Noticias acerca de la reparación del material genético.

1. Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking and Tracking DNA helps
scientists trace origins of genetic errors
TOMÁS CORREA GAVIRIA
Medical student
3RD SEMESTER

2. Teacher : Lina Martinez
February
23/2015
Tomás Correa Gaviria
Molecular Biology
3rd Semester
• Damaged DNA amplified by
activities such as smoking
• Tracking DNA helps scientists
trace origins of genetic errors
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Journal Reference: Laura A. Wyss, Arman
Nilforoushan, Fritz Eichenseher, Ursina
Suter, Nina Blatter, Andreas Marx, Shana J.
Sturla. Specific Incorporation of an
Artificial Nucleotide Opposite a Mutagenic
DNA Adduct by a DNA Polymerase. Journal
of the American Chemical Society, 2015;
137 (1): 30 DOI: 10.1021/ja5100542
• ETH Zurich. "Damaged DNA
amplified by activities such as
smoking." ScienceDaily.
ScienceDaily, 15 January 2015.
<www.sciencedaily.com/release
s/2015/01/150115102833.htm>.
• Journal Reference:Martin A. M.
Reijns, Harriet Kemp, James Ding,
Sophie Marion de Procé, Andrew P.
Jackson, Martin S. Taylor. Lagging-
strand replication shapes the
mutational landscape of the
genome. Nature, 2015;
DOI: 10.1038/nature14183
• University of Edinburgh.
"Tracking DNA helps scientists
trace origins of genetic errors."
ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27
January 2015.
<www.sciencedaily.com/release
s/2015/01/150127111416.htm>.
MEDICAL UTILITY
Learn how Smoking tobacco
and consuming foods such as
cured meats, induce chemical
changes in a sequence of
DNA, that leads to genetics
mutations. And how scientist
can amplify genes even when
adducts are present to find
mutations on the DNA
sequence
Learn that the sequences of
DNA have a series of scaffolds
that leads to mutations on the
DNA sequence and how this
knowledge can help scientist
to understand different
diseases produce by
mutations and how they can
be treated.

3. Damaged DNA
amplified by activities
such as smoking
Smoking tobacco and consuming foods such as
cured meats, induce chemical changes to
individual building blocks of DNA, that leads to
genetics mutations. This is because the contents
of these materials can chemically react with and
change building blocks of cellular DNA, thereby
creating DNA adducts.
Scientist have been able to determinate the
samples of DNA that contain adducts and how
many are they. However this procedure its
laborious and finding the specific place where
the adducts are have not been possible.
Researchers from the team led by Shana Sturla
,had focused their attention to an adduct called
O-6-benzylguanine. They recreate an enzyme
reaction in a test tube to obtain a negative copy
of the genetic material that contains the O-6-
benzylguanine. The DNA is replicated naturally in
cells but it can not replicate adducts, that’s why
the researchers had to create several derivate of
DNA building blocks to find a match , finally one
sample was suitable as a counterpart to the
alkylguanine.
Thanks to Shana Sturla and the researches,
scientist now should be able to find artificial
counterparts to other adducts using the same
method.
Comment: This Study its important because now
scientist can amplified their sequences more
easily, and detect those parts of the DNA that
have alerted gens and work faster to solve this
problems.
Tracking DNA helps
scientists trace origins of
genetic errors
DNA has several copying enzymes called
polymerases that are involved on its
replication. One polymerase first makes
short stretches of DNA that act as a scaffold
(that has a lot of errors) so that the other
copying enzymes can then replicate the
remaining DNA. A significant fraction (1.5
percent) of the scaffold is left on the
sequence of DNA. This scaffold lead to
genetic disease, alter susceptibility to
common diseases or contribute to the
development of cancer because it destroy
the regulatory switches of the DNA.
The researchers hope that this knowledge
will aid in the hunt for disease causing
mutations, particularly in the difficult to
interpret regions of the genome that do not
code for proteins.
Comment: This Study its important
because it gave the scientist a shed light of
how this scaffold work and to understand
how our DNA its likely to have a lot of
mutations, so they can aid to find diseases
caused by this mutations.
INTRODUCTION
In this Brouchure wil be shown the
significant relatioship between the
Molecular biology and the medicine, and
how the Molecular biology helps to
develop new methods to treat and find
mutations on the DNA.
The first new its about how the DNA its
amplified by activities such as smoking
and how scientist can amplified the
sequences of DNA to detect those parts of
the DNA that conteins mutations.
The second new its about how the DNA
conteins a series of scaffolds that leads to
mutations on the sequence of DNA and
how they are related to Diseases caused
by mutations.

4. INTRODUCTION
Scientists have focused their attention on the study of
the DNA, for this they have create a lot of new methods
to study it´s structure and how the changes of it
produce mutations that induce numerous diseases.
The first study shows how activities such as smoking
and eating crude meet produce changes on the DNA
structure that lead to diseases and how scientist have
develop a method to discover the specific place where
is the mutation.
The second is about how the DNA contain a series of
scaffolds ( peaces of DNA that contain mistakes) which
are use on the raplication proces and how a 1,5 percent
of this scaffolds isn´t isolated from the DNA sequence,
and how this remaining structures induce mutations
and disseases.

5. Damaged DNA
amplified by activities
such as smoking
Damaged DNA amplified by activities
such as smoking
23 Februay, 2015
DNA replication is the process of producing two identical
replicas from one original DNA molecule. This biological process
occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological
inheritance. DNA is made up of two strands and each strand of
the original DNA molecule serves as a template for the
production of the complementary strand, a process referred to
as semiconservative replication. Cellular proofreading and
error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA
replication

6. Damaged DNA amplified by activities
such as smoking
23 Februay, 2015
Activities such as Smoking tobacco and
consuming foods like cured meats
Induce chemical changes to
individual building blocks of DNA,
that leads to genetics mutations
Creating DNA adducts, which are forms
of DNA that results from the expocition
to carcinogenic materials

7. Damaged DNA amplified by activities
such as smoking
23 Februay, 2015
DNA adducts can not be normally replicated in the DNA replication process.
Researchers from the team led by Shana Sturla ,had focused their attention to
an adduct called O-6-benzylguanine
Researchers had to make a lot of building blocks of DNA in order
to find a suitable counterpart for the O-6-benzylguanin
Finally they were able to produce a DNA chain that
contain the counterpart of the O-6-benzylguanin

8. Damaged DNA amplified by activities
such as smoking
23 Februay, 2015
The aim of the work was that it is possible
to amplify genes even when there are
adducts present on the sequence of DNA,
this means that alterd genes could be
amplified in the future so it will be esay to
find the specific region where is a mutation.

9. Damaged DNA amplified by activities
such as smoking
23 Februay, 2015
Student Obsevation
This Study its important because
now scientist can amplified their
sequences more easily, and detect
those parts of the DNA that have
alerted gens and work faster to
solve this problems.

10. 23 Februay, 2015
Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of
genetic errors
Tracking DNA helps
scientists trace origins of
genetic errors
DNA has several copying enzymes called
polymerases that are involved on its
replication. One polymerase first makes
short stretches of DNA that act as a scaffold
(that has a lot of errors) so that the other
copying enzymes can then replicate the
remaining DNA. A significant fraction (1.5
percent) of the scaffold is left on the
sequence of DNA. This scaffold lead to
genetic disease, alter susceptibility to
common diseases or contribute to the
development of cancer because it destroy
the regulatory switches of the DNA.
The researchers hope that this knowledge
will aid in the hunt for disease causing
mutations, particularly in the difficult to
interpret regions of the genome that do not
code for proteins.
Comment: This Study its important
because it gave the scientist a shed light of
how this scaffold work and to understand
how our DNA its likely to have a lot of
mutations, so they can aid to find diseases
caused by this mutations.
Scaffolds are short sequences of DNA that
are used to be the bases in order to create a
new DNA chain, other copy enzymes
replicate the reamining DNA of the new
chain.
A significant fraction ( up to 1.5 per cent) of
the scaffolds are not remove from the DNA
chain, this induce to mutations.

11. 23 Februay, 2015
Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of
genetic errors
This remaining scaffolds tend to be in important regultory switchwes
that often control when genes are switched on and off.
Mistakes in these crucial genetic
sequences can change and destroy the
regulatory switch
Which can lead to genetic diseases, alter
suceptibility to common diseases or contribute
to the development of cancer

12. 23 Februay, 2015
Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of
genetic errors
The study has revealed that some of the
genetic switches that control when genes are
actives are likely to be hotspots for DNA flaws,
or mutations, to develop

13. 23 Februay, 2015
Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of
genetic errors
The researchers hope that this knowledge will
help them to find those regions of the DNA
that have the mutations which are causing
diseases , particularly in the difficult to
interpret regions of the genome that do not
code for proteins.

14. 23 Februay, 2015
Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of
genetic errors
Student Obsevation
This Study its important because it gave
the scientist a shed light of how this
scaffold work and to understand how
our DNA its likely to have a lot of
mutations, so they can aid to find
diseases caused by this mutations.

15. MEDICAL UTILITY
Learn how Smoking tobacco and
consuming foods such as cured meats,
induce chemical changes in a sequence
of DNA, that leads to genetics
mutations. And how scientist can
amplify genes even when adducts are
present to find

16. MEDICAL UTILITY
Help scientist to make a detailed
analysis of the molecular mechanisms
that triggers cancer and it´s
corresponding factors.

17. MEDICAL UTILITY
Learn that the sequences of DNA have a
series of scaffolds that leads to
mutations on the DNA sequence and
how this knowledge can help scientist to
understand different diseases produce
by mutations and how they can be
treated.

18. MEDICAL UTILITY
Learn that there are points in our DNA
that are likely to have a rate of
damaging mutations .This was an
unseen pattern that will help the
scientist to have a better understanding
on how ours genetic material is.

19. REFERENCES
• Journal Reference: Laura A. Wyss, Arman Nilforoushan, Fritz Eichenseher, Ursina Suter, Nina
Blatter, Andreas Marx, Shana J. Sturla. Specific Incorporation of an Artificial Nucleotide
Opposite a Mutagenic DNA Adduct by a DNA Polymerase. Journal of the American Chemical
Society, 2015; 137 (1): 30 DOI: 10.1021/ja5100542
• ETH Zurich. "Damaged DNA amplified by activities such as smoking." ScienceDaily.
ScienceDaily, 15 January 2015.
<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150115102833.htm>.
• Journal Reference:Martin A. M. Reijns, Harriet Kemp, James Ding, Sophie Marion de Procé,
Andrew P. Jackson, Martin S. Taylor. Lagging-strand replication shapes the mutational
landscape of the genome. Nature, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/nature14183
• University of Edinburgh. "Tracking DNA helps scientists trace origins of genetic errors."
ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 January 2015.
<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150127111416.htm>.