2. Indian Philosophy
The term Indian philosophy may refer
to any of several traditions of
philosophical thought that originated in
India.
Indian philosophy conceives of man as
spiritual in nature, and relates him to a
spiritual or metaphysical concept of the
universe.
Intuition is often accepted as the only
method for knowing the ultimate truth;
truth is generally not “known”
intellectually but must be “realized.”
3. Common ideas in the
system of Indian
Philosophy
The reality of world
The reality of self
The law of Karma
Transmigration
Initial Pessimism and
Ultimate Optimism
Liberation
4. Outline of Indian Philosophy
Vedic Period (2500 B.C. – 600 B.C.)
Epic Period (600 B.C. – 200 A.D.)
Sutra Period (200 A.D. – 600 A.D.)
Scholarly Period (600 A.D. – 1700
A.D.)
The Modern Period (1700 – present)
5. VEDIC PERIOD
The literature of this period,
though it was not captured in
writing until centuries later,
consist of the four Vedas:
6. Each Veda has four parts
Hymnal portion (mantras)
Ritual portion (brahmanas)
Forest teachings (aranyakas)
Philosophical portion (upanishads)
They were composed around 1500 B.C.
7. EPIC PERIOD
This period is characterized by
the informal presentation of
philosophical doctrines through
nonsystematic literature, such as
the great epics, the Ramayana
and the Mahabharata.
This period includes the rise of
Buddhism, Jainism, and the
concurrent beginnings of the
orthodox schools of Hinduism.
8.
9. Sutra period
A period of orderly, systematic,
aphoristic, extremely brief and
enigmatic texts
During this period, the
systematic treatises of each of
the various schools were
written, and the systems took
their basic forms.
10. Scholastic period
Scholastic Period gave rise to
interpretive commentaries
(bhāṣyas), which play a major
role in philosophical literature.
Produced the works of some of
the greatest Indian
philosophers, including
Samkara, Kumarila, Sridhara,
Ramanuja.
11. Schools of Indian
Philosophy
Classical Indian philosophy
can be roughly categorized
into "orthodox" (astika)
schools of Hindu philosophy,
and "heterodox" (nāstika)
schools that do not accept the
authorities of the Vedas.
12. Orthodox school
Nyaya, the school of logic
Vaisheshika, the atomist school
Samkhya, the enumeration school
Yoga, the school of Patanjali (which assumes the metaphysics of
Samkhya)
Purva Mimamsa (or simply Mimamsa), the tradition of Vedic
exegesis, with emphasis on Vedic ritual, and
Vedanta (also called Uttara Mimamsa), the Upanishadic tradition,
with emphasis on Vedic philosophy.
13. Heterodox Schools
Carvaka- Carvaka is a materialistic, skeptical and
atheistic school of thought.
Budhist philosophy- non-theistic system of beliefs
based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, an
Indian prince later known as the Buddha
Jain Philosophy- established by Mahavira in the 6th
Century .
14. Educational
Philosophy
In the educational philosophy of
ancient India, respect for the
teacher was of supreme
importance.
Education should be imparted in a
natural surroundings.
The teacher, who imparted the
knowledge of Vedas was
considered as a pivot of the whole
educational system
The four-fold Ashramas or life
stages (Brahmacharya,
Garhastya, Vanaprastha and
Sannyasa)
20. References
Indian Philosophy. Retrieved from
https://www.philosophybasics.com/general_eastern_indian.html.
Indian philosophy. Retrieved from
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/indian_philosophy
Historical development of Indian philosophy. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/Historical-development-of-
Indian-philosophy
Hiriyani.M (1994).Outlines of Indian Philosophy.29-155.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnN1bgqnUDc
a Persian princess who died on 17 June that year, giving birth to their 14th child-20,000 workers . It is believed that the Taj Mahal was constructed in such a way that the white marble reflects the sky. So, the monument changes its colours during the day.Reportedly, it took 1,000 elephants and an untold number
It takes an introspective approach to reality, concerning itself with knowledge of the inner life and self of man (atmavidya), rather than with the nature and structure of tt is a key concept in Hinduism, and refers to the four proper goals or aims of a human life.
The four puruṣārthas are Dharma (righteousness, moral values), Artha (prosperity, economic values), Kama (pleasure, love, psychological values) and Moksha (liberation, spiritual values).[
he physical world. embody the doctrines of karma and rebirth; man must be perfected before he can achieve salvation.
God taught the Vedic hymns to the sages, who then handed them down through generations by word of mouth.
Thus mantra is that which protects the mind.
religious duties. …..intend to serve as objects of meditation for ascetics who live in forests and deal with mysticism and symbolism.
Ramayana two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, Along with the Mahābhārata, it forms the Hindu Itihasa.(history-religious story that tells what happened in the past)
The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Maharshi Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama, the legendary prince of the Kosala Kingdom.
It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava princes and their is attributed to Vyāsa
The doctrines were presented in brief, aphoristic sutras, which some scholars believed were simple aids to memory, intended to evoke the substance of much more elaborate philosophical discussions with which the initiated were already familiar through oral tradition.
Because the sutra form is by nature brief, their meanings were not always clear. In some cases, different authors wrote major commentaries on the same sutra-work, but with very different interpretations reflecting their own philosophical positions, and resulting in complete and elaborate philosophical systems of their own
Ramanuja accepted that the Vedas are a reliable source of knowledge, then critiqued other schools of Hindu philosophy, including Advaita Vedānta, as having failed in interpreting all of the Vedic texts
Orthodox- and they take the ancient Vedas (the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism) as their source and scriptural authority:
Nyaya- Its followers believe that obtaining valid knowledge (the four sources of which are perception, inference, comparison and testimony) is the only way to gain release from suffering.
The basis of the school's The Vaisheshika and Nyaya schools eventually merged because of their closely related metaphysical theories philosophy is that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to a finite number of atoms,
Samkhya is the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems, and it postulates that \something can never be produced out of nothing. This universe is the result of the mutual contact of prakriti (nature) and purusha (person).
The practical method of the Yoga philosophy is called the Astanga Yoga (set of eight (asta) limbs (anga)). practice of Astanga Yoga relieves one from the past sins and paves way to liberation.
The main objective of the Purva Mimamsa school is to interpret and establish the authority of the Vedas.
The Vedanta focus on meditation, self-discipline and spiritual connectivity, more than traditional ritualism.
The Vedanta, or Uttara Mimamsa, school concentrates on the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads (mystic or spiritual contemplations within the Vedas), rather than the Brahmanas (instructions for ritual and sacrifice).
Jain-the idea that reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and that no single point of view is completely true
those who have infinite knowledge, can know the true answer, and that all others would only know a part of the answer.
The basic purpose of education, it was stressed, does not end with the education of the students at the first stage but it should help them move towards the
other stages of life. (student), Grihastha (householder)-This ashram is the only one permitting sexual gratification., Vanaprastha (retired) but all sexual relationships are forbidden. and Sannyasa (renunciate)It should help the individual to understand the processes to engage in self-realization- living a life dependent on God alone.
This position is traditionally available only to men who exhibit the qualities of a brahmana. The man would leave home and family and was prohibited from seeing his wife again. Considered civilly dead, he was free to wander, living a life dependent on God alone.
was an Indian Hindu monk. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world[
poet, musician, and artist. he first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature
Sri Aurobindo was an Indian philosopher, yogi, guru, poet, and nationalist. spiritual reformer, introducing his visions on human progress and spiritual evolution.
If someone slaps you on one side of your face, turn the other one to him."
Swami Vivekananda who is said to have attained enlightenment on the rock. Standing on India's southernmost tip, it was built in 1970
