Presentation about principles of rocket propulsion, habitat design and simulation missions for Mars exploration. Talk at Universiteit Twente, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 15 May 2014

1. The Next Giant Leap For Mankind
Propulsion and Habitats for Mars
Remco Timmermans
Talk at Mars mini-symposium Universiteit Twente, 15 May 2014

2. Agenda
• Getting to Mars is hard
• Why one way is easier than two way
• A little rocket science – propulsion
• Your home on Mars – habitats
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 2

3. Getting to Mars is Hard
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 3

4. So why is Mars harder than the Moon?
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 4

5. Mars is Very Far Away
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 5
55 – 103 million km
400 million km
Distance to the Moon: 384,400 km
Average travel time: 5 months

6. Radiation along the way
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 6

7. From Difficult to Very Difficult
• Flyby, unmanned (e.g. Mariner 4, 1964)
• One way, unmanned, orbit (e.g. ESA Mars Express)
• One way, unmanned, landing (e.g. Viking, MSL Curiosity)
• Flyby, manned (e.g. Inspiration Mars, 2021)
• Two way, unmanned, landing, sample return
• One way, manned, landing (e.g. Mars One)
• Two way, manned, operate rover from orbit
• Two way, manned, landing, people return
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 7

8. Why is it so difficult?
∆𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 ln
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 8
∆v = acceleration OR deceleration

9. Rocket Equation
∆𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 ln
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
Variables:
• Final mass, or spacecraft useful mass
• Required ∆v (destination and route)
• Propellant mass
• Exhaust velocity
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 9

10. Gravity on Mars
Earth gravity: 9.8 m/s2
Moon gravity: 1.6 m/s2
Mars gravity: 3.7 m/s2
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 10

11. Escape velocity (∆v) per planet
Earth: 11.2 km/s
Moon: 2.4 km/s
Mars: 5.0 km/s
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 11

12. Principles of rocketry
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 12
Rocket
Energy
Mass
Thrust

13. Types of rockets
• Thermodynamic – heat and pressure
– Chemical propulsion (solid, liquid, hybrid)
• Electrodynamic – charged particles in fields
– Electrothermal (electrically produced heat)
– Electrostatic (electric fields)
– Electromagnetic (electro + magnetic fields)
• Nuclear propulsion – nuclear power for heat
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 13

14. 1 - Chemical propulsion
• Fuel and oxidizer combine in combustion
chamber to produce heat and by-products
• Solid (solid fuel and solid oxidizer)
• Hybrid (solid fuel and liquid oxidizer)
• Liquid (liquid fuel and liquid oxidizer)
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 14

15. Solid fuel rocket motor
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 15@Arianespace

16. Effect of grain geometry on thrust-time
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 16

17. Hybrid rockets
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 17@virgingalactic

18. Liquid rocket motor
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 18
First used by Robert Goddard Success by Wernher von Braun

19. Principle of liquid rocket motor
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 19
Snecma Vulcain-2 on Ariane 5

20. Classic liquid rocket examples
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 20

21. Modern liquid rocket examples
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 21
Soyuz Atlas V Falcon 9

22. SpaceX Falcon 9
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 22@SpaceX

23. Monopropellant liquid rocket
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 23@MarsCuriosity

24. 2 – Electric Propulsion
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 24

25. Electrothermal thruster
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 25
SSTL Resistojet
(solar, nuclear)
@SurreySat

26. Electrostatic thruster
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 26

27. Electromagnetic thruster
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 27@AdAstraRocket

28. 3. Nuclear propulsion
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 28
MTV = Mars Transfer Vehicle
Thermo Nuclear Rocket Engine

29. Future: Solar Sail
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 29
In 2010 the Japanese IKAROS Solar Sail demonstrator flew to Venus
@JAXA_EN

30. Part II - Living on Mars
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 30@MarsOneProject

31. Welcome to Mars
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 31

32. Challenges after arrival
• Radiation
• Temperature
• Low oxygen
• Lack of food
• Lack of water
• Lack of fuel
• Atmospheric pressure
• Communication time delay
• Shelter
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 32

33. Water of Life
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 33
• Drinking water
• Fuel (H2)
• Oxygen (O2)
• Radiation Shield

34. Water of Life
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 34
Terraforming

35. Surviving The First Decades
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 35

36. Mars Habitat Constraints
• Leightweight
• Deployable
• Radiation shielding
• Life support
• Climate-proof
• Durable
• Multi-purpose
• Self supporting
• Expandable
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 36@ISUnet

37. Mars Analogue Missions
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 37Photo: Mars Society@MDRSupdates

38. Mars Habitat Research
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 38Photo: Mars Society@MDRSupdates

39. Mars Habitat Research
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 39Photo: Dr. Ryan Kobrick@MDRSupdates

40. ÖWF Dachstein Caves 2012
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 40Photo: ÖWF | Katja Zanella-Kux@OEWF

41. ÖWF Mars 2013 Morocco
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 41
Photo:ÖWF|KatjaZanella-Kux
@OEWF
@OEWF

42. ÖWF Mars 2013 Morocco
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 42
Photo:ÖWF|KatjaZanella-Kux
@OEWF

43. HI-SEAS Hawaii Analog
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 43Photo: University of Hawaii | HI-SEAS@HI_SEAS

44. Growing Food on Mars
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 44
Photo: Mars Society
Photo: Wiki Commons

45. Mars 500 (days!) Experiment
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 45

46. Mars 500 “Landing”
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 46@Mars500project
Photo: ESA

47. ESA Caves
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 47@ESA_CAVES
Photos: ESA

48. NASA Desert Rats
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 48Photo: NASA@DESERT_RATS

49. Bigelow Aerospace
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 4949Photo: Bigelow@BigelowSpace

50. Life support systems
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 50Photo: ESA@ISS_Research

51. Mars, we are on our way…
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 51Image: Mars Artists Community

52. Wordt onderdeel van de space community!
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 52
NVR – Netherlands Space Society
• Free student membership
• Acccess to companies and space organizations
• Networking events with the Dutch space sector
• Only space ‘glossy’ in the Netherlands
• @NVR_Ruimtevaart | www.ruimtevaart-nvr.nl
SGAC - Space Generation Advisory Council
• Free membership
• Represent young space professionals in United Nations
• Meet the global leaders in space
• Very cool events and scholarships
• @SGAC | @SCACNL | www.spacegeneration.org

53. Thank You!
@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 53
Please follow me at:
@timmermansr
@TravelsInOrbit
@WorldSpaceWeek
@NVR_Ruimtevaart