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Diagnostic:	
  	
  How	
  vulnerable	
  are	
  you	
  to	
  a	
  bias	
  for	
  exploitation?	
  

In	
  a	
  world	
  in	
  which	
  advantages	
  are	
  fleeting,	
  one	
  of	
  the	
  most	
  significant	
  challenges	
  is	
  coping	
  
with	
  systems	
  and	
  processes	
  that	
  are	
  basically	
  geared	
  to	
  exploiting	
  existing	
  advantages.	
  	
  
While	
  that’s	
  not	
  a	
  bad	
  thing,	
  necessarily,	
  it	
  can	
  lead	
  to	
  an	
  unbalanced	
  way	
  of	
  working,	
  which	
  
in	
  turn	
  can	
  leave	
  you	
  vulnerable	
  to	
  disruptions	
  when	
  advantages	
  move	
  on.	
  	
  The	
  following	
  
diagnostic	
  can	
  help	
  pinpoint	
  areas	
  in	
  which	
  a	
  bias	
  toward	
  exploitation	
  is	
  present;	
  and	
  
suggest	
  changes	
  that	
  you	
  might	
  want	
  to	
  make.	
  	
  Simply	
  position	
  your	
  organization’s	
  current	
  
way	
  of	
  working	
  between	
  the	
  two	
  statements	
  in	
  the	
  quiz.	
  	
  Those	
  areas	
  to	
  the	
  left	
  are	
  those	
  
which	
  you	
  might	
  want	
  to	
  have	
  a	
  good	
  hard	
  look	
  at.	
  
	
  
Exploitation	
  Oriented	
  
	
  
More	
  Balanced	
  
Budget,	
  people	
  and	
  other	
  
	
  
Critical	
  resources	
  are	
  controlled	
  by	
  
resources	
  are	
  largely	
  controlled	
  by	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
a	
  separate	
  group	
  than	
  those	
  that	
  
heads	
  of	
  established	
  businesses	
  
run	
  businesses	
  
We	
  tend	
  to	
  extend	
  our	
  established	
  
	
  
We	
  tend	
  to	
  move	
  out	
  of	
  an	
  
advantages	
  if	
  we	
  possibly	
  can	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
established	
  advantage	
  early,	
  with	
  
the	
  goal	
  of	
  moving	
  on	
  to	
  something	
  
new	
  
We	
  don’t	
  have	
  a	
  systematic	
  process	
  
	
  
We	
  have	
  a	
  systematic	
  way	
  of	
  exiting	
  
for	
  disengaging	
  from	
  a	
  business	
  	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
businesses	
  
Disengagements	
  tend	
  to	
  be	
  painful	
  
	
  
Disengagements	
  are	
  just	
  part	
  of	
  the	
  	
  
and	
  difficult	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
normal	
  business	
  cycle	
  
We	
  try	
  to	
  avoid	
  failures,	
  even	
  in	
  
	
  
We	
  recognize	
  that	
  failures	
  are	
  
uncertain	
  situations	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
unavoidable	
  and	
  try	
  to	
  learn	
  from	
  
them	
  
We	
  budget	
  annually	
  or	
  for	
  even	
  
	
  
We	
  budget	
  in	
  quick	
  cycles,	
  either	
  
longer	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
quarterly	
  or	
  on	
  a	
  rolling	
  basis	
  
We	
  like	
  to	
  stick	
  to	
  plans	
  once	
  they	
  
	
  
We	
  are	
  comfortable	
  with	
  changing	
  
are	
  formulated	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
our	
  plans	
  as	
  new	
  information	
  comes	
  
in	
  
We	
  emphasize	
  optimization	
  in	
  our	
  
	
  
We	
  emphasize	
  flexibility	
  in	
  our	
  
approach	
  to	
  asset	
  utilization	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
approach	
  to	
  asset	
  utilization	
  
Innovation	
  is	
  an	
  on-­‐again,	
  off-­‐again	
  
	
  
Innovation	
  is	
  systematic,	
  a	
  core	
  
process	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
process	
  for	
  us	
  
It	
  is	
  difficult	
  for	
  us	
  to	
  pull	
  
	
  
It	
  is	
  quite	
  normal	
  for	
  us	
  to	
  pull	
  
resources	
  from	
  a	
  successful	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
resources	
  from	
  a	
  successful	
  
business	
  to	
  fund	
  more	
  uncertain	
  
business	
  to	
  fund	
  more	
  uncertain	
  
opportunities	
  
opportunities	
  
Our	
  best	
  talent	
  spends	
  most	
  of	
  
	
  
Our	
  best	
  talent	
  spends	
  most	
  of	
  their	
  
their	
  time	
  problem-­‐solving	
  and	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
time	
  working	
  on	
  new	
  opportunities	
  
handling	
  crises	
  
for	
  our	
  organization	
  
We	
  try	
  to	
  keep	
  our	
  organizational	
  
	
  
We	
  re-­‐organize	
  when	
  new	
  
structure	
  relatively	
  stable	
  and	
  to	
  fit	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
opportunities	
  require	
  a	
  different	
  
new	
  ideas	
  into	
  the	
  existing	
  
structure	
  
structure	
  
We	
  tend	
  to	
  emphasize	
  analysis	
  
	
  
We	
  tend	
  to	
  emphasize	
  
over	
  experimentation	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
experimentation	
  over	
  analysis	
  
It	
  isn’t	
  easy	
  to	
  be	
  candid	
  with	
  our	
  
	
  
We	
  find	
  it	
  very	
  easy	
  to	
  be	
  candid	
  
senior	
  leaders	
  when	
  something	
  
1	
  2	
  3	
  4	
  5	
  6	
  7	
  
with	
  senior	
  leaders	
  when	
  
goes	
  wrong	
  
something	
  goes	
  wrong	
  
Diagnostic:	
  	
  How	
  vulnerable	
  are	
  you	
  to	
  a	
  bias	
  for	
  exploitation?	
  

	
  
After	
  completing	
  the	
  diagnostic,	
  simply	
  total	
  the	
  scores	
  you	
  gave	
  yourself.	
  If	
  you	
  are	
  completing	
  the	
  diagnostic	
  as	
  a	
  
group,	
  use	
  the	
  average	
  of	
  the	
  scores	
  for	
  each	
  item	
  from	
  the	
  group	
  and	
  then	
  total	
  the	
  average.	
  This	
  first	
  set	
  of	
  results	
  will	
  give	
  
you	
  an	
  overall	
  perspective	
  on	
  where	
  your	
  organizations	
  stands	
  with	
  respect	
  to	
  transient	
  competitive	
  advantage	
  overall.	
  The	
  
total	
  score	
  values	
  below	
  puts	
  you	
  in	
  a	
  band	
  with	
  the	
  most	
  likely	
  scenarios	
  described.
Score	
  between	
  14-­‐28
Scores	
  in	
  this	
  range	
  indicate	
  an	
  extreme	
  orientation	
  toward	
  exploiting	
  an	
  existing	
  advantage.	
  This	
  is	
  only	
  a	
  safe	
  
place	
  to	
  be	
  if	
  you	
  are	
  in	
  a	
  monopoly	
  position	
  (government,	
  long-­‐term	
  patents,	
  enormous	
  barriers	
  to	
  entry,	
  legislative	
  
protection)	
  or	
  are	
  operating	
  in	
  an	
  extremely	
  stable	
  niche	
  market	
  (for	
  instance,	
  Steinway	
  pianos).	
  For	
  organizations	
  in	
  other	
  
circumstances,	
  this	
  result	
  would	
  be	
  alarming	
  as	
  very	
  few	
  of	
  the	
  practices	
  that	
  are	
  suitable	
  for	
  transient	
  advantages	
  are	
  in	
  
place.	
  An	
  immediate	
  action	
  step	
  would	
  be	
  to	
  examine	
  the	
  underpinnings	
  of	
  your	
  current	
  success	
  and	
  see	
  whether	
  they	
  are	
  
likely	
  to	
  remain	
  stable	
  or	
  to	
  change	
  to	
  assess	
  whether	
  a	
  more	
  aggressive	
  change	
  program	
  is	
  in	
  order.
Score	
  between	
  29-­‐42
This	
  result	
  suggests	
  that	
  your	
  organization	
  is	
  strongly	
  biased	
  toward	
  exploiting	
  existing	
  advantages.	
  You	
  are	
  at	
  risk	
  
of	
  being	
  trapped	
  in	
  an	
  existing	
  business	
  model.	
  As	
  with	
  the	
  first	
  category,	
  scores	
  in	
  this	
  range	
  merit	
  a	
  clear-­‐eyed	
  examination	
  
of	
  whether	
  the	
  existing	
  state	
  of	
  affairs	
  in	
  your	
  organization	
  is	
  likely	
  to	
  last	
  for	
  some	
  time	
  and	
  whether	
  an	
  investment	
  in	
  
developing	
  capabilities	
  more	
  suited	
  to	
  a	
  transient	
  advantage	
  context	
  are	
  warranted.
Score	
  between	
  43-­‐56
This	
  score	
  band	
  is,	
  in	
  my	
  experience,	
  the	
  most	
  common.	
  Chances	
  are	
  that	
  there	
  are	
  pockets	
  of	
  dynamism	
  within	
  
the	
  organization	
  that	
  are	
  trying	
  to	
  respond	
  quickly	
  to	
  a	
  more	
  competitive	
  environment,	
  but	
  the	
  central	
  bias	
  of	
  the	
  
organization	
  is	
  still	
  toward	
  exploiting	
  existing	
  advantages.	
  You	
  can	
  expect	
  the	
  processes	
  both	
  of	
  innovation	
  and	
  
disengagement	
  to	
  struggle	
  against	
  the	
  status	
  quo	
  in	
  the	
  existing	
  organization.	
  This	
  situation	
  is	
  often	
  quite	
  politically	
  difficult	
  
as	
  new	
  business	
  models	
  and	
  ways	
  of	
  working	
  come	
  into	
  conflict	
  with	
  prevailing	
  practices.	
  It	
  is	
  often	
  necessary	
  for	
  the	
  senior	
  
team	
  to	
  take	
  ownership	
  of	
  instituting	
  a	
  more	
  dynamic	
  way	
  of	
  working	
  across	
  the	
  organization,	
  as	
  it	
  will	
  be	
  difficult	
  to	
  sort	
  
out	
  the	
  many	
  conflicts	
  at	
  an	
  operating	
  level.
Score	
  between	
  57-­‐70
Scores	
  in	
  this	
  region	
  suggest	
  that	
  your	
  organization	
  has	
  begun	
  to	
  adopt	
  a	
  faster,	
  leaner	
  and	
  more	
  flexible	
  
approach.	
  You	
  can	
  expect	
  to	
  see	
  that	
  some	
  effective	
  practices	
  are	
  in	
  place,	
  and that	
  older	
  structures	
  and	
  systems	
  are	
  being	
  
changed	
  to	
  move	
  more	
  quickly.	
  The	
  leadership	
  challenge	
  is	
  to	
  make	
  sure	
  that	
  the	
  shift	
  to	
  new	
  ways	
  of	
  working	
  doesn’t	
  result	
  
in	
  people	
  losing	
  focus	
  on	
  keeping	
  the	
  business	
  healthy,	
  and	
  to	
  continually	
  reinforce	
  the	
  new	
  ways	
  of	
  working.	
  Some	
  parts	
  of	
  
the	
  organization	
  have	
  learned	
  to	
  move	
  faster	
  and	
  become	
  more	
  adaptive,	
  while	
  others	
  are	
  probably	
  still	
  reflecting	
  past	
  
glories.
Score	
  over	
  71
Your	
  organization	
  appears	
  to	
  be	
  embracing	
  many	
  of	
  the	
  practices	
  that	
  work	
  in	
  the	
  transient	
  advantage	
  economy.	
  
I’d	
  love	
  to	
  hear	
  from	
  you!	
  In	
  particular,	
  it	
  would	
  be	
  interesting	
  to	
  know	
  how	
  your	
  company	
  decides	
  what	
  remains	
  stable	
  and	
  
what	
  should	
  be	
  more	
  dynamic.	
  In	
  addition,	
  when	
  it	
  is	
  time	
  to	
  move	
  on	
  from	
  a	
  past	
  advantage.

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End of Competitive Advantage - Disruption Test by Rita McGrath

  • 1. Diagnostic:    How  vulnerable  are  you  to  a  bias  for  exploitation?   In  a  world  in  which  advantages  are  fleeting,  one  of  the  most  significant  challenges  is  coping   with  systems  and  processes  that  are  basically  geared  to  exploiting  existing  advantages.     While  that’s  not  a  bad  thing,  necessarily,  it  can  lead  to  an  unbalanced  way  of  working,  which   in  turn  can  leave  you  vulnerable  to  disruptions  when  advantages  move  on.    The  following   diagnostic  can  help  pinpoint  areas  in  which  a  bias  toward  exploitation  is  present;  and   suggest  changes  that  you  might  want  to  make.    Simply  position  your  organization’s  current   way  of  working  between  the  two  statements  in  the  quiz.    Those  areas  to  the  left  are  those   which  you  might  want  to  have  a  good  hard  look  at.     Exploitation  Oriented     More  Balanced   Budget,  people  and  other     Critical  resources  are  controlled  by   resources  are  largely  controlled  by   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   a  separate  group  than  those  that   heads  of  established  businesses   run  businesses   We  tend  to  extend  our  established     We  tend  to  move  out  of  an   advantages  if  we  possibly  can   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   established  advantage  early,  with   the  goal  of  moving  on  to  something   new   We  don’t  have  a  systematic  process     We  have  a  systematic  way  of  exiting   for  disengaging  from  a  business     1  2  3  4  5  6  7   businesses   Disengagements  tend  to  be  painful     Disengagements  are  just  part  of  the     and  difficult   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   normal  business  cycle   We  try  to  avoid  failures,  even  in     We  recognize  that  failures  are   uncertain  situations   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   unavoidable  and  try  to  learn  from   them   We  budget  annually  or  for  even     We  budget  in  quick  cycles,  either   longer   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   quarterly  or  on  a  rolling  basis   We  like  to  stick  to  plans  once  they     We  are  comfortable  with  changing   are  formulated   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   our  plans  as  new  information  comes   in   We  emphasize  optimization  in  our     We  emphasize  flexibility  in  our   approach  to  asset  utilization   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   approach  to  asset  utilization   Innovation  is  an  on-­‐again,  off-­‐again     Innovation  is  systematic,  a  core   process   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   process  for  us   It  is  difficult  for  us  to  pull     It  is  quite  normal  for  us  to  pull   resources  from  a  successful   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   resources  from  a  successful   business  to  fund  more  uncertain   business  to  fund  more  uncertain   opportunities   opportunities   Our  best  talent  spends  most  of     Our  best  talent  spends  most  of  their   their  time  problem-­‐solving  and   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   time  working  on  new  opportunities   handling  crises   for  our  organization   We  try  to  keep  our  organizational     We  re-­‐organize  when  new   structure  relatively  stable  and  to  fit   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   opportunities  require  a  different   new  ideas  into  the  existing   structure   structure   We  tend  to  emphasize  analysis     We  tend  to  emphasize   over  experimentation   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   experimentation  over  analysis   It  isn’t  easy  to  be  candid  with  our     We  find  it  very  easy  to  be  candid   senior  leaders  when  something   1  2  3  4  5  6  7   with  senior  leaders  when   goes  wrong   something  goes  wrong  
  • 2. Diagnostic:    How  vulnerable  are  you  to  a  bias  for  exploitation?     After  completing  the  diagnostic,  simply  total  the  scores  you  gave  yourself.  If  you  are  completing  the  diagnostic  as  a   group,  use  the  average  of  the  scores  for  each  item  from  the  group  and  then  total  the  average.  This  first  set  of  results  will  give   you  an  overall  perspective  on  where  your  organizations  stands  with  respect  to  transient  competitive  advantage  overall.  The   total  score  values  below  puts  you  in  a  band  with  the  most  likely  scenarios  described. Score  between  14-­‐28 Scores  in  this  range  indicate  an  extreme  orientation  toward  exploiting  an  existing  advantage.  This  is  only  a  safe   place  to  be  if  you  are  in  a  monopoly  position  (government,  long-­‐term  patents,  enormous  barriers  to  entry,  legislative   protection)  or  are  operating  in  an  extremely  stable  niche  market  (for  instance,  Steinway  pianos).  For  organizations  in  other   circumstances,  this  result  would  be  alarming  as  very  few  of  the  practices  that  are  suitable  for  transient  advantages  are  in   place.  An  immediate  action  step  would  be  to  examine  the  underpinnings  of  your  current  success  and  see  whether  they  are   likely  to  remain  stable  or  to  change  to  assess  whether  a  more  aggressive  change  program  is  in  order. Score  between  29-­‐42 This  result  suggests  that  your  organization  is  strongly  biased  toward  exploiting  existing  advantages.  You  are  at  risk   of  being  trapped  in  an  existing  business  model.  As  with  the  first  category,  scores  in  this  range  merit  a  clear-­‐eyed  examination   of  whether  the  existing  state  of  affairs  in  your  organization  is  likely  to  last  for  some  time  and  whether  an  investment  in   developing  capabilities  more  suited  to  a  transient  advantage  context  are  warranted. Score  between  43-­‐56 This  score  band  is,  in  my  experience,  the  most  common.  Chances  are  that  there  are  pockets  of  dynamism  within   the  organization  that  are  trying  to  respond  quickly  to  a  more  competitive  environment,  but  the  central  bias  of  the   organization  is  still  toward  exploiting  existing  advantages.  You  can  expect  the  processes  both  of  innovation  and   disengagement  to  struggle  against  the  status  quo  in  the  existing  organization.  This  situation  is  often  quite  politically  difficult   as  new  business  models  and  ways  of  working  come  into  conflict  with  prevailing  practices.  It  is  often  necessary  for  the  senior   team  to  take  ownership  of  instituting  a  more  dynamic  way  of  working  across  the  organization,  as  it  will  be  difficult  to  sort   out  the  many  conflicts  at  an  operating  level. Score  between  57-­‐70 Scores  in  this  region  suggest  that  your  organization  has  begun  to  adopt  a  faster,  leaner  and  more  flexible   approach.  You  can  expect  to  see  that  some  effective  practices  are  in  place,  and that  older  structures  and  systems  are  being   changed  to  move  more  quickly.  The  leadership  challenge  is  to  make  sure  that  the  shift  to  new  ways  of  working  doesn’t  result   in  people  losing  focus  on  keeping  the  business  healthy,  and  to  continually  reinforce  the  new  ways  of  working.  Some  parts  of   the  organization  have  learned  to  move  faster  and  become  more  adaptive,  while  others  are  probably  still  reflecting  past   glories. Score  over  71 Your  organization  appears  to  be  embracing  many  of  the  practices  that  work  in  the  transient  advantage  economy.   I’d  love  to  hear  from  you!  In  particular,  it  would  be  interesting  to  know  how  your  company  decides  what  remains  stable  and   what  should  be  more  dynamic.  In  addition,  when  it  is  time  to  move  on  from  a  past  advantage.