20. FULL TITLE The Odyssey AUTHOR · Homer TYPE OF WORK · Poem GENRE · Epic LANGUAGE · Ancient Greek (Ionic dialect mixed with archaic forms and other dialects) TIME AND PLACE WRITTEN · Unknown, but probably mainland Greece, approximately 700 B.C.E. DATE OF FIRST PUBLICATION · Unknown
21. NARRATOR · The poet, who invokes the assistance of the Muse; Odysseus narrates Books 9–12. POINT OF VIEW · The narrator speaks in the third person and is omniscient. He frequently offers insight into the thoughts and feelings of even minor characters, gods and mortals alike; Odysseus narrates Books 9–12 in the first person. Odysseus freely gives inferences about the thoughts and feelings of other characters. TONE · Celebratory and nostalgic; the poet views the times in which the action is set as glorious and larger than life
22. TENSE · Past; large portions of the poem (especially Books 9–12) are narrated in flashbacks. SETTING (TIME) · Bronze Age (approximately twelfth century B.C.E.); the Odyssey begins where the Iliad ends and covers the ten years after the fall of Troy. SETTING (PLACE) · Odysseus’s wanderings cover the Aegean and surrounding seas and eventually end in Ithaca, in northwestern Greece; Telemachus travels from Ithaca to southern Greece.
23. PROTAGONIST · Odysseus MAJOR CONFLICT · Odysseus must return home and vanquish the suitors who threaten his estate; Telemachus must mature and secure his own reputation in Greek society. RISING ACTION · The return of Odysseus to Ithaca; the return of Telemachus to Ithaca; their entrance into the palace; the abuse Odysseus receives; the various omens; the hiding of the arms and locking of the palace doors; Penelope’s challenge to the suitors; the stringing of the bow CLIMAX · The beginning of Book 22, when the beggar in the palace reveals his true identity as Odysseus
24. FALLING ACTION · Odysseus and Telemachus fight and kill the suitors; they put to death the suitors’ allies among the palace servants.
25. THE TROJAN WAR IS OVER AND ODYSSEUS HEADS HOME FOR ITHACA .
26. From Troy the wind bore me and brought me to the Cicones, to Ismarus. There I sacked the city and slew the men; and from the city we took their wives and great store of treasure, and divided them among us..."
32. Away from Aeolus, Odysseus and his fleet come to a strange place called the Land of the Laestrygonians . The people here are cannibals and they eat some of Odysseus' men.
33. “ YOUR MEN MAKE FINE BEASTS” When Odysseus arrived on Aeaea, Circe touched his comrades with a wand and turned them into wolves, swine, asses and lion.
46. The Odyssey Symbolism, Imagery & Allegory Sometimes, there’s more to Lit than meets the eye.
47. Ang dagat/karagatan Maraming oras ang ginugol ni Odysseus sa karagatan/dagat kung kaya masasabi nating maramang oras ang kinain o inubos ng dagat kay Odysseus Ipinakita lamang dito kung paanong ang buhat at ang karagatan ay iisa: puno ng hirap at sakripisyo ;maaari ring magbigay ng mga biyaya gaya ng sea breezes o mga hadlang gaya ng bagyo o nina Skylla and Charybdis, at mga islang mapanlinlang. At dahil ito rin ay kaharian ni Poseidon, isa rin itong manipestasyon kung gaano kataas at mas makapangyarihan ang Diyos at kalikasan kaysa tao.
48. Laertes’s Shroud Ito ay simbolo ng pagiging mautak at mapanlinlang mga babae.Dahil si Penelope ay isang babae, hindi niya kayang tanggihan o iwasan ang kanyang mga manliligaw. At dahil hindi niya sila maaaring maipagtabuyan, ang tangi niyang magagawa ay ibitin ang araw ng kanyangpagpili sa hahalili kay Odysseus. Kung kaya, sinabi niyang sa araw na matapos niyang gawin ang “shroud” ay doon siya mamimili. Buong araw siyang naghahabi ngunit pagdating gabi, ito ay kanyang sinisira at magsisimula uli kinabukasan. Sinisimbolo rin nito ang kahinaan at kawalan na nang magagawa ni Penelope.
49. Odysseus’s Bow Ito ay simbolo ng lakas at kapangyarihan.Sinuman ang makapagtali at magamit ito ng kung paano ito nagagamit ni Odysseus ay karapat-dapat lamang humalili at maupo bilang bagong hari ng Ithaca, asawa ni Penelope at ama ni Telemachus. Ang “physical strength “ ay napakahalaga para sa mga Griyego, hindi lamang sa digmaan,ito kasi ay kaakibat ng “political strength”.
50. Argos Ito ay sumisimbolo sa walang patid na katapatan. Tuta pa lamang si Argos nang huli niyang makita si Odysseus. Nang muling magbalik si Odysseus, masaya nang namatay si Argos.
51. Disguises and Dreams Ito ay senyales ng divine intervention, manipulation, at sanction . Ang mga panaginip ay direktang resulta ng divine power.
52. Food and Banqueting Sa kulturang Griyego ay napakahalaga ng hospitality kung kaya ang mga feasting at festivities ay sukatan kung gaano kahusay tumanggap at umestima ng bisita ang isang tao o lugar. “ Halimbawa: Circe seems hospitable because she serves good food, but proves to be a witch by poisoning that very food with a drug that turns the diners into animals. . The most obvious example of a misused banquet is the suitors’ pillaging of Odysseus’s provisions. This shows that the supposedly "noble" men do not have the human qualities of restraint and propriety; they are therefore somewhat less than human and worthy of death (or so the Odyssey argues). On the other hand, Nestor, Menelaos, and the Phaiakian s serve proper banquets – full of good food, wine, and singing. They are considered not only good hosts, but great human beings
53. Odysseus and Penelope’s Bed Ang kama ay naka-ukit / nakakabit sa ugat ng isang buhay na olive tree. Dahil dito, hindi ito matitinag o magagalaw o mapapalitan. Ganito raw ang pag-ibig nina Penelope at Odysseus sa isa’t isa.
60. The Odyssey Theme of Fate and Free Will Ang tao ay maaaring may nakatakda ng kapalaran, ngunit ito ay nababago dahil sa mga personal na kagustuhan .
61. The Odyssey Theme of Piety Piety : ipanakita sa pagsunod sa kagustuhan ng mga diyos/diyosa,pagsasakripisyo, pag-aalay , pagkakaroon ng mga pista para sa kanila at pagdarasal sa kanila. Kabilang din dito ang paggalang sa mga patay at sa kamatayan.
62. The Odyssey Theme of Pride Kung mayroon mang pangit kay Odysseus: pride. Hindi niya kayang manahimik sa bawat pagkatalo at pagkapanalo. Ipinakita rito kung paano bilang mga tao ay nararapat tayong maging mapagkumbaba upang hindi magalit ang mga diyos/diyosa.
63. The Odyssey Theme of Lies and Deceit Disguise: ang pangunahing sandata ng mga diyos/diyosa. Ito rin ay isa sa mga lakas ni Odysseus - Trojan horse , clever blinding of the Cyclops, beggar.
64. The Odyssey Theme of Tradition and Custom In an accurate reflection of ancient Greek culture, rules of hospitality are among the most revered social and religious laws in the Odyssey . Ipinakita, kung paanong ang bisita ay nararapat na maghandog ng regalo sa kanilang “host” , tratuhin nang maayos ang mga taong-bahay at ang bahay mismo at magpakita ang pasasalamat sa mabuting pagtanggap sa kanila. Ang may-ari naman ay inaasahang magpakain, maghandog ng matutuluyan at pangagastos lalo pa kung nangangailangan ito.
65. The Odyssey Theme of Suffering Sa mitolohiyang Griyego, kapag ikaw ay mortal,ikaw talaga ay magdurusa (loneliness, isolation, and the emotional anguish). Ito daw ang sumapa ng mortalidad: There is no escape from pain. Lagi itong ipinaalala sa Odyssey at ang pagtitiis ay ang tanging solusyon.
67. The Odyssey Theme of Perseverance 20 taong pagtiiis : determinasyon at tiyaga ang naging baon ni Odysseus sa kanyang pagbabalik sa Ithaca.
68. The Odyssey Theme of Family The Greek concept of the family reflected in the Odyssey includes not only immediate family but ancestors as well.
69. The Odyssey Theme of Homecoming There is a strong theme of homecoming ( nostos ) in the Odyssey , : nagwakas at natapos ang paglalakbay ni Odyyseus at ang Trojan War sa pagbabalik ni Odysseus sa Ithaca.
70. Ito ay nagsimula sa medias res ( meaning that the plot begins in the middle of the overall story, and that prior events are described through flashbacks or storytelling.)
72. Gods and Goddesses Apollo Son of Zeus and Leto; favors the Trojans. Ares [Mars] Son of Zeus; favors the Trojans. Athena [Minerva] Daughter of Zeus; favors Greeks. Daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom, purposeful battle, and the womanly arts. Athena assists Odysseus and Telemachus with divine powers throughout the epic, and she speaks up for them in the councils of the gods on Mount Olympus. She often appears in disguise as Mentor, an old friend of Odysseus. Hades Son of Cronus; ruler of the underworld of the dead. Hephaestus [Vulcan] Son of Zeus and Hera; favors the Greeks. Hermes [Mercury] Messenger; favors the Trojans
73. Persephone [Proserpina] Daughter of Demeter [Ceres] and queen of the underworld. Poseidon [Neptune] Son of Cronus; king of the sea; favors the Greeks. God of the sea. As the suitors are Odysseus’s mortal antagonists, Poseidon is his divine antagonist. He despises Odysseus for blinding his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus, and constantly hampers his journey home. Ironically, Poseidon is the patron of the seafaring Phaeacians, who ultimately help to return Odysseus to Ithaca. Zeus [Jupiter, Jove] Son of Cronus [Saturn]; king of the gods and ruler of the sky; arbiter of human destiny. King of gods and men, who mediates the disputes of the gods on Mount Olympus. Zeus is occasionally depicted as weighing men’s fates in his scales. He sometimes helps Odysseus or permits Athena to do the same.
74. Lesser Divinities Aeolus (EE-oh-luss) Son of Hippotas; keeper of the winds. Calypso Daughter of Atlas; island nymph on Ogygia. The beautiful nymph who falls in love with Odysseus when he lands on her island-home of Ogygia. Calypso holds him prisoner there for seven years until Hermes, the messenger god, persuades her to let him go. Circe (SIR-see) Daughter of the Sun; goddes of the wild; enchantress. The beautiful witch-goddess who transforms Odysseus’s crew into swine when he lands on her island. With Hermes’ help, Odysseus resists Circe’s powers and then becomes her lover, living in luxury at her side for a year.
75. Lesser Divinities Eidothea: Daughter of Proteus, sea-nymph. Proteus: Old man of the sea, one of the gods deposed by Zeus .
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Editor's Notes
Ajax was not allowed by Agamemnon and Menelaus to be buried but Odysseus argued in favor of Ajax. His bravery was given due respect. The armour? 1. burried with Ajax. 2. given to Neoptlemus
Greek Seer Calchas told the warriors that the Fall of Troy will not happen until: 1. Neoptolemus (son of Achilles ) joins the war; 2. The bow and arrow of Hercules must be brought to Troy * the bow and arrow is with Philoctetes who was left in an island due to a snake bite *Philoctetes almost killed Odysseus, Agamemnon, Meneleus but Hercules appeared and assured him that he will be healed. ( Machaon cured him ) *Philoctetes hurt Paris. *Paris decided to go back to Oenone. Oenone refused but regretted her decision in the end. She hanged herself.
The Greeks attacked TROY. Antenor was saved by Menelaus by hanging a panther’s head outside his door. He was the one who advised Priam to return Helen to Sparta. Antenor is the father of Helicaon, the husband of Laodice –Priam’s most beautiful daughter. It was said that she was swallowed by earth so that no Greek could get her Astyanax ( Hector’s son ) was flung to his death by Odysseus at the top of Troy’s wall. Achilles’s ghost appeared asking for Polyxena to be sacrificed.Polyxena willingly allowed Neoptolemus to cut her throat upon Achilles’ grave. She chose death over slavery.
