment of sensors over several
acres or more
Battery operation for at least one
year
Remote logging of data and remote
data access.

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StargateStargate : WSN Gateway: WSN Gateway
Interfacing Sensor Networks to the InternetInterfacing Sensor Networks to the Internet
IntelIntel XScaleXScale ProcessorProcessor
Compact Flash , PCMIA,Compact Flash , PCMIA, EternetEternet , USB Host, USB Host
Linux BasedLinux Based

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XbowXbow Software ToolsSoftware Tools
XMeshXMesh:: TrueMeshTrueMesh, low, low--power, selfpower, self--forming reliable networkingforming reliable networking
stack that runs on each Motestack that runs on each Mote
XServeXServe:: Server software manages data logging and forwardingServer software manages data logging and forwarding
of Mote network dataof Mote network data
MOTEMOTE--VIEWVIEW:: Client software for monitoring, visualization,Client software for monitoring, visualization,
and network management softwareand network management software

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Mote ViewMote View
Historical and RealHistorical and Real--Time ChartingTime Charting
Topology MapTopology Map
Network VisualizationNetwork Visualization

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Telos PlatformTelos Platform
Low PowerLow Power
Minimal port leakageMinimal port leakage
Hardware isolation and bufferingHardware isolation and buffering
RobustRobust
Hardware flash write protectionHardware flash write protection
Integrated antenna (50mIntegrated antenna (50m--125m)125m)
Standard IDC connectorsStandard IDC connectors
Standards BasedStandards Based
USBUSB
IEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420 radio)IEEE 802.15.4 (CC2420 radio)
High PerformanceHigh Performance
10kB RAM, 1610kB RAM, 16--bit core, extensive double bufferingbit core, extensive double buffering
1212--bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec)bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec)
DMA transfers while CPU offDMA transfers while CPU off

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TelosTelos : Design Principles: Design Principles
Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks
Must operate for many yearsMust operate for many years
Need low duty cycles to achieve long lifetimesNeed low duty cycles to achieve long lifetimes
Key to Low Duty Cycle Operation:Key to Low Duty Cycle Operation:
SleepSleep –– majority of the timemajority of the time
WakeupWakeup –– quickly start processingquickly start processing
ActiveActive –– minimize work & return to sleepminimize work & return to sleep

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TelosTelos : Sleep: Sleep
Majority of time, node is asleepMajority of time, node is asleep
>99%>99%
Minimize sleep current throughMinimize sleep current through
Isolating and shutting down individual circuitsIsolating and shutting down individual circuits
Using low power hardwareUsing low power hardware
Need RAM retentionNeed RAM retention
Run auxiliary hardware components from low speedRun auxiliary hardware components from low speed
oscillators (typically 32kHz)oscillators (typically 32kHz)
Perform ADC conversions, DMA transfers, and busPerform ADC conversions, DMA transfers, and bus
operations while microcontroller core is stoppedoperations while microcontroller core is stopped

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Perpetually PoweredPerpetually Powered TelosTelos
Solar energy scavenging system for TelosSolar energy scavenging system for Telos
Super capacitors buffer energySuper capacitors buffer energy
Lithium rechargeable battery as aLithium rechargeable battery as a emergencyemergency backupbackup
Possible due to low voltage (1.8V) and low power (<15mW) consumpPossible due to low voltage (1.8V) and low power (<15mW) consumptiontion
Duty CycleDuty Cycle Light RequiredLight Required System LifetimeSystem Lifetime
1%1% 5 hrs / 1 mo5 hrs / 1 mo 43 years43 years
10%10% 5 hrs / 4 days5 hrs / 4 days 4 years4 years
100%100% 10 hrs / 1 day10 hrs / 1 day 1 year1 year

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ScatterwebScatterweb
Embedded Sensor Board (ESB)Embedded Sensor Board (ESB)
Embedded Gateway/USBEmbedded Gateway/USB
Embedded Web ServerEmbedded Web Server

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ESB BoardESB Board
TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 Processor
2KB RAM, 60KB flash ROM2KB RAM, 60KB flash ROM
RFM TR1001 Transceiver : 868 MHzRFM TR1001 Transceiver : 868 MHz
Serial Interface : up to 115.2 kbpsSerial Interface : up to 115.2 kbps
Sensor Interface :Sensor Interface :
Light , Motion, Temperature, Vibration , MicrophoneLight , Motion, Temperature, Vibration , Microphone

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ScatterwebScatterweb ViewerViewer
Data LoggingData Logging
Node ManagingNode Managing
OTA FlashingOTA Flashing
NetNet--ScanningScanning
ScatterRoutingScatterRouting

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Sensor Network Operating SystemSensor Network Operating System
TinyOSTinyOS
University of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, Berkeley
www.tinyos.netwww.tinyos.net
MANTISMANTIS
University of Colorado at BoulderUniversity of Colorado at Boulder
http://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/tikiwiki/tikihttp://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/tikiwiki/tiki--index.phpindex.php
CONTIKICONTIKI
AdamAdam DunkelsDunkels , Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Swedish Institute of Computer Science
http://http://www.sics.se/~adam/contikiwww.sics.se/~adam/contiki//

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RealReal--time operating system for microcontrollerstime operating system for microcontrollers
OpenOpen--source project at UC Berkeleysource project at UC Berkeley
Key Features:Key Features:
Developed for sensing applicationsDeveloped for sensing applications
Emphasis on lowEmphasis on low--power: Idle & sleep modespower: Idle & sleep modes
Highly modular architectureHighly modular architecture
Efficient utilization of resourcesEfficient utilization of resources
Currently developed for Atmega & MSP430Currently developed for Atmega & MSP430
microcontrollersmicrocontrollers
TinyOSTinyOS

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System composed of concurrent FSM modulesSystem composed of concurrent FSM modules
Single execution contextSingle execution context
Component modelComponent model
Frame (storage)Frame (storage)
Commands & event handlersCommands & event handlers
Tasks (computation)Tasks (computation)
Command & Event interfaceCommand & Event interface
Easy migration across h/wEasy migration across h/w --s/w boundarys/w boundary
Two level scheduling structureTwo level scheduling structure
Preemptive scheduling of event handlersPreemptive scheduling of event handlers
NonNon--preemptive FIFO scheduling of taskspreemptive FIFO scheduling of tasks
Compile time memory allocationCompile time memory allocation
NesCNesC CompilerCompiler
Messaging Component
Internal StateInternal Tasks
Commands Events
TinyOSTinyOS : Characteristics: Characteristics

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nesCnesC
the nesC model:the nesC model:
interfaces:interfaces:
usesuses
providesprovides
components:components:
modulesmodules
configurationsconfigurations
application:= graphapplication:= graph
of componentsof components
Component
A
Component
B
Component
D
Component
C
Application
configurationconfiguration
Component
E
Component
F

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MantisMantis
MANTISMANTIS ((MMultimodultimodAAll system forsystem for NNeTworkseTworks ofof IInn--situ wirelesssitu wireless
SSensors) provides a new multiensors) provides a new multi--threaded embedded operatingthreaded embedded operating
system integrated with a generalsystem integrated with a general--purpose singlepurpose single--board hardwareboard hardware
platform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wirelessplatform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wireless
sensor networkssensor networks
the key design goals of MANTIS arethe key design goals of MANTIS are
ease of useease of use, i.e., a small learning curve that, i.e., a small learning curve that
encourages novice programmers to rapidlyencourages novice programmers to rapidly
prototype sensor applicationsprototype sensor applications
flexibilityflexibility such that expert researchers cansuch that expert researchers can
continue to adapt and extend thecontinue to adapt and extend the
hardware/software system to suit the needshardware/software system to suit the needs
of advanced researchof advanced research
MANTIS NymphMANTIS Nymph

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ContikiContiki
““a Lightweight and Flexible Operating Systema Lightweight and Flexible Operating System
for Tiny Networked Sensorsfor Tiny Networked Sensors ””
Adam Dunkels, Bj¨orn Gr¨onvall, Thiemo Voigt
Swedish Institute of Computer Science

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ContikiContiki : Introduction: Introduction
Resource constrained devices – “mote class devices
(2K/64K)
“like a real OS”
Multi-tasking
Conventional protocol stack

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ContikiContiki OverviewOverview
IPIP--based Sensor Networkbased Sensor Network
uIPuIP -- lightweight TCP/IP stacklightweight TCP/IP stack
Downloading Code at runDownloading Code at run--timetime
PortabilityPortability
EventEvent--driven systemsdriven systems
Preemptive multiPreemptive multi--threadingthreading
OverOver--TheThe--Air ProgrammingAir Programming
Prototype applicationsPrototype applications
Building securityBuilding security
Marine environmental monitoringMarine environmental monitoring
Residential HVAC monitoringResidential HVAC monitoring

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ContikiContiki FeaturesFeatures
EventEvent--based concurrency modelbased concurrency model
Lightweight protoLightweight proto--threadsthreads
PrePre--emptive multithreading as a libraryemptive multithreading as a library
Loadable programs and servicesLoadable programs and services
Flexible resource allocationFlexible resource allocation
Dynamic loading of serviceDynamic loading of service
Enables fieldEnables field upgradabilityupgradability
Design emphasizes development and deployment issuesDesign emphasizes development and deployment issues

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Event Driven and MultiEvent Driven and Multi--threadedthreaded
EventEvent--driven kernel minimizes memory usedriven kernel minimizes memory use
Size capacity 1KSize capacity 1K
Processes post events to each otherProcesses post events to each other
EventEvent--driven programming modeldriven programming model
Everything programmed as stateEverything programmed as state--machinemachine
Not flexibleNot flexible
Not suitable for long computationNot suitable for long computation
Threads are memory intensiveThreads are memory intensive
MultiMulti--threading as application librarythreading as application library
PreemptiblePreemptible
Managed by event handlerManaged by event handler
ProtoProto--threadsthreads
Blocked waitBlocked wait
No perNo per--thread stack (2 bytes)thread stack (2 bytes)

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Event Driven VS MultiEvent Driven VS Multi--threadedthreaded
EventEvent--driven (driven (TinyOSTinyOS))
Low context switching overhead, fits well for reactiveLow context switching overhead, fits well for reactive
systemssystems
Not suitable for e.g. long running computationNot suitable for e.g. long running computation
Public/private key cryptographyPublic/private key cryptography
MultiMulti--threadedthreaded
Suitable for long running computationSuitable for long running computation
Requires more resources (stack)Requires more resources (stack)
TradeTrade--offsoffs
PreemptionPreemption
SizeSize

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ContikiContiki : Protocol Stack: Protocol Stack
UDP/IP for sensor data
TCP/IP for administrative functions
Connect sensor network directly to IP infrastructure
Avoid proxies and middle boxes
Reliably address node
Filed upgradable
Update task lists
Diagnostics and calibration

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TCP/IP in Sensor NetworksTCP/IP in Sensor Networks
Advocate use of standard Internet protocols where possibleAdvocate use of standard Internet protocols where possible
Perceived disadvantagesPerceived disadvantages
header sizeheader size
memory footprintmemory footprint
IP addressingIP addressing
endend--toto--end TCP performanceend TCP performance

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uIPuIP
Small, but fully interoperableSmall, but fully interoperable
Low throughputLow throughput
Single packet in flightSingle packet in flight
DelayedDelayed ACKsACKs
Ported to several 8/16 bit platformsPorted to several 8/16 bit platforms

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ContikiContiki : Kernel Architecture: Kernel Architecture
EventEvent--based Kernelbased Kernel
Most programs run directly on top of the kernelMost programs run directly on top of the kernel
MultiMulti--threading implemented as a librarythreading implemented as a library
Thread only used if explicitly neededThread only used if explicitly needed
Long running computationLong running computation
Preemption possiblePreemption possible
Responsive system with running computationsResponsive system with running computations
Loadable programsLoadable programs
RunRun--time relocation function and a binary format that contain relocatime relocation function and a binary format that contain relocationtion
informationinformation
Loader check sufficient memory spaceLoader check sufficient memory space
Loader call initialization functionLoader call initialization function
Power save ModePower save Mode

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ContikiContiki :Reprogramming:Reprogramming
Reprogramming Sensor NodesReprogramming Sensor Nodes
40 nodes dynamic distributed alarm system40 nodes dynamic distributed alarm system
Manual wired reprogramming complete system imageManual wired reprogramming complete system image
One node >> 30 secOne node >> 30 sec
40 nodes >> 30 min40 nodes >> 30 min
Over the air reprogramming a single component of applicationOver the air reprogramming a single component of application
2 Min2 Min
Program typically much smaller than entire systemProgram typically much smaller than entire system
image (1image (1--10%)10%)
Much quicker to transfer over the radioMuch quicker to transfer over the radio

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ContikiContiki : Code Size: Code Size
TinyOSTinyOS << ContikiContiki < Mantis< Mantis

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ZigbeeZigbee

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ZigBeeZigBee Market GoalsMarket Goals
Global band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHzGlobal band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz
Unrestricted geographic useUnrestricted geographic use
RF penetration through walls and ceilingsRF penetration through walls and ceilings
Automatic or semiAutomatic or semi--automatic installationautomatic installation
Ability to add or remove devicesAbility to add or remove devices
Cost advantageousCost advantageous

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The Buzz ofThe Buzz of ZigbeeZigbee

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ApplicationsApplications

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WhyWhy ZigBeeZigBee??
Reliable and self healingReliable and self healing
Supports large number of nodesSupports large number of nodes
Easy to deployEasy to deploy
Very long battery lifeVery long battery life
SecureSecure
Low costLow cost
Can be used globallyCan be used globally

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ZigBeeZigBee Market GoalsMarket Goals
Global band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHzGlobal band operation, 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz
Unrestricted geographic useUnrestricted geographic use
RF penetration through walls and ceilingsRF penetration through walls and ceilings
Automatic or semiAutomatic or semi--automatic installationautomatic installation
Ability to add or remove devicesAbility to add or remove devices
Cost advantageousCost advantageous

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ZigBeeZigBee Technical Market GoalsTechnical Market Goals
10 kbps to 115 kbps data throughput10 kbps to 115 kbps data throughput
10 to 75 m coverage range10 to 75 m coverage range
Up to 100 collocated networksUp to 100 collocated networks
Up to 2 years of battery life on standard alkaline batteriesUp to 2 years of battery life on standard alkaline batteries

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How DoesHow Does ZigBeeZigBee Compare?Compare?

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ZigbeeZigbee Stack Reference ModelStack Reference Model

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IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4

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802.15.4 Applications802.15.4 Applications
Sensors & ControlsSensors & Controls
Home networkingHome networking
Industrial networksIndustrial networks
Remote meteringRemote metering
Automotive networksAutomotive networks
Interactive ToysInteractive Toys
Active RFID / Asset TrackingActive RFID / Asset Tracking

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802.15.4 General Characteristics802.15.4 General Characteristics
Data rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbpsData rates of 20 kbps and up to 250 kbps
Star or PeerStar or Peer--toto--Peer network topologiesPeer network topologies
Support for Low Latency DevicesSupport for Low Latency Devices
CDMACDMA--CA Channel AccessCA Channel Access
Dynamic Device AddressingDynamic Device Addressing
Low Power ConsumptionLow Power Consumption
Extremely low dutyExtremely low duty--cycle (<0.1%)cycle (<0.1%)

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802.15.4 Frequency Bands802.15.4 Frequency Bands
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE CHANNELS
2.4 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE CHANNELS
2.4 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1

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IEEE 802.15.4 Device TypesIEEE 802.15.4 Device Types
Network Coordinator
Maintains overall network knowledge; most sophisticated of thethree
types; most memory and computing power
Full Function Device (FFD)
Carries full 802.15.4 functionality and all features specified by the
standard
Additional memory, computing power make it ideal for a network router
function
Could also be used in network edge devices where the network touches
other networks or devices that are not IEEE 802.15.4 compliant
Reduced Function Device RFD)
Carriers limited (as specified by the standard) functionality to control cost
and complexity
General usage will be in network edge devices

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868MHz/
915MHz
PHY
2.4 GHz
868.3 MHz
Channel 0 Channels 1-10
Channels 11-26
2.4835 GHz
928 MHz902 MHz
5 MHz
2 MHz
2.4 GHz
PHY
Channel DivisionChannel Division

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ZigBeeZigBee Network ModelNetwork Model

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Basic Network CharacteristicsBasic Network Characteristics
65,536 network (client) nodes65,536 network (client) nodes
Optimized for timingOptimized for timing--critical applicationscritical applications
Network join time: 30 ms (Network join time: 30 ms (typtyp))
Sleeping slave changing to active: 15 ms (Sleeping slave changing to active: 15 ms (typtyp))
Active slave channel access time: 15 ms (Active slave channel access time: 15 ms (typtyp))
Network coordinator
Full Function node
Reduced Function node
Communications flow
Virtual links

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Topology ModelsTopology Models
PAN coordinator
Full Function Device
Reduced Function Device
Star
Mesh
Cluster Tree

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Topology & ApplicationTopology & Application
Star Networks (Personal Area Network)Star Networks (Personal Area Network)
Home automationHome automation
PC PeripheralsPC Peripherals
Personal Health CarePersonal Health Care
PeerPeer--toto--Peer (ad hoc, self organizing & healing)Peer (ad hoc, self organizing & healing)
Industrial control and monitoringIndustrial control and monitoring
Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks
Intelligent AgricultureIntelligent Agriculture

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Full function device (FFD)Full function device (FFD)
Any topologyAny topology
Network coordinator capableNetwork coordinator capable
Talks to any other deviceTalks to any other device
Reduced function device (RFD)Reduced function device (RFD)
Limited to star topologyLimited to star topology
Cannot become a network coordinatorCannot become a network coordinator
Talks only to a network coordinatorTalks only to a network coordinator
Very simple implementationVery simple implementation
Device ClassesDevice Classes

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Traffic TypesTraffic Types
Periodic dataPeriodic data
Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)
Intermittent dataIntermittent data
Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)
Repetitive low latency dataRepetitive low latency data
Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)

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Comparison of complimentary protocolsComparison of complimentary protocols
Feature(s) IEEE 802.11b Bluetooth ZigBee
Power Profile Hours Days Years
Complexity Very Complex Complex Simple
Nodes/Master 32 7 64000
Latency Enumeration upto 3 seconds
Enumeration upto 10
seconds
Enumeration 30ms
Range 100 m 10m 70m-300m
Extendability Roaming possible No YES
Data Rate 11Mbps 1Mbps 250Kbps
Security
Authentication Service Set
ID (SSID)
64 bit, 128 bit
128 bit AES and Application
Layer user defined

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802.15.4/ZigBee802.15.4/ZigBee vsvs BluetoothBluetooth
Bluetooth 30 days (park
mode @ 1.28s)
802.15.4/ZigBee more battery-
effective at all beacon intervals
greater than 0.246s
At beacon interval ~1s,
15.4/ZigBee battery life 85
days
At beacon interval ~60s,
15.4/ZigBee battery life
approx 416 days

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MicroChipMicroChip PICDEM Z Demonstration kitPICDEM Z Demonstration kit
Features:Features:
ZigBeeZigBee software stack supporting RFD (Reducedsoftware stack supporting RFD (Reduced
Function Device), FFD (Full Function Device) andFunction Device), FFD (Full Function Device) and
CoordinatorCoordinator
PIC18LF4620 MCU featuringPIC18LF4620 MCU featuring nanoWattnanoWatt
Technology, 64 KB Flash memory and robustTechnology, 64 KB Flash memory and robust
integrated peripheralsintegrated peripherals
RF transceiver and antenna interface via daughterRF transceiver and antenna interface via daughter
card for flexibilitycard for flexibility
Supports 2.4 GHz frequency band viaSupports 2.4 GHz frequency band via ChipconChipcon
CC2420 RF transceiverCC2420 RF transceiver
Temperature sensor (Microchip TC77),Temperature sensor (Microchip TC77), LEDsLEDs andand
button switches to support demonstrationbutton switches to support demonstration
Package ContentsPackage Contents
Two PICDEM Z demonstration boards each withTwo PICDEM Z demonstration boards each with
an RF transceiver daughter cardan RF transceiver daughter card
ZigBeeZigBee protocol stack source code (on CD ROM)protocol stack source code (on CD ROM)

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Motorola/Motorola/FreeScaleFreeScale 13192DSK13192DSK
Two 2.4 GHz wireless nodes compatibleTwo 2.4 GHz wireless nodes compatible
with the IEEE 802.15.4 standardwith the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
MC13192MC13192 2.4 GHz RF data modem2.4 GHz RF data modem
MC9S08GT60MC9S08GT60 lowlow--voltage, lowvoltage, low--power 8power 8--bitbit
MCU forMCU for basebandbaseband operationsoperations
IntegratedIntegrated sensorssensors
MMA6261QMMA6261Q 1.5g X1.5g X--YY--axisaxis
accelerometeraccelerometer
MMA1260DMMA1260D 1.5g Z1.5g Z--axis accelerometeraxis accelerometer
Printed transmitPrinted transmit--andand--receive antennaereceive antennae
Onboard expansion capabilities for externalOnboard expansion capabilities for external
applicationapplication--specific development activitiesspecific development activities
Onboard BDM port for MCU FlashOnboard BDM port for MCU Flash
reprogramming and inreprogramming and in--circuit hardwarecircuit hardware
debuggingdebugging
RSRS--232 port for monitoring and Flash232 port for monitoring and Flash
programmingprogramming

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Low Data Rate Wireless EvolutionLow Data Rate Wireless Evolution
Proprietary Fades
ZigBee Emerges
Semiconductor Focus
Early Adopter OEMs
$1 - $10B Industry
$100 - $10 Unit Cost
Second Stage
2004 2005 2006
Standards Dominate
IEEE 1451.5 Emerges
OEM Focus
Wireless Ubiquitous
$10 - $100B+ Industry
$10 - $1 Unit Cost
Third Stage
2007 2008 2009+
First Stage
……… 2002 2003
Proprietary Dominates
IEEE 802.15.4 Emerges
System Integrator Focus
Leading Edge OEMs
$.1 - $1B Industry
$1,000 - $100 Unit Cost

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Sensor NodeSensor Node
433 MHz433 MHz
2.4 GHz2.4 GHz –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4
GatewayGateway
Micro GatewayMicro Gateway
MultiMulti--protocol Gatewayprotocol Gateway
Wireless Sensor Network TesterWireless Sensor Network Tester
Wireless PacketWireless Packet SnifferSniffer & Monitoring Software& Monitoring Software
CZARNETCZARNET –– CAESAREA Wireless Sensor NetworkCAESAREA Wireless Sensor Network

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CZARCZAR –– Node 433Node 433
Sensor NodeSensor Node -- 433433
TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 Processor
ChipconChipcon CC1000 433 MHzCC1000 433 MHz
Sensor :Sensor :
TemperatureTemperature
Humidity ,Humidity ,
Magnetic SensorMagnetic Sensor
RTOS :RTOS : ContikiContiki
Character LCD (option)Character LCD (option)
Embedded Web server (optional)Embedded Web server (optional)

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CZARCZAR –– Node 240Node 240
Sensor NodeSensor Node –– 240240
TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 Processor
ChipconChipcon CC2420CC2420 –– IEEEIEEE
802.15.4802.15.4
Sensor : Temperature ,Sensor : Temperature ,
Humidity , Motion ,Humidity , Motion ,
Light , Vehicle DetectorLight , Vehicle Detector
Character LCD (option)Character LCD (option)
RTOS :RTOS : ConikiConiki
ZigbeeZigbee StackStack
Embedded Web serverEmbedded Web server
(optional)(optional)

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CZARCZAR-- TestTest
Wireless Sensor Network TesterWireless Sensor Network Tester
TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 Processor
ChipconChipcon CC2420CC2420 –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4
RTOS :RTOS : ConikiConiki
ZigbeeZigbee StackStack
ManMan--Machine Interface SoftwareMachine Interface Software
Character LCDCharacter LCD
KeypadKeypad

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CZARCZAR –– MicroGateMicroGate
Micro GatewayMicro Gateway
TI MSP430 ProcessorTI MSP430 Processor
GSM/GPRS, GPS InterfaceGSM/GPRS, GPS Interface
USB InterfaceUSB Interface
ContikiContiki RTOSRTOS

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CZARCZAR –– MultiGateMultiGate
MultiMulti--protocol Gatewayprotocol Gateway
ARMARM--9 Processor9 Processor
GSM/GPRS InterfaceGSM/GPRS Interface
WLAN InterfaceWLAN Interface
Ethernet InterfaceEthernet Interface
ShortShort--rage RF Interfacerage RF Interface
433 MHz433 MHz
2.4 GHz2.4 GHz –– IEEE 802.15.4IEEE 802.15.4
Serial PortSerial Port
USB HostUSB Host
USB DeviceUSB Device
Linux Operating SystemLinux Operating System

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Question & AnswerQuestion & Answer