Many Chains, Many Tokens, One Ecosystem
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Sunny Aggarwal, presents Cosmos: An Internet of Blockchains at a Blockchain at Berkeley workshop on February 19th, 2019. View event details: https://cosmos.network/events/bab-one
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Many Chains, Many Tokens, One Ecosystem
- 1. Many Chains, Many Tokens, One Ecosystem Sunny Aggarwal, Cosmos Research Scientist February 2019 | Berkeley, CA
- 2. Many Chains, Many Tokens, One Ecosystem Sunny Aggarwal, Cosmos Core Developer February 2019 | Berkeley, CA Evolution of Human Coordination
- 4. 2. Empires
- 6. Many Chains, Many Tokens, One Ecosystem Sunny Aggarwal, Cosmos Core Developer February 2019 | Berkeley, CA Economic Integration without Political
- 9. Institutions
- 10. Internet
- 12. Generation 1
- 13. Generation 2
- 14. Generation 3
- 15. Generation 1 Generation 2 ✓ Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machines ✓ Customizability ✓ Interoperability of Dapps ✓ Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy
- 16. Generation 1 ✓ Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machines ✓ Customizability ✓ Interoperability of Dapps ✓ Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy Generation 2 Generation 3
- 17. ✓ Ability to connect multiple separate networks of servers into a single network of networks. ✓ Ability to scale in terms of throughput and geography ✓ Ability to tolerate and recover from failures ARPANET ABRIL 1971 Goals for the Internet
- 18. ✓ Ability to connect multiple separate networks of servers blockchains into a single network of networks blockchains. ✓ Ability to scale in terms of throughput and geography ✓ Ability to tolerate and recover from failures Goals for the Internet of blockchains
- 19. Generation 1 ✓ Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machines ✓ Customizability ✓ Interoperability of Dapps ✓ Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy Generation 2 Generation 3 ✓ Scalability ✓ Fault Tolerance
- 20. Proof of Work
- 21. Generation 1 ✓ Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machines ✓ Customizability ✓ Interoperability of Dapps ✓ Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy Generation 2 Generation 3 ✓ Scalability ✓ Fault Tolerance ✓ Sustainable
- 22. Generation 1 ✓ Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machines ✓ Customizability ✓ Interoperability of Dapps ✓ Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy Generation 2 Generation 3 ✓ Scalability ✓ Fault Tolerance ✓ Sustainable ? Privacy
- 23. ✓ Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machine ✓ Customizability ✓ Interoperability ✓ Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy ✓ Scalability ✓ Fault Tolerance ✓ Sustainable Generation 3
- 24. Many Chains, Many Tokens, One Ecosystem Sunny Aggarwal, Cosmos Core Developer February 2019 | Berkeley, CA TheTools
- 26. Tendermint Cosmos SDK IBC Proof of Stake Ethermint Monetary Experiments Cosmos Hub Sample Zones Low Level LibsAlternative FrameworksVoyager
- 27. Tendermint
- 30. Tendermint BFT Com mit Polka 2) Pre-vote 1) Propose 3) Pre-commit
- 32. Tendermint BFT ● Simplified and improved PBFT ● Provable liveness in partially synchronous network ● Safety threshold: ⅓ of validators’ power ● 1-block finality ● Consistency-prioritizing ● Rotating proposer ● Tendermint 2.0 in progress
- 33. Tendermint BFT
- 34. Sovereignty Efficient state machine Customizability Interoperability Easier to develop “1 click” deploy ✓ Scalability ✓ Fault Tolerance Sustainable Tendermint BFT
- 35. Formal specification with proofs of safety and liveness: https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.04938 Tendermint Diagram: http://bit.ly/2Nfl9Vb Casper vs Tendermint: https://bit.ly/2Iu4Uno Tendermint BFT Learn More!
- 36. Tendermint Core ● First production grade BFT consensus engine ● Written in Go ● Handles all p2p and consensus logic ● Can handles 100s of validators at sub-5 second block times
- 38. Maximum throughput (tps) Bitcoin 3,2 Ethereum 15 Ethermint 200 Tendermint ~14.000* Visa 56.000 * Depends on the number of validators and block size Throughput
- 39. Scalability ● Vertical scalability: How much tps can a single blockchain archive. Has a cap ● Horizontal scalability: Several separate and specialized chains that interact efficiently through a network Vertical Horizonta l
- 40. Blockchain Stack Consensus Layer Application Layer Networking Layer Application Layer Networking Layer Consensus Layer ABC I Tendermint Core Application Layer
- 41. SECURITY & NETWORKING PLATFORMS APPLICATION PLATFORMS SOCKET PROTOCOLSCGI ABCI Tendermint Your State Machine Tendermint Core
- 42. Networking Layer Consensus Layer ABC I Networking Layer Consensus Layer ABC I ChainmintEthermint EVM
- 45. Sovereignty ● Maintain sovereignty of each zone according to their values and interests ● Each zone has its own validator set ● Higher security than pure economic incentives alone ● There is a continuum between private and public Sovereignty
- 46. ✓ Sovereignty Efficient state machine ✓ Customizability Interoperability Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy ✓ Scalability Fault Tolerance Sustainable Tendermint Core
- 47. Tendermint Core Docs: https://tendermint.com/docs/ Performance Testing Results: https://bit.ly/2NKCW9n Ethan Buchman’s Masters Thesis: https://bit.ly/2S9PyoF Tendermint Core Learn More!
- 48. Bonded Proof of Stake
- 49. Why Proof of Stake?
- 50. Proof of Stake Basics ● Use bonded tokens as resource limiter for determining voting power ● Eliminates wasteful energy consumption of Proof of Work ● Public permissionless system ● Solve nothing at stake problem through slashing and unbonding periods
- 51. Delegation ● Allow any token holder to be a staker by delegating to a validator ● Skin in the game ● Automatic reward distribution ● Solve stickiness issues through features such as instant redelegation and validator commitments
- 52. Multi Token Model ● Specialized staking token for security ● Similar to ASIC security ● Allow fees to be paid in any token to massively improve user experience
- 53. ✓ Sovereignty Efficient state machine Customizability Interoperability Easier to develop “1 click” deploy Scalability Fault Tolerance ✓ Sustainable Proof of Stake
- 54. Cosmos Proof of Stake Deep Dive: https://youtu.be/XxZ04w2x4nk Multi Token Model Paper: http://bit.ly/2V6YZXI Efficient Token Distribution Paper: http://bit.ly/2SReAhO Proof of Stake Learn More!
- 55. Cosmos SDK
- 59. Sovereignty ● Smart contracting systems should be used for contacting, not Dapps ● Most production Dapps don’t need a turing complete VM Application Specific Blockchains
- 60. Sovereignty ● Reduces attack surface ● Efficiency gains due to lower computational overhead ● Fine tune to optimize for your application Application Specific Blockchains
- 71. Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machine ✓ Customizability Interoperability ✓ Easier to develop “1 click” deploy ✓ Scalability Fault Tolerance Sustainable Cosmos SDK
- 72. Cosmos SDK Tutorial: https://cosmos.network/docs/tutorial/ Cosmos SDK Repo: https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk The Case for Application Specific Blockchains: http://bit.ly/2SMiCI7 Cosmos SDK Learn More!
- 73. Low Level Libs
- 74. Sovereignty ● Improvement to Protobuf standard ● Naturally support interfaces instead of OneOf ● Deterministic ● Generate proto files from Go code Amino
- 75. Sovereignty ● Self-balancing AVL tree ● All values are stored at leaves ● Immutable with snapshots and caching ● All operations log(N) ● No hashing keys required IAVL+
- 76. Sovereignty ● Cryptography library with built- in Amino support ● Abstracted multisignature pubkeys ● BGLS Aggregate Signature implementations ● BGLS verifier in EVM Crypto
- 77. Sovereignty Efficient state machine Customizability Interoperability ✓ Easier to develop “1 click” deploy ✓ Scalability Fault Tolerance Sustainable Low Level Libs
- 78. Go-Amino Repo: https://github.com/tendermint/go-amino IAVL+ Repo: https://github.com/tendermint/iavl BGLS Repo: https://github.com/Project-Arda/bgls Low Level Libs Learn More!
- 81. ● Fork of the Cosmos SDK maintained by IOV ● Simpler version of the SDK with more limited features ● Second Go Framework IOV Weave
- 83. Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machine ✓ Customizability Interoperability ✓ Easier to develop “1 click” deploy Scalability Fault Tolerance Sustainable Alternative Frameworks
- 84. Lotion JS Repo: https://github.com/nomic-io/lotion Weave Repo: https://github.com/iov-one/weave Alternative Frameworks Learn More!
- 85. Ethermint
- 92. ● EVM client built using the Cosmos SDK ● Will be fully Web3 compatible ● Can deploy existing Ethereum dapps / smart contracts ● Can add your own precompiles ● Working with TurboGeth team to build and optimize Ethermint 2.0
- 93. Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machine ✓ Customizability Interoperability Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy Scalability Fault Tolerance Sustainable Ethermint
- 94. Ethermint DevCon Presentation: https://youtu.be/VCLbS1Oks8A Ethermint Repo: https://github.com/cosmos/ethermint Ethermint Learn More!
- 99. Sovereignty ● Application-based sharding is logical as it minimizes bottleneck ● You only have to be a full node for applications you care about Horizontal Scalability
- 101. Sovereignty ● Equivalent to Application Layer in Internet stack ● Different types of packet structures/handling protocols ● Token Transfers ● Non Fungible Assets ● Data ● Agoric ERTP Packet Types
- 105. An Asset Transfer User Story
- 106. Practical use cases in (a fully formed) Cosmos Network. You can take your $BTC from the #Bitcoin blockchain and move it to a casino zone to play some poker. ✨Wow!✨ You won some money! 🤑 Since you don't want your friends to witness your gambling habits🤑 you move your BTC...
- 107. ...to a zero knowledge zone with similar semantics as #Zcash, sending your "hard" earned BTC back to yourself over a zero- knowledge tx. 🍬Sweet! Now you have some extra 💰 to take your friend up on a bet. You bet your friend that your #cryptokitty won't give birth to...
- 108. ...an orange kitten 🐈 within 6 months. Since this is a long time scale and $BTC is still volatile, you decide against using it as the payout vehicle. You instead choose to use a stablecoin like $DAI to do the job. So you send your BTC out of the ZK zone to a @0xProject zone...
- 109. ...where you use the DEX to trade your 💱BTC for DAI. 📨"You've got DAI." Time to place the bet 🎲 You want it to be trustlessly arbitrated 🔐 meaning no middleman allowed! 🙅 For your one-time bet, you opt for opening up a #smartcontract because it doesn't make sense...
- 110. ...to spin up a #blockchain (i.e. zone) for one bet. So you send your DAI over to an @ethermint zone from the 0x zone to put the bet in the smart contract that your friend already wrote. The smart contract locks 🔒 up both your $DAI, set to expire in 6 months if!!!
- 111. your kitty doesn't birth an orange cryptokitten, in which case, your friend gets the $DAI. If your kitty does indeed conceive an orange 🐈 within that timeframe, you send your 🐈 from the cryptokitty zone to the smart contract and receive your payout💰 GAME ON ♠️♥️♣️♦️
- 112. Sovereignty Efficient state machine Customizability ✓ Interoperability Easier to develop “1 click” deploy ✓ Scalability Fault Tolerance Sustainable IBC
- 113. ZK Summit IBC Presentation: https://youtu.be/cjfYThAk06w EdCon IBC Presentation: https://youtu.be/enPetIum0d0 IBC Webinar: https://youtu.be/m_b_Noe70Vc IBC Learn More!
- 114. IBC Spec: https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/tree/develop/docs/spec/ibc Peg Zones: http://bit.ly/2V41p9D IBC Learn More!
- 115. Cosmos Hub
- 116. Sovereignty ● Hubs can be thought of as ISPs in the Internet of Blockchains ● Minimizes the number of IBC connections to N rather than N2 ● Act as a secure medium to prevent chains from double spending each other Hubs
- 118. @cosmos
- 119. Sovereignty ● Governance ● Name Service ● Peg Zones ● Leased Security Additional Services
- 120. +2/3 validators have signed secp256k1 signature Mint ERC20 Photons waits for 100 blocks Logs events
- 126. Sovereignty Efficient state machine Customizability ✓ Interoperability Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy Scalability Fault Tolerance Sustainable Cosmos Hub
- 127. CESC Interchain Scaling Presentation: https://youtu.be/D4Q-gA_kPrU PolkaDot vs Cosmos: https://forum.cosmos.network/t/polkadot-vs-cosmos/1397 Cosmos Intro: https://cosmos.network/intro Cosmos Hub Learn More!
- 128. Voyager
- 131. Sovereignty Efficient state machine Customizability ✓ Interoperability Easier to develop “1 click” deploy Scalability Fault Tolerance Sustainable Voyager
- 132. Voyager Repo: https://github.com/cosmos/voyager Voyager Live Unstable Demo: https://voyager-staging.interblock.io/ Voyager Learn More!
- 133. Sample Zones
- 136. ● Hard Spoons ● Monetary Policy ● UBI Experimentation ● Local Currencies ● Crypto Fiat ● Stablecoins
- 138. ✓ Sovereignty ✓ Efficient state machine ✓ Customizability ✓ Interoperability ✓ Easier to develop ✓ “1 click” deploy ✓ Scalability ✓ Fault Tolerance ✓ Sustainable Generation 3
- 140. @cosmos @sunnya97
Editor's Notes
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- In the early beginnings of the internet there were 3 main goals: connect multiple separate networks of servers Scale in terms of computational power and geography tolerate and recover from failures in case several servers from the network failed If we start thinking what would be the objectives necessary to create an internet of blockchains...
- Connect to multiple independent blockchains Scale in terms of tps and massive adoption Tolerate failures and malicious actors without halting the network of blockchains
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Connect to multiple independent blockchains Scale in terms of tps and massive adoption Tolerate failures and malicious actors without halting the network of blockchains
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- ABCI: Application BlockChain Interface
- ABCI: Application BlockChain Interface
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- ABCI: Application BlockChain Interface
- Este es el rendimiento de la Escalabilidad Vertical de Tendermint y Ethermint
- ABCI: Application BlockChain Interface
- EVM on Tendermint Core Chainmint is based on the tendermint consensus inherited from Chain's UTXO and CVM.
- EVM on Tendermint Core Chainmint is based on the tendermint consensus inherited from Chain's UTXO and CVM.
- EVM on Tendermint Core Chainmint is based on the tendermint consensus inherited from Chain's UTXO and CVM.
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Neither Bitcoin nor Ethereum have finality guarantees; rather, they have probabilistic finality. high level of confidence that the block is “final” A peg zone is an account-based blockchain which bridges zones within Cosmos to external chains like Bitcoin or Ethereum translates finality for probabilistically finalized blockchains by imposing a “finality threshold” at some arbitrary number of blocks to achieve pseudo-finality. Generally, this “translator” zone design can be classified as a 2-way peg (2WP). IBC packets cannot be efficiently decoded in Ethereum, simply because the EVM isn’t designed to be IBC-compatible. Serialization formats. Tendermint’s encoding method to serialize objects is go-wire. Ethereum serializes objects using RLP (Recursive Length Prefix). Signature schemes. Tendermint uses ed25519 whereas Ethereum uses secp256k1. Data structures. Tendermint stores key-values in IAVL+ trees while Ethereum stores them in Patricia Tries.
- Neither Bitcoin nor Ethereum have finality guarantees; rather, they have probabilistic finality. high level of confidence that the block is “final” A peg zone is an account-based blockchain which bridges zones within Cosmos to external chains like Bitcoin or Ethereum translates finality for probabilistically finalized blockchains by imposing a “finality threshold” at some arbitrary number of blocks to achieve pseudo-finality. Generally, this “translator” zone design can be classified as a 2-way peg (2WP). IBC packets cannot be efficiently decoded in Ethereum, simply because the EVM isn’t designed to be IBC-compatible. Serialization formats. Tendermint’s encoding method to serialize objects is go-wire. Ethereum serializes objects using RLP (Recursive Length Prefix). Signature schemes. Tendermint uses ed25519 whereas Ethereum uses secp256k1. Data structures. Tendermint stores key-values in IAVL+ trees while Ethereum stores them in Patricia Tries.
- Neither Bitcoin nor Ethereum have finality guarantees; rather, they have probabilistic finality. high level of confidence that the block is “final” A peg zone is an account-based blockchain which bridges zones within Cosmos to external chains like Bitcoin or Ethereum translates finality for probabilistically finalized blockchains by imposing a “finality threshold” at some arbitrary number of blocks to achieve pseudo-finality. Generally, this “translator” zone design can be classified as a 2-way peg (2WP). IBC packets cannot be efficiently decoded in Ethereum, simply because the EVM isn’t designed to be IBC-compatible. Serialization formats. Tendermint’s encoding method to serialize objects is go-wire. Ethereum serializes objects using RLP (Recursive Length Prefix). Signature schemes. Tendermint uses ed25519 whereas Ethereum uses secp256k1. Data structures. Tendermint stores key-values in IAVL+ trees while Ethereum stores them in Patricia Tries.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Cosmos Hub. You move Photons via IBC to the peg zone. The peg zone receives an incoming IBC packet: a message containing a transaction for sending Photons. Signers monitoring the peg zone then sign those IBC transactions, effectively converting the signature scheme to Ethereum-understandable private keys, in secp256k1 format. Your transaction has just been signed on the peg zone. Relayers watching the peg zone are waiting until they see that +2/3 signers have signed the transaction before batching your signed transaction into a list of all the other transactions sent through IBC. They then relay the signature-appended list to the EVM where the Ethereum smart contract lives. The smart contract checks that the list of transactions are valid. For your Photons, the smart contract needs to generate an ERC20 version of it. The smart contract then sends the ERC20 Photons to your destination address in Ethereum. Converting your ERC20 Photons to ETH is as simple as using an ERC20 decentralized exchange (DEX) protocol like 0x.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Tendermint is software for securely and consistently replicating an application on many machines. Tendermint Core is an application-agnostic “consensus engine” that can turn any deterministic blackbox application into a distributedly replicated blockchain. Tendermint Core connects to blockchain applications via the Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI)
- Ethereum vs ethereum classic
- Instead of building the Application Layer, it the SDK creates modules to add functionality on top of a BaseCoin, which is a basic blockchain skeleton with Token, governance, staking and other interesting features. A handler takes a context and a transaction and returns a result. All information necessary for processing a transaction should be available in the context.