Introduction
Global Trends and Changes shaping the future of K-12 Education with online learning as mainstream, blended learning and education systems Shift.
Latest Global Educational Management Trends
New Definitions of Success
1.Rethinking Measurements
2. Student-Centered Environments
3. Personalized Professional Development
4. Managing Change
5. Data Informed Decisions + World-Class Standards
6. Balanced Approaches: Asking To What End
7. Programming, Robotics and the Maker Movement
8. Neuroscience, Youth Development Research and how Kids Learn Best
9. Mobile Learning
10. Cloud Computing
Recent Trends in K-12 Education
1.The Use of the Internet and Social Media as a Teaching Tool
2.Students Teaching Teachers
3.Paying Close Attention to Each Students' Needs
4. Better Assessment Methods
5. Personalized Learning Experiences
6. Flipped Learning
7. Cloud Technologies
8. Gamification
Goal / Purpose
To equip teachers to digitally empower diverse learners to connect, communicate and collaborate by creating a rich environment indulging technology in the classroom to help them evolve.
To facilitate learning in a more impactful manner by integrating technology to help make the world a smaller place with interaction beyond the classroom and classmate to virtual trips and multi-region and multi-nation interactivity to commence projects and work.
Methodology
Bridging the range of project-based learning opportunities within “phenomenon-based” curriculum redesign, relevant and meaningful to students and their communities by:-
- giving flexibility to redesign student centered learning in a more flexible K-12 education and aligning to the system to set high expectations and close achievement gaps.
- rethinking accountability for new learning models to
modernize educators and leadership development to
implement personalized learning and invest in research
on the digital equity gap.
2. Principal Consultant for Lean Management.
Certified ‘Train the Trainer’ & Kaizen
Specialist with 30 over years working
experience.
An Innovative Engineer that innovates by
Recycling & Reusing Idle resources to
promote Green.
Founder of Tim’s Waterfuel an alternative
fuel supplement using Water to add power
& reduce Co2 emission on automobiles.
Rode 24 Countries, 18,290km, 4 months 11
days 6 3/4 hrs from Malaysia to London on
just a 125 cc Honda Wave Motorbike.
Timothy Wooi
Add: 20C, Taman Bahagia, 06000,
Jitra, Kedah
Email: timothywooi2@gmail.com
H/p: 019 4514007 (Malaysia)
4. New Definitions of Success
1.Rethinking Measurements
2. Student-Centered Environments
3. Personalized Professional Development
4. Managing Change
5. Data Informed Decisions + World-Class Standards
6. Balanced Approaches: Asking To What End
7. Programming, Robotics and the Maker Movement
8. Neuroscience, Youth Development Research and how
Kids Learn Best
9. Mobile Learning
10. Cloud Computing
Course OutlineCourse Outline
Introduction
Global Trends and Changes shaping the future of K-12 Education with
online learning as mainstream, blended learning and education
systems Shift.
Latest Global Educational Management Trends
5. 1.The Use of the Internet and Social
Media as a Teaching Tool
2.Students Teaching Teachers
3.Paying Close Attention to Each
Students' Needs
4. Better Assessment Methods
5. Personalized Learning Experiences
6. Flipped Learning
7. Cloud Technologies
8. Gamification
Course OutlineCourse Outline
Recent Trends in K-12 Education
As our education system eventually become mainstream in the
classroom , finding the most effective ways to help students succeed in
school – all in the face of tighter budgets and larger classroom sizes.
6. To equip teachers to digitally empower diverse
learners to connect, communicate and collaborate by
creating a rich environment indulging technology in
the classroom to help them evolve.
To facilitate learning in a more impactful manner by
integrating technology to help make the world a
smaller place with interaction beyond the classroom
and classmate to virtual trips and multi-region and
multi-nation interactivity to commence projects and
work.
Goal / Purpose
7. - giving flexibility to redesign student centered learning in a
more flexible K-12 education and aligning to the system to
set high expectations and close achievement gaps.
Bridging the range of project-based learning
opportunities within “phenomenon-based” curriculum
redesign, relevant and meaningful to students and their
communities by:-
- rethinking accountability for new learning models to
modernize educators and leadership development to
implement personalized learning and invest in research
on the digital equity gap.
8. Online learning will hit the mainstream as K-12 education
systems leverage technology to increase access to
educational opportunities and seek improved equity.
Blended learning continues
to dramatically change
instructional models by
providing real-time, data-
driven instruction and
opening up multiple
pathways for students to
learn.
9. However, the biggest shift will be driven by education
systems moving toward personalization for each
student’s unique needs, interests, passions and
competency-based pathways.
Redefining success for
students takes center stage
as education leaders and
practitioners ask communities
‘what a meaningful high
school diploma looks like’ for
students and the workforce
11. New Definitions of Success
New Definitions of Success-including knowledge, skills,
social emotional intelligence and important dispositions for
future success.
This requires
rethinking the
importance of
student work
evidence,
bridging informal
and formal
learning, student
exhibitions and
portfolios.
12. Emotional Intelligence refers to a set of emotional and
social skills and competencies that influence the way
we perceive and express ourselves;
develop and maintain social
relationships; cope with
challenges; and use the
information in emotions in
effective and meaningful
ways.
Emotional Intelligence in New Definition of Success
13. Educators and community leaders work together to
bridge the range of meaningful project-based learning
opportunities across education and communities
within,..
“phenomenon-based”
curriculum redesign,
which is relevant and
meaningful to students
and their communities.
New Definitions of Success
14. “Phenomenon-based” Learning (PhenoBL)
In PhenoBL, holistic real-world phenomena provide
the starting point for learning.
The phenomena are studied
as complete entities, in their
real context, and the
information and skills related
to them are studied by
crossing the boundaries
between subjects.
15. The starting point differs
from the traditional school
culture divided into subjects,
where the things studied are
often split into relatively
small, separate parts
(decontextualisation).
Phenomena are holistic topics like human, media
and technology, water or energy.
16. 1. Rethinking Measurements
Education systems begin to rethink addressing every
student’s needs upon entry and benchmarking, as well
as taking gateway measurements and exit exams more
aligned to student needs.
Systems realize they need
to design around “not yet
proficient” students at every
step of an academic career,
while offering stronger
student supports and
educator supports in
reaching success.
17. This drives the need for systemic changes that
cross between education, social services and
greater connectivism to communities’ needs.
New definitions of student
success, including a broader
conceptualization of evidence
of student mastery, to include;
project-based learning with
student exhibitions and
redefining what success
looks like at graduation.
18. Take 5!
Have you ever attended a Seminar and seen
groups of teachers leave in the middle?
It's painful to watch, yet completely understandable.
Often, they leave because the session was not what
they expected.
19. Student-Centered Learning: It Starts With the Teacher
Question:
When teachers and/or administrators attend learning
experiences, what is the one non-negotiable
expectation - without which the session failed?
Answer:
Leaving with skills and
strategies that can be
used immediately to
impact instruction and
work-related
responsibilities.
20. Achieving this goal means understanding what the
participants value, and engaging them in those areas.
Effective professional development caters to what
teachers think will help them become more effective.
Likewise the students. The
learners may not be allowed to
leave the classroom when the
instruction doesn't involve
them, but there are many other
ways that they check out.
21. Student-centered classrooms include students in
planning, implementation, and assessments. Involving
the learners in these decisions will place more work on
them, which can be a good thing.
2. Student-Centered Environments (SCE)
Teachers must become
comfortable with changing
their leadership style from
directive to consultative --
from "Do as I say" to "Based
on your needs, let's co-
develop and implement a
plan of action.“
22. While content increases in
complexity, the school
environment does not change
dramatically. Students
experience math, science,
English, and history, plus other
subjects, and interact with
education experts (teachers).
Give students the chance to take charge of activities,
even when they may not quite have all the content skills.
Believe in Students' Capacity to Lead
23. Design, creativity, entrepreneurship, performance and
innovation combine to foster some of the most
student-centered educational environments.
This will empower
students with voice and
choice in how they
learn, showing work on
what they have learned
and providing powerful,
personalized learning
experiences.
24. Personalized Professional Development managing
change and their own PD every day,…
The old models of
professional development for
attending seminars selected
by administrators on certain
days is quickly becoming
outdated.
Teachers are now learning on the go, in real-time,
every day and situated in context.
3. Personalized Professional Development
25. “micro-credentialing” their
informal and formal learning,
much in the same way
students do in next-gen
learning models that are
highly personalized.
The shift for educator roles in next-gen learning models
requires some fundamental shifts in professional
development models, where teachers are co-designing
their own PD in real-time and…
26. To learn more about micro-credentialing, see Getting
Smart’s podcast below:
“Rethinking
Educator
Professional
Development
with Micro-
Credentials.
27. Micro-credentialing of the knowledge, skills and abilities
developed will have long-term implications for teacher
licensure and certification in the next decade.
28. Personalized Professional Development means
identifying learning goals, how they will learn, what they
will learn and when they will learn,-
-including a combination of
blended, online learning,
service-based learning
and active workshops that
are more hands-on in
making the changes
happen.
29. Education leaders are managing change at a frenzied pace
(along with the rest of society’s leaders).
4. Managing Change
K-12 education environments
are designed for slow reaction
to change, but as the world
changes and becomes a place
that requires constant
innovation -so must our
leaders take on roles for
managing change for
continuous improvement.
30. “Innovation in education should be defined as
making it easier for teachers and students to do
the things THEY want to do.
These are the innovations that succeed, scale
and sustain.”
– Rob Abel, USA
31. 5. Data Informed Decisions + World-Class
Standards
This creates a foundation and blueprint for new
conceptions of student mastery as evidence moves
beyond simple annual data points,-
to assessment of student
readiness for next levels of
learning,
evidence and student work,
college and career readiness
and
navigating life toward
leadership and active
citizenship..
32. Data poverty in K-12 education from the 1990s and
2000s, built a foundation for conversations around
reform based on standards-based education.
33. Standards still matter to achieve world-class,
internationally-benchmarked levels of learning but
academics, skills and knowledge come together in new
ways to support whole child development.
I repeat: world-
class standards
are critical for
ensuring equity.
34. Input models of quality and accreditation are re-
examined as evidence builds data-rich environments;
6. Balanced Approaches: Asking To What End
for exploring multiple
measures of student
outcomes and continuous
improvement of systems
using “balanced scorecard”
approaches to ensure
quality.
35. The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and
management system that is used extensively in
business and industry, government, and nonprofit
organizations worldwide
to align business
activities to the
vision and strategy
of the organization,
improve internal and
external
communications,
and monitor
organization ...
36. System designs shift to ask whether students are
getting what they need in real time.
This shift works to align
our systems to ensure
our youth are being
prepared for the jobs
that emerge in the
future, especially around
design, innovation,
robotics and new fields
leveraging technology.
37. 7. Programming, Robotics and the Maker
Movement
The combination of the maker movement with robotics
is important to foster innovation hubs in cities, as well
as…
…much-needed,
relevant educational
experiences in K-12
which include coding
and programming.
38. 7. Programming, Robotics and the Maker
Movement
Programming and
innovative designs
can and will change
the world.
From Richmond, Virginia to Silicon Valley—the ability to
code is taking on an unprecedented level of importance.
39. Schools are being designed with programming as a
new language that students must know.
Whether it is built upon an
hour of coding, maker
challenges, and robotics
competitions, students
need important
programming and coding
skills to succeed in a
digital economy.
40. Too often Instructional design models don’t focus on
starting with the research on how students learn best.
What goes on when students actually learn?
8. Neuroscience, Youth Development Research
and How Kids Learn Best
Question:
How do we design new
models that build upon
the research for how
students learn best?
41. …the research for
youth development
theory and
neuroscience in the
design from the
inception of planning
and shaping new
learning models.
Answer:
An important trend will be to shape the conversation
on innovation and new learning models based on…
42. Instructional Design:
"the science and art of creating detailed specifications for
the development, evaluation and maintenance of
situations which facilitate learning and performance" –
Richey, Klein & Tracey, The Instructional Design Knowledge Base: Theory,
Research, and Practice, 2011, p. 3
In simpler terms,
instructional design is:
Designing instruction that
is based on the research
of how people learn.
43. Knowing when to use particular instructional strategies
in the course of a learning event.
Identifying what tools are
best suited to meet a
learning goal
Identifying where problems
may arise in the
implementation of instruction
Knowing why instruction
is/was effective or ineffective
Instructional design:
44. Neuroscience and the Importance of PSHE
The development of
neuroscience, and the
evidence of how the brain
develops in adolescence,
adds a strong case for the
teaching of Personal Social
Health Education (PSHE) in
both primary and secondary
schools.
It’s not very often that neuroscience and PSHE are placed
in the same sentence but it’s time to remedy that.
45. Neuroscience and the Importance of PSHE
There’s still an unhealthy scepticism about neuroscience.
It’s in its infancy as far as scientific discovery – if
compared with Newton’s Theory of Gravity or Einstein’s
Theory of Relativity,
– but this doesn’t make it
implausible or something that
should be dismissed or
ignored, and that is
particularly so when we think
of the type of education we
are providing for our young
people.
46.
47. As devices become more ubiquitous, mobile learning for
students and adults will support anywhere, anytime
access to learning opportunities and open multiple
pathways to learning.
9. Mobile Learning
Mobile learning is
growing faster than
ever globally. The
instructional design of
mobile learning
requires that learning
become more modular,
contextual, and...
48. Powerful tools are
needed to ensure
learners can connect,
collaborate and
communicate effectively
in an academic setting
on the go.
“bite-sized” to provide flexibility and clear outcomes
before moving to the next level of learning.
49. Although software application service models have
been around for more than 30 years, the advent of
tools such as Google provides for educators and,..
10. Cloud Computing
…cloud computing is rapidly
changing the field and
models for deploying and
leveraging technology in
academic institutions and
K-12 learning environments.
Hosting is remote.
51. He was a character in
a Washington Irving short story
who went to sleep before the
American War of Independence
and woke up twenty years later
in an independent US A.
Near to the town, in a small cottage, lived Rip Van Winkle,
known to all as a harmless, drinking, shiftless lout, who never
would work, but roamed about, always ready with jest and
song-Idling, tippling all day long.
He went to sleep to run away
from his nagging wife, and woke
up to find that his wife had died,...
52. Recent Trends in K-12 Education
Rip van Winkle has just woken up from his 100 year slumber
and stares in amazement about how much everything has
changed in the time that he was asleep,
He almost did not recognize
anything, until he went into a
classroom.
Rip van Winkle recognized
immediately that it was a
classroom because nothing
much has changed in the
K-12 educational system
since he fell asleep in 1906.
53. Recent Trends in K-12 Education
Thankfully, educators are starting to change with the
times.
The trend in K-12 education
these days is that learning
institutions should try their
best to keep up with the
recent advances in
technology to better teach
their students.
54. The computer and the internet's evolution these past
few years have been staggeringly fast. A computer
that used to fill an entire building in 1965 has about the
same computing power as a modern-day smart phone.
Most of the popular forms of
media like TV, radio, and print
are slowly being nudged from
their pedestal by the internet.
Everything seems to have
changed drastically these
years, and this includes the
K-12 education system.
56. Over the years, we have seen trends in education come
and go.
The best innovations in our
education system eventually
become mainstream in the
classroom as teachers and
school boards grapple with
finding the most effective
ways to help students
succeed in school,
– all in the face of tighter budgets and larger classroom
sizes.
57. Necessity however is said to be the mother of
invention – and we couldn’t be more excited about
the following trends we expect to see.
Here are some of the
more recent trends in
K-12 education today:
58. 1.The Use of the Internet and Social
Media as a Teaching Tool
2.How the Condition of Educational
Facilities Affect Performance
3.Students Teaching Teachers
4.Paying Close Attention to Each
Students' Needs
5. Better Assessment Methods
6. Personalized Learning Experiences
7. Flipped Learning
8. Cloud Technologies
9. Gamification
Recent Trends in K-12 Education
59. All students these days know how to use a computer
and the internet, and most of them are using social
media networks to share their thoughts and to support
each other.
1.The Use of the Internet and Social Media as a Teaching
Tool
Educators these days must
know how to harness the
power of the internet and
social media to get in touch
with their students, and hear
their thoughts.
60. Basically the better the building's condition, the better
the students and their teachers perform.
2. How the Condition of Educational Facilities Affect
Performance
There was a survey done with
different schools in the US as
subjects, they sought to find
out just how much of an
impact a school building's
condition and facilities affect
the students and teachers.
61. And even the behavior of the teachers and how well
they instruct their students seem to increase along with
improvements in the school.
Some results point out that better facilities led to less
truancy, smoking, and substance abuse in the
students.
It was also determined
that with better school
buildings test scores
rose up significantly.
62. Students perform better when they have the opportunity to
tell their teachers what things in the classroom needs
improvement.
3.Students Teaching Teachers
Contrary to the old belief that
students are too young to know
what they need, K-12 education
systems now give the students
the opportunity to give pointers
to their teachers on how they
can better deliver their lessons
so that the students can
understand.
63. It was also found that giving the students the chance
in contributing and even revising the classroom rules
actually make the students abide to them;..
..it gives them the
feeling that they
actually have a say
on what goes in the
classroom.
Students tend to follow the class rules now since they
had a role in making the rules and regulations.
64. Educators are not looking at their class as a collective;
they see them as different individuals with different
needs, which is why some students lag behind the
others when it comes to the lectures.
4. Paying Close Attention to Each Students' Needs
Educators can help these
students keep up by giving
them personalized
attention that show the
educational system in the
country is improving and no
longer stagnant.
65. Before you can properly help a student learn, it is best
to know their exact areas of strength and weakness.
The old style of pen and paper testing can only do so
much.
5. Better Assessment Methods
Data driven, web-
connected testing
methods are opening up
more range and flexibility
in how we assess our
students.
66. With more advanced assessment tools, comes the
opportunity for teachers to better understand individual
learning styles and develop more effective learning
plans.
6. Personalized Learning Experiences
While tailoring lessons to
individual styles will certainly
be a challenge in a class of
30 or more students,
small steps are being made
in this area which could lead
to more significant changes
down the road.
67. Traditional education set up in which students listen to
lectures in the classroom and then go home to complete
an assignment or homework on that lecture.
7. Flipped Learning
The trend of flipped
learning is literally turning
that model on its head.
Students watched lectures
online at home on their
own pace, communicating
with peers and teachers
via online discussion.
68. They complete the assignments that would have
traditionally been their “homework.” in the classroom the
next day,
1st, it allows the teacher to
be present and provide
feedback, and
2nd
, it allows students to
collaborate – which will be
an essential skill when they
enter the workforce.
There are two main
advantages of this strategy.
69. The classroom is no longer the only place where
students and teachers can collaborate.
8. Cloud Technologies
More and more
classrooms are also
adopting the use of
cloud technologies
which allow regular
interaction between
learners and educators.
70. 8. Cloud Technologies
and possibly prove
beneficial to some who
may not always feel
comfortable raising
their hand in class..
This freer and more open dialogue will undoubtedly
help some students feel more connected to their
learning environment,
71. Using games as a tool to motivate students and
encourage learning is nothing new, but it has seen
exponential growth in recent years due to the rise of
technology such as smartphones, Apple watches and
other interactive devices.
9. Gamification
By applying gaming principles
to school coursework, some
experts say that a student’s
motivation to learn can be
boosted by a phenomenal
90%.
72. By making learning an active activity rather than a
passive one, interest, memory and motivation are all
dramatically improved.
These trends that we
expect to see really take
off in the upcoming year,
have the potential to
revolutionize our
education system.
2016 will truly be an exciting time for both students
and educators.
74. List down what have you learned from this training
on Latest Global School Management Trends that
you can practice and apply at your School.
and
Discuss this tomorrow
during the Reflection
session.
What are the expected Results /Outcomes of this
application?
School Performance (quality of instruction )
Students Achievements (equity in areas of student participation including the poorest sector society)
gives states flexibility to redesign assessments for student centered learning, to rethink accountability for new learning models, and to modernize educator and leadership development. It also provides funding to states and districts to implement personalized learning and invests in research on the digital equity gap.
In Phenomenon Based Learning (PhenoBL) and teaching, holistic real-world phenomena provide the starting point for learning. The phenomena are studied as complete entities, in their real context, and the information and skills related to them are studied by crossing the boundaries between subjects. Phenomena are holistic topics like human, European Union, media and technology, water or energy.The starting point differs from the traditional school culture divided into subjects, where the things studied are often split into relatively small, separate parts (decontextualisation).
Phenomenon-based structure in a curriculum also actively creates better opportunities for integrating different subjects and themes as well as the systematic use of pedagogically meaningful methods, such as inquiry learning, problem-based learning, project learning and portfolios. The phenomenon-based approach is also key in the versatile utilisation of different learning environments (e.g. in diversifying and enriching learning while using eLearning environments).
Phenomenon-based structure in a curriculum also actively creates better opportunities for integrating different subjects and themes as well as the systematic use of pedagogically meaningful methods, such as inquiry learning, problem-based learning, project learning and portfolios. The phenomenon-based approach is also key in the versatile utilisation of different learning environments (e.g. in diversifying and enriching learning while using eLearning environments).
Phenomenon-based structure in a curriculum also actively creates better opportunities for integrating different subjects and themes as well as the systematic use of pedagogically meaningful methods, such as inquiry learning, problem-based learning, project learning and portfolios. The phenomenon-based approach is also key in the versatile utilisation of different learning environments (e.g. in diversifying and enriching learning while using eLearning environments).
The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used extensively in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization ...
The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used extensively in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization ...
School-based management (SBM) is the decentralization of levels of authority to the school level. Responsibility and decision-making over school operations is transferred to principals, teachers, parents, sometimes students, and other school community members. The school-level actors, however, have to conform to, or operate, within a set of centrally determined policies.
SBM programs take on many different forms, both in terms of who has the power to make decisions as well as the degree of decision-making devolved to the school level. While some programs transfer authority to principals or teachers only, others encourage or mandate parental and community participation, often in school committees (sometimes known as school councils). In general, SBM programs transfer authority over one or more of the following activities: budget allocation, hiring and firing of teachers and other school staff, curriculum development, textbook and other educational material procurement, infrastructure improvement, setting the school calendar to better meet the specific needs of the local community, and monitoring and evaluation of teacher performance and student learning outcomes. SBM also includes school-development plans, school grants, and sometimes information dissemination of educational results (otherwise known as ‘report cards’).
Starting in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, SBM programs have been implemented and are currently being developed in a number of countries, including Hong Kong (China). The majority of the SBM projects in the current World Bank portfolio are in Latin American and South Asian countries, including Argentina, Bangladesh, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Mexico, and Sri Lanka. There are also two Bank-supported SBM projects in Europe and Central Asia (in FYR Macedonia and in Serbia and Montenegro), and one each in East Asia and the Pacific (the Philippines), the Middle East and North Africa (Lebanon), and Sub-Saharan Africa (Lesotho). Other projects and programs have been introduced more recently in Madagascar, the Gambia, and Senegal.
Why is school-based management important?
Advocates of SBM assert that it should improve educational outcomes for a number of reasons. First, it improves accountability of principals and teachers to students, parents and teachers. Accountability mechanisms that put people at the center of service provision can go a long way in making services work and improving outcomes by facilitating participation in service delivery, as noted in the World Bank’s 2004 World Development Report, Making Services Work for Poor People. Second, it allows local decision-makers to determine the appropriate mix of inputs and education policies adapted to local realities and needs.
Impact of school-based management
Evaluations of SBM programs offer mixed evidence of impacts. Nicaragua’s Autonomous School Program gives school-site councils – comprised of teachers, students and a voting majority of parents – authority to determine how 100 percent of school resources are allocated and authority to hire and fire principals, a privilege that few other school councils in Latin America enjoy. Two evaluations found that the number of decisions made at the school level contributed to better test scores (King and Ozler 1998; Ozler 2001). Mexico’s compensatory education program provides extra resources to disadvantaged rural primary schools and all indigenous schools, thus increasing the supply of education. However, the compensatory package has several components. If one breaks the intervention up in its multiple components, then it is shown that empowering parent associations seems to have a substantial effect in improving educational outcomes, even when controlling for the presence of beneficiaries of Mexico’s large and successful conditional cash transfer program (Oportunidades, formerly Progressa). This is strong evidence of the positive effects of decentralizing education to the lower levels (Gertler, Patrinos and Rubio forthcoming). Various evaluations of SBM programs in the United States have found evidence of decreased dropout and student suspension rates but no impact on test scores.
Capture the view of the school facilities and their use through the eyes of the daily users, both students and staff.