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Practice Makes Perfect Revisited
       New ways to use practice
     and feedback to build expertise

             CSTD Conference
             November 17, 2011
Practice in the Popular Press




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 2
The Original Research




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 3
© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 4
Practice Makes Perfect (or does it?)

1. What is expertise?
    What truly separates experts from novices?

2. How is expertise developed?
     (Hint: It’s all about the practice)

3. Implications for Training and Development
     How can we use this research to improve our
     effectiveness



© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 5
Agenda

             What is expertise?
             How is expertise developed?
             The new practice
             Implications for the learning professional and
              the training function
             Q&A




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.     Page 6
What Defines An Expert?

                                                        They perceive more
                                                        They know more
                                                        They plan, reflect and adjust more
                                                         quickly
                                                        They use networks more
                                                         effectively
                                                        They draw on tacit knowledge and
                                                         practical intelligence to solve
                                                         problems



© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                              Page 7
The Novices to Expert Progression

                                                               Sees         Part of      Tacit      Informal
                                        intuition             patterns    the system   Knowledge     learning

              Expert
      Proficient
   Competent
     Advanced
      Beginner
             Novice
                                          rules              Considers     Detached      Explicit   Formal
                                                             everything    Observer    knowledge    learning



© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                                                Page 8
The Neuroscience of Expertise




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 9
The Limits of Experts

     Difficulty articulating tacit knowledge
     Expertise blinders
     Individual accounts of expertise are often
      unreliable




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 10
Agenda

             What is expertise?
             How is expertise developed?
             The new practice
             Implications for the learning professional and
              the training function
             Q&A




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.     Page 11
How Expertise is NOT Developed



                                                              Innate     General
             Experience
                                                             abilities   abilities




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                           Page 12
Deliberate Practice

                                                        Years of effortful,
                                                        focused practice on
                                                        authentic tasks in an
                                                        environment of
                                                        continuous feedback
                                                        and support,
                                                        accompanied by self-
                                                        reflection and
                                                        correction




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                      Page 13
Essentials of Deliberate Practice




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 14
Tichy’s Learning Zone


   Deliberate practice is
   demanding and requires
   high levels of focus and
   concentration….

     …but the task must not
     be beyond reach




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 15
Essentials of deliberate practice




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 16
Repetition with Continuous Feedback Avoids
Plateau




                                                             Plateau




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.             Page 17
Essentials of Deliberate Practice




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 18
The 10,000 Hour Rule




                  Deliberate practice X 10,000 hours = Expert performance


© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                  Page 19
10,000 Hours to Expertise….Really?



                                                                                                  Task Variety

                                 Routine                 Technician   Craft       Knowledge
                                  Work                     Work       Work          Work
       Task
  Standardization


                               1,000 hrs.                                          10,000 hrs.


                                Explicit Knowledge                            Tacit Knowledge


                                Formal Learning                               Informal learning




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                                                 Page 20
Essentials of Deliberate Practice




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 21
UPS Driver Training

What elements of deliberate practice do you see?




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 22
Deliberate Practice at Work


                        Performance
                            goal




                           Domain
                          Knowledge

                   Practical Intelligence
                           Tacit
                         Knowledge




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 23
Agenda

             What is expertise?
             How is expertise developed?
             The new practice
             Implications for the learning professional and
              the training function
             Q&A




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.     Page 24
Supporting the Deliberate Practice Cycle


                        Performance
                            goal




                         Domain
                        Knowledge

                   Practical Intelligence
                           Tacit
                         knowledge




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 25
The New Practice

     Action learning
     Cognitive apprenticeship
     Communities of practice
     Simulation
     Feedback in the workflow
     Job assignments with coaching




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 26
Action Learning




         A Problem
         An Action Learning team.
         An action taken on the problem
         A process of guided questioning and reflection
         An Action Learning coach
         Action learning sets


© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 27
Guided Experience in Management
Development


   Experiences
   (from managers)




                              Reflection                       insights
                                                                               Application               Impacts
                                                             and learning
                          (individual/group)                                       (on job)          (on organization)



      Concepts
   (from resources)



                                                                            Adapted from Mintzberg, Managers not MBA’s




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                                                         Page 28
Cognitive Apprenticeship

                                                                Teach novice employees the mental
                                                                 processes experts use to solve
                                                                 complex problems or tasks.

                                                                Targets cognitive and meta-cognitive
                                                                 skills

                                                                Makes thinking and problem-solving
                                                                 processes visible and open to
                                                                 reflection and modification.

                                                                Experts coaches and support novices
                                                                 as they learn solve problems in
                                                                 context

                                                                Scaffolding is a gradual release of
                                                                 support as novices build skill



© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                                         Page 29
Communities of Practice (CoP)


         Community of Practice
         A group of people who share a concern, a set of
         problems, or passion about a topic, and who deepen
         their knowledge and capability for action through
         interacting and collaborating with others in the
         community on an ongoing basis

                    Domain                                         Community                Practice
             The professional field                              The people that        The work of the
             of work and areas of                               participate in the    community. Actions,
             problem solving and                             community and their          knowledge
                  innovation                                 corresponding roles       repositories, and
                                                             (formal and informal)   learning generated in
                                                                                     the course of working




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                                               Page 30
GK Community of Practice




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 31
Informal Learning Assets and CoP




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 32
Simulation

         Surrogate for
          experience
         Embedded in context
         Deliberate practice
          with authentic tasks
         Learning by doing




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 33
Image of our simulation




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 34
© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 35
Feedback in the Workflow




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 36
Developmental Assignments with
Coaching
                                                                Challenge driven
                                                                 assignments
                                                                Action oriented
                                                                Coaching feedback
                                                                Reflection
                                                                Builds tacit knowledge and
                                                                 practical intelligence




© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.                              Page 37
Summary

     Expert performers have highly refined perceptual skills,
      domain knowledge and practical intelligence
     These skills are developed through years of targeted
      and deliberate practice
     The elements of deliberate practice can be supported
      and enhanced by providing resources to support each
      element in the deliberate practice cycle
     The methods transcend the formal/informal learning
      debate
     New methods of practice support learning more
      effectively than learning exercises designed for
      traditional classroom training
© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 38
© 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved.   Page 39

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CSTD 2011 Practice makes perfect revisted

  • 1. Practice Makes Perfect Revisited New ways to use practice and feedback to build expertise CSTD Conference November 17, 2011
  • 2. Practice in the Popular Press © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 2
  • 3. The Original Research © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 3
  • 4. © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 4
  • 5. Practice Makes Perfect (or does it?) 1. What is expertise? What truly separates experts from novices? 2. How is expertise developed? (Hint: It’s all about the practice) 3. Implications for Training and Development How can we use this research to improve our effectiveness © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 5
  • 6. Agenda  What is expertise?  How is expertise developed?  The new practice  Implications for the learning professional and the training function  Q&A © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 6
  • 7. What Defines An Expert?  They perceive more  They know more  They plan, reflect and adjust more quickly  They use networks more effectively  They draw on tacit knowledge and practical intelligence to solve problems © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 7
  • 8. The Novices to Expert Progression Sees Part of Tacit Informal intuition patterns the system Knowledge learning Expert Proficient Competent Advanced Beginner Novice rules Considers Detached Explicit Formal everything Observer knowledge learning © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 8
  • 9. The Neuroscience of Expertise © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 9
  • 10. The Limits of Experts  Difficulty articulating tacit knowledge  Expertise blinders  Individual accounts of expertise are often unreliable © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 10
  • 11. Agenda  What is expertise?  How is expertise developed?  The new practice  Implications for the learning professional and the training function  Q&A © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 11
  • 12. How Expertise is NOT Developed Innate General Experience abilities abilities © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 12
  • 13. Deliberate Practice Years of effortful, focused practice on authentic tasks in an environment of continuous feedback and support, accompanied by self- reflection and correction © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 13
  • 14. Essentials of Deliberate Practice © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 14
  • 15. Tichy’s Learning Zone Deliberate practice is demanding and requires high levels of focus and concentration…. …but the task must not be beyond reach © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 15
  • 16. Essentials of deliberate practice © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 16
  • 17. Repetition with Continuous Feedback Avoids Plateau Plateau © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 17
  • 18. Essentials of Deliberate Practice © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 18
  • 19. The 10,000 Hour Rule Deliberate practice X 10,000 hours = Expert performance © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 19
  • 20. 10,000 Hours to Expertise….Really? Task Variety Routine Technician Craft Knowledge Work Work Work Work Task Standardization 1,000 hrs. 10,000 hrs. Explicit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge Formal Learning Informal learning © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 20
  • 21. Essentials of Deliberate Practice © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 21
  • 22. UPS Driver Training What elements of deliberate practice do you see? © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 22
  • 23. Deliberate Practice at Work Performance goal Domain Knowledge Practical Intelligence Tacit Knowledge © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 23
  • 24. Agenda  What is expertise?  How is expertise developed?  The new practice  Implications for the learning professional and the training function  Q&A © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 24
  • 25. Supporting the Deliberate Practice Cycle Performance goal Domain Knowledge Practical Intelligence Tacit knowledge © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 25
  • 26. The New Practice  Action learning  Cognitive apprenticeship  Communities of practice  Simulation  Feedback in the workflow  Job assignments with coaching © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 26
  • 27. Action Learning  A Problem  An Action Learning team.  An action taken on the problem  A process of guided questioning and reflection  An Action Learning coach  Action learning sets © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 27
  • 28. Guided Experience in Management Development Experiences (from managers) Reflection insights Application Impacts and learning (individual/group) (on job) (on organization) Concepts (from resources) Adapted from Mintzberg, Managers not MBA’s © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 28
  • 29. Cognitive Apprenticeship  Teach novice employees the mental processes experts use to solve complex problems or tasks.  Targets cognitive and meta-cognitive skills  Makes thinking and problem-solving processes visible and open to reflection and modification.  Experts coaches and support novices as they learn solve problems in context  Scaffolding is a gradual release of support as novices build skill © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 29
  • 30. Communities of Practice (CoP) Community of Practice A group of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and capability for action through interacting and collaborating with others in the community on an ongoing basis Domain Community Practice The professional field The people that The work of the of work and areas of participate in the community. Actions, problem solving and community and their knowledge innovation corresponding roles repositories, and (formal and informal) learning generated in the course of working © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 30
  • 31. GK Community of Practice © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 31
  • 32. Informal Learning Assets and CoP © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 32
  • 33. Simulation  Surrogate for experience  Embedded in context  Deliberate practice with authentic tasks  Learning by doing © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 33
  • 34. Image of our simulation © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 34
  • 35. © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 35
  • 36. Feedback in the Workflow © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 36
  • 37. Developmental Assignments with Coaching  Challenge driven assignments  Action oriented  Coaching feedback  Reflection  Builds tacit knowledge and practical intelligence © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 37
  • 38. Summary  Expert performers have highly refined perceptual skills, domain knowledge and practical intelligence  These skills are developed through years of targeted and deliberate practice  The elements of deliberate practice can be supported and enhanced by providing resources to support each element in the deliberate practice cycle  The methods transcend the formal/informal learning debate  New methods of practice support learning more effectively than learning exercises designed for traditional classroom training © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 38
  • 39. © 2010 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. Page 39