Barriers to Open Textbook Adoption: University of Kansas
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A workshop for library faculty and staff, teaching and learning staff, instructional designers, and anyone who supports faculty in adopting course materials.
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Barriers to Open Textbook Adoption: University of Kansas
- 1. Barriers to Open Textbook Adoption Sarah Faye Cohen University of Kansas April 29, 2016
- 2. Thank you.
- 3. Open Textook Network Boston Library Consortium (17) | Cal Poly San Luis Obispo | Cleveland State University | Colorado State University | Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University | Kansas State University | Macalester College | Miami University | Minnesota State College and Universities (34) | North Dakota University System (11) | The Ohio State University | Oregon Community Colleges (17) | Oregon State University | Portland State University | Purdue University | Temple University | University of Arizona | University of Hawaii Manoa | University of Iowa | University of Kansas | University of Massachusetts Amherst | University of Minnesota | University of North Carolina - Greensboro | University of Northern Iowa | University of Northwestern St. Paul | University of Oklahoma | University of Toledo | University of Utah | University of Washington | University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee | University of Wisconsin - Stout | Utah Academic Library Consortium (11) | Virginia Tech | West Virginia University
- 4. Open Textbook Network Boston Library Consortium (17) | Cal Poly San Luis Obispo | Cleveland State University | Colorado State University | Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University | Kansas State University | Macalester College | Miami University | Minnesota State College and Universities (34) | North Dakota University System (11) | The Ohio State University | Oregon Community Colleges (17) | Oregon State University | Portland State University | Purdue University | Temple University | University of Arizona | University of Hawaii Manoa | University of Iowa | University of Kansas | University of Massachusetts Amherst | University of Minnesota | University of North Carolina - Greensboro | University of Northern Iowa | University of Northwestern St. Paul | University of Oklahoma | University of Toledo | University of Utah | University of Washington | University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee | University of Wisconsin - Stout | Utah Academic Library Consortium (11) | Virginia Tech | West Virginia University
- 5. Today, we will: • Explore issues of affordability and their impact on student academic success; • Identify barriers to adoption of open textbooks and practice how you might help overcome those barriers; • Discuss why and how you might support open textbook initiatives.
- 6. Why are we really here?
- 10. $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 US Higher Education Funding - $/FTE State Funding Tuition Revenue http://www.sheeo.org
- 11. $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 Kansas Higher Education Funding - $/FTE State Funding Tuition Revenue http://www.sheeo.org
- 12. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Hours@MinimumWage Affording Annual Tuition at the University of Minnesota
- 13. The average borrower owes more than $28,950 in student loans (class of 2014). Institute for College Access and Success http://projectonstudentdebt.org/files/pub/Student_Debt_and_the_Class_of_2012_NR.pdf http://ticas.org/posd/map-state-data-2015 University of Kansas = $25,268
- 14. Cost of Attendance • Tuition and Fees • Room and Board • Books and Supplies • Personal Expenses • Transportation
- 15. Cost of Attendance • Tuition and Fees • Room and Board • Books and Supplies • Personal Expenses • Transportation
- 16. 0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600% 700% 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 %Increase Increase in Textbook Prices Textbooks CPI Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/cpi/
- 17. The average student budgets $1,249 - $1,364 on textbooks and course materials in 2015- 16. http://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/average-estimated-undergraduate-budgets-2015-16 University of Kansas = $1,080
- 18. Coping with the Cost • Purchase an older edition of the textbook • Delay purchasing the textbook • Never purchase the textbook • Share a textbook • Pirate a textbook “I figured French hadn’t changed that much.” - UMN student
- 19. 63.6% Not purchase the required textbook 49.2% Take fewer courses 45.1% Not register for a specific course 33.9% Earn a poor grade 26.7% Drop a course 17.0% Fail a course http://www.openaccesstextbooks.org/pdf/2012_Florida_Student_Textbook_Survey.pdf In your academic career, has the cost of required textbooks caused you to:
- 20. “The hardest part of college shouldn’t be paying for it.” -Hillary Clinton, Oct. 13, 2015
- 21. Why are textbooks so expensive?
- 24. Another model…
- 27. Two crucial elements Funding and Licensing
- 28. Where does the funding come from? • Universities (SUNY, Portland State, Grand Valley State, Oregon State…) • Foundations (Hewlett Foundation, Gates) • Governments (state, federal) • Professional Organizations (CALI)
- 31. • Copy • Mix • Share • Keep • Edit • Use
- 32. • Copy • Mix • Share • Keep • Edit • Use Also known as…
- 33. • Copy • Mix • Share • Keep • Edit • Use The 5Rs: 1. Retain 2. Reuse 3. Revise 4. Remix 5. Redistribute Also known as…
- 34. The result: open textbooks.
- 35. • Introductory, algebra-based, two- semester college physics • 1272 pages • Available in – PDF – Print – Web – Bookshare (accessible) • Instructor solution manual • Extensive supplemental resources for students and faculty • PowerPoint slides • 5+ reviews in the Open Textbook Library Complete, openly licensed, and freely available
- 36. A new world of options for faculty to explore. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2013/06/image/a/
- 37. So why don’t they? https://www.flickr.com/photos/mugley/2966571740
- 38. What “barriers” do you hear (or anticipate hearing) from faculty?
- 40. They don’t know much about them. They’re busy: • Prepping for their courses • Responding to students • Grading • Mentoring • Research • Grant writing • Committee Work • The list goes on… http://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/openingthecurriculum2014.pdf
- 41. Let’s get more familiar with the barriers.
- 42. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 43. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 45. All books in the Open Textbook Library: 1. Must have an open license 2. Must be a complete textbook (no chapters or partial textbooks) 3. Must be available as a portable file (e.g. PDF, ePub) 4. Must be currently in use at multiple higher education institutions, or affiliated with a higher education institution, scholarly society, or professional organization.
- 46. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 47. Key finding: “Administrators and faculty members overwhelmingly say textbooks and other course materials are too expensive, and that instructors should seriously consider costs when assigning readings.”
- 49. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Hours@MinimumWage Affording Annual Tuition at the University of Minnesota
- 50. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 51. That’s where YOU come in. • You are leaders on your campus. • You work with and support faculty on your campus. • You share resources, options, ideas, and tools with faculty.https://www.flickr.com/photos/tomicpasko/14139726176
- 52. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 53. Faculty do know what textbooks are. https://www.flickr.com/photos/timuiuc/4232485465
- 54. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 56. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 58. 0 0 5 3 15 79 161 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1.0 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.0 2.0 - 2.5 2.5 - 3.0 3.0 - 3.5 3.5 - 4.0 4.0 - 4.5 4.5 - 5.0 Reviews Ratings Open Textbook Reviews
- 59. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 61. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 62. Library resources are not “open”, only “available” within your institution.
- 63. Barriers to Faculty Adoption • Faculty don’t know where to find open textbooks • Faculty don’t understand the urgency of student financial stress, and how it can impact students academically • Faculty aren’t aware that open textbooks are an option • Faculty don’t know what open textbooks are • Faculty confuse open textbooks with electronic textbooks • Faculty are skeptical of the quality of open textbooks • Faculty have limited time to engage in reviewing open textbooks • What about library content? • Do open textbooks impact student learning?
- 64. 13 Peer Reviewed Studies of Efficacy http://openedgroup.org/
- 66. 95% Same or Better Outcomes http://openedgroup.org/
- 67. Let’s practice tackling some frequently asked questions (Active learning with embedded assessment time!)
- 68. But before we do…. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pictureperfectpose/76138988
- 70. BEWARE of overwhelming Don’t come to me with the entire truth. Don’t bring me the ocean if I feel thirsty, nor heaven if I ask for light. -from Olav Hauge’s “Don’t come to me with the entire truth,” translated by Robert Bly
- 72. Leave Quality Judgment to Faculty
- 73. + +
- 74. Let’s practice tackling some frequently asked questions (Active learning with embedded assessment time!)
- 75. Q1: How do I find time to adopt an open textbook?
- 76. Q2: They can’t be good if they’re free, right?
- 77. Q3: Are you going to try and force us to use these books?
- 78. What questions do you still have? What questions concern you if a faculty member approached you? What are the ways you see open textbooks being perceived at KU?
- 79. Open textbooks can transform higher education. • More open access publishing • A change in how we allocate spending • Increased engagement • Improved retention • Improved completion rates • Improved pedagogy • Ownership of course content • New partnerships and collaborative opportunitieshttps://www.flickr.com/photos/86530412@N02/7932571974
- 80. What are your next steps? https://www.flickr.com/photos/dabinsi/3374255830
- 81. Do what you already do. Listen. Have conversations. Introduce new options. http://www.flickr.com/photos/brandoncripps/3156373103 / http://www.flickr.com/photos/riz94107/3357665840
- 82. Let the word spread. http://www.flickr.com/photos/marcoveringa/3203134555/in/photostream/
- 83. Continue to celebrate their achievements. https://www.flickr.com/photos/scottdwelch/4845488575
- 84. “Open education is about increasing student achievement, inspiring passion among faculty, and building better connections between students and the materials that they use to meet their educational goals.” – Quill West
- 85. Thank you. sfcohen@umn.edu @thesheck ; @open_textbooks open.umn.edu
Editor's Notes
- The financial strain students feel today is different than what any of us have experienced. How we fund education is different.
- Graph of state where presentation is being made. Data can be found at http://www.sheeo.org.
- Tuition is approximately 12k. A full time job is 2080 hours/year (52 weeks a year).
- What is included in Cost of Attendance.
- 4x the rate of inflation. U Michigan Flint, Mark Perry, Economist: No consumer product has risen in cost at this rate.
- No standard way this number is developed across institutions. An average. Data that students don’t “spend” this much.
- US PIRG Report on Financial Aid and textbooks
- 20000 students in Florida. This is the problem we are addressing-the academic impact on students.
- Image produced by @dernst.
- Meant to keep the content under the control of the author or publisher. Sharing content becomes an obstacle: sharing a PDF with students, copying an article for students, changing something in the book—not possible.
- Thanks to Dave Ernst (@dernst) for use of his graphic.
- Moving from all to some…. Proactive approach to using content.
- The ability to update content, customize content, improve content.
- http://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/openingthecurriculum2014.pdf
- Increasingly untrue. 2015 Inside Higher Ed Survey of Faculty Attitudes on Technology released Oct. 15, 2015 https://www.insidehighered.com/news/survey/partial-credit-2015-survey-faculty-attitudes-technology
- More media attention
- They know their students are working more than they did. They know their students are concerned about money.
- Emphasis on different formats available, including print versions.
- Evaluated by faculty, for faculty.
- From David Wiley (@opencontent): http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3883 Can the 5Rs be applied to library content?
- Across 13 academic studies that attempted to measure results pertaining to student learning (higher ed: 15784 treatment, 99,692 control, k12: 1805 treatment 2439 control) none showed results in which students who utilized OER performed worse than their peers who used traditional textbooks. Allen, G., Guzman-Alvarez, A., Molinaro, M., Larsen, D. (2015). Assessing the Impact and Efficacy of the Open-Access ChemWiki Textbook Project. Educause Learning Initiative Brief, January 2015. See also this newsletter. Bowen, W. G., Chingos, M. M., Lack, K. A., & Nygren, T. I. (2012). Interactive Learning Online at Public Universities: Evidence from Randomized Trials. Ithaka S+R. Bowen, W. G., Chingos, M. M., Lack, K. A., & Nygren, T. I. (2014). Interactive Learning Online at Public Universities: Evidence from a Six‐Campus Randomized Trial. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 94-111. Feldstein, A., Martin, M., Hudson, A., Warren, K., Hilton, J., & Wiley, D. (2012). Open textbooks and increased student access and outcomes. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning. Retrieved from http://www.eurodl.org/index.php?p=archives&year=2012&halfyear=2&article=533. Gil, P., Candelas, F., Jara, C., Garcia, G., Torres, F (2013). Web-based OERs in Computer Networks. International Journal of Engineering Education, 29(6), 1537-1550. (OA preprint) Hilton, J., Gaudet, D., Clark, P., Robinson, J., & Wiley, D. (2013). The adoption of open educational resources by one community college math department. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14(4), 37–50. Hilton, J., & Laman, C. (2012). One college’s use of an open psychology textbook. Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 27(3), 201–217. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02680513.2012.716657. (Open Repository Preprint). Lovett, M., Meyer, O., & Thille, C. (2008). The open learning initiative: Measuring the effectiveness of the OLI statistics course in accelerating student learning. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2008 (1). Pawlyshyn, Braddlee, Casper and Miller (2013). Adopting OER: A Case Study of Cross-Institutional Collaboration and Innovation. Educause Review. Robinson, T.J. (2015). Open Textbooks: The Effects of Open Educational Resource Adoption on Measures of Post-secondary Student Success (Doctoral dissertation). Robinson T. J., Fischer, L., Wiley, D. A., & Hilton, J. (2014). The impact of open textbooks on secondary science learning outcomes. Educational Researcher, 43(7): 341-351. Wiley, D., Hilton, J. Ellington, S., and Hall, T. (2012). “A preliminary examination of the cost savings and learning impacts of using open textbooks in middle and high school science classes.” International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 13 (3), pp. 261-276. This also includes Fischer et al (2015), Wiley et al. (EPAA) (2016), and Hilton et al. (IRRODL) (in press)
- Across 13 academic studies that attempted to measure results pertaining to student learning (higher ed: 15784 treatment, 99,692 control, k12: 1805 treatment 2439 control) none showed results in which students who utilized OER performed worse than their peers who used traditional textbooks. Allen, G., Guzman-Alvarez, A., Molinaro, M., Larsen, D. (2015). Assessing the Impact and Efficacy of the Open-Access ChemWiki Textbook Project. Educause Learning Initiative Brief, January 2015. See also this newsletter. Bowen, W. G., Chingos, M. M., Lack, K. A., & Nygren, T. I. (2012). Interactive Learning Online at Public Universities: Evidence from Randomized Trials. Ithaka S+R. Bowen, W. G., Chingos, M. M., Lack, K. A., & Nygren, T. I. (2014). Interactive Learning Online at Public Universities: Evidence from a Six‐Campus Randomized Trial. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 94-111. Feldstein, A., Martin, M., Hudson, A., Warren, K., Hilton, J., & Wiley, D. (2012). Open textbooks and increased student access and outcomes. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning. Retrieved from http://www.eurodl.org/index.php?p=archives&year=2012&halfyear=2&article=533. Gil, P., Candelas, F., Jara, C., Garcia, G., Torres, F (2013). Web-based OERs in Computer Networks. International Journal of Engineering Education, 29(6), 1537-1550. (OA preprint) Hilton, J., Gaudet, D., Clark, P., Robinson, J., & Wiley, D. (2013). The adoption of open educational resources by one community college math department. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14(4), 37–50. Hilton, J., & Laman, C. (2012). One college’s use of an open psychology textbook. Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 27(3), 201–217. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02680513.2012.716657. (Open Repository Preprint). Lovett, M., Meyer, O., & Thille, C. (2008). The open learning initiative: Measuring the effectiveness of the OLI statistics course in accelerating student learning. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2008 (1). Pawlyshyn, Braddlee, Casper and Miller (2013). Adopting OER: A Case Study of Cross-Institutional Collaboration and Innovation. Educause Review. Robinson, T.J. (2015). Open Textbooks: The Effects of Open Educational Resource Adoption on Measures of Post-secondary Student Success (Doctoral dissertation). Robinson T. J., Fischer, L., Wiley, D. A., & Hilton, J. (2014). The impact of open textbooks on secondary science learning outcomes. Educational Researcher, 43(7): 341-351. Wiley, D., Hilton, J. Ellington, S., and Hall, T. (2012). “A preliminary examination of the cost savings and learning impacts of using open textbooks in middle and high school science classes.” International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 13 (3), pp. 261-276. This also includes Fischer et al (2015), Wiley et al. (EPAA) (2016), and Hilton et al. (IRRODL) (in press)
- Across 13 academic studies that attempted to measure results pertaining to student learning (higher ed: 15784 treatment, 99,692 control, k12: 1805 treatment 2439 control) none showed results in which students who utilized OER performed worse than their peers who used traditional textbooks. Allen, G., Guzman-Alvarez, A., Molinaro, M., Larsen, D. (2015). Assessing the Impact and Efficacy of the Open-Access ChemWiki Textbook Project. Educause Learning Initiative Brief, January 2015. See also this newsletter. Bowen, W. G., Chingos, M. M., Lack, K. A., & Nygren, T. I. (2012). Interactive Learning Online at Public Universities: Evidence from Randomized Trials. Ithaka S+R. Bowen, W. G., Chingos, M. M., Lack, K. A., & Nygren, T. I. (2014). Interactive Learning Online at Public Universities: Evidence from a Six‐Campus Randomized Trial. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 94-111. Feldstein, A., Martin, M., Hudson, A., Warren, K., Hilton, J., & Wiley, D. (2012). Open textbooks and increased student access and outcomes. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning. Retrieved from http://www.eurodl.org/index.php?p=archives&year=2012&halfyear=2&article=533. Gil, P., Candelas, F., Jara, C., Garcia, G., Torres, F (2013). Web-based OERs in Computer Networks. International Journal of Engineering Education, 29(6), 1537-1550. (OA preprint) Hilton, J., Gaudet, D., Clark, P., Robinson, J., & Wiley, D. (2013). The adoption of open educational resources by one community college math department. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14(4), 37–50. Hilton, J., & Laman, C. (2012). One college’s use of an open psychology textbook. Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 27(3), 201–217. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02680513.2012.716657. (Open Repository Preprint). Lovett, M., Meyer, O., & Thille, C. (2008). The open learning initiative: Measuring the effectiveness of the OLI statistics course in accelerating student learning. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2008 (1). Pawlyshyn, Braddlee, Casper and Miller (2013). Adopting OER: A Case Study of Cross-Institutional Collaboration and Innovation. Educause Review. Robinson, T.J. (2015). Open Textbooks: The Effects of Open Educational Resource Adoption on Measures of Post-secondary Student Success (Doctoral dissertation). Robinson T. J., Fischer, L., Wiley, D. A., & Hilton, J. (2014). The impact of open textbooks on secondary science learning outcomes. Educational Researcher, 43(7): 341-351. Wiley, D., Hilton, J. Ellington, S., and Hall, T. (2012). “A preliminary examination of the cost savings and learning impacts of using open textbooks in middle and high school science classes.” International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 13 (3), pp. 261-276. This also includes Fischer et al (2015), Wiley et al. (EPAA) (2016), and Hilton et al. (IRRODL) (in press)
- Publishers, the bookstore, faculty themselves—it’s easy to find culprits. But this is not about culprits, it’s about students.
- In most areas, we have so many resources available, we inundate people with choices. This is a first step in the right direction. Let them take it.
- https://www.flickr.com/photos/scottdwelch/4845488575
- West, Quill & K. Jensen. (2015). Open educational resources and the higher education movement: a leadership opportunity for libraries. C&RL News, 76(4), 215-218.