On the Survival of Database Frameworks in Java Projects

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Presentation by Mathieu Goeminne at SATTOSE 2015 research seminar of joint research. Abstract: More and more software systems are becoming data-intensive, and require intensive access to a database. We empirically study a large corpus of data-intensive Java projects as well as the database frameworks used in these projects to manage the connection between the source code and the database. We also study how this usage evolves over time. In particular, we study whether certain database frameworks are used simultaneously, whether some database frameworks get replaced over time by others. Using the statistical technique of survival analysis, we study the survival of database frameworks in the Java projects in which they are used, as well as the survival of these projects themselves.

Science

ONTHE USE OF DATABASE
FRAMEWORKS IN JAVA PROJECTS
A LARGE-SCALE HISTORICAL EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Mathieu Goeminne
mathieu.goeminne@umons.ac.be
Tom Mens
tom.mens@umons.ac.be
Software Engineering Lab
Alexandre Decan
alexandre.decan@umons.ac.be

GENERAL CONTEXT
• FNRS interuniversity research collaboration with the University of Namur.
• Study of software systems that use a database.
• Understanding the dynamics, issues and evolution of such systems.
• Need to take into account their speciﬁcities:
• How is their connection managed?
• How do the source code and the database co-evolve?
• How can we assess and increase the quality of such systems?

DATABASE FRAMEWORKS?
.java
.jsp
.php
DBMS
ORM
Connector
Session
manager
Source code DatabaseFrameworks

ONTHIS PRESENTATION
• Focus on database frameworks.
• Empirical study for answering 3 research questions:
• Q1: Which combinations of DB frameworks are being used
simultaneously?
• Q2: How long do DB frameworks ‘survive’ in the projects that use
them?
• Q3: Does the introduction of a DB framework inﬂuence the
survivability of another one?

CASE STUDY
• 20 Java DB frameworks.
• Top 5 retained: JDBC, Spring,
JPA, Vaadin, Hibernate.
• 13,307 Java projects from the
Github Java Corpus (MSR10):
3,707 of them use at least one
retained framework)

SURVIVAL ANALYSIS:
KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATOR
• Estimates the survival
function of a population
• Takes into account right
censoring (the event may
occur after the last
observation)
• Mantel-Haenszel test for
determining if 2 survival
functions differ.

Q1 - Which combinations of DB frameworks are
being used simultaneously?
• In most cases (98%), different
frameworks used in a project are
used in combination.
• JDBC is used as the single DB
framework in 56% of all projects.
• Most projects (83%) using
Hibernate also use JDBC.
Hibernate is almost never (3%)
used alone.
• JDBC used as support for the other
FW, providing unique services?
# projects using X fw vsY fw simultaneously
# projects using X andY simultaneously

Q2 - How long do database frameworks ‘survive’ in the projects?
• If a framework is introduced, it remains in
>45% of all the projects.
• Different trends. After 30 days:
• Hibernate disappears from 11.7% of
projects
• Spring disappears from 3.7% of
projects
• Partial order: JPA and Spring have higher
survival rates than JDBC and Hibernate.
• No clear relation between the order
and the popularity of the considered
frameworks.
Survival functions of top 5 FW according
to Kaplan-Meier estimator
p-values for difference tests of survival
functions

Q3 - Does the introduction of a database framework
inﬂuence the survivability of another one?
• Visually, the introduction of
some frameworks seems to
have a favorable inﬂuence.
• After Bonferroni correction,
no signiﬁcant difference
in the survival
functions… at project level.
• In the future: ﬁle level
analyse.
Survival functions of JDBC with and without Spring

CONCLUSIONS
• Important coexistence
• Especially between JDBC and the other considered DB frameworks.
• JDBC is still often present in projects despite the use frameworks
providing more advanced, higher level services.
• In our study, there is no evidence for competition between frameworks.
• An introduced framework has an ≳45% of chance that it will remain.
• The disappearance of a framework doesn’t seem to be related to the
introduction of an other one.

FUTURE WORK
• Finer granularity: from projects to packages, ﬁles, methods, …
• Analysis of (un)frequently used framework services.
• Looking for evolutionary patterns:
• New frameworks introduced for their unique services?
• Simple SQL queries are replaced by framework services, while
complex queries remain as it?
• Extension to frameworks for less structured databases, NoSQL, etc.

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On the Survival of Database Frameworks in Java Projects

1. ONTHE USE OF DATABASE FRAMEWORKS IN JAVA PROJECTS A LARGE-SCALE HISTORICAL EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Mathieu Goeminne mathieu.goeminne@umons.ac.be Tom Mens tom.mens@umons.ac.be Software Engineering Lab Alexandre Decan alexandre.decan@umons.ac.be

2. GENERAL CONTEXT • FNRS interuniversity research collaboration with the University of Namur. • Study of software systems that use a database. • Understanding the dynamics, issues and evolution of such systems. • Need to take into account their speciﬁcities: • How is their connection managed? • How do the source code and the database co-evolve? • How can we assess and increase the quality of such systems?

3. DATABASE FRAMEWORKS? .java .jsp .php DBMS ORM Connector Session manager Source code DatabaseFrameworks

4. ONTHIS PRESENTATION • Focus on database frameworks. • Empirical study for answering 3 research questions: • Q1: Which combinations of DB frameworks are being used simultaneously? • Q2: How long do DB frameworks ‘survive’ in the projects that use them? • Q3: Does the introduction of a DB framework inﬂuence the survivability of another one?

5. CASE STUDY • 20 Java DB frameworks. • Top 5 retained: JDBC, Spring, JPA, Vaadin, Hibernate. • 13,307 Java projects from the Github Java Corpus (MSR10): 3,707 of them use at least one retained framework)

6. SURVIVAL ANALYSIS: KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATOR • Estimates the survival function of a population • Takes into account right censoring (the event may occur after the last observation) • Mantel-Haenszel test for determining if 2 survival functions differ.

7. Q1 - Which combinations of DB frameworks are being used simultaneously? • In most cases (98%), different frameworks used in a project are used in combination. • JDBC is used as the single DB framework in 56% of all projects. • Most projects (83%) using Hibernate also use JDBC. Hibernate is almost never (3%) used alone. • JDBC used as support for the other FW, providing unique services? # projects using X fw vsY fw simultaneously # projects using X andY simultaneously

8. Q2 - How long do database frameworks ‘survive’ in the projects? • If a framework is introduced, it remains in >45% of all the projects. • Different trends. After 30 days: • Hibernate disappears from 11.7% of projects • Spring disappears from 3.7% of projects • Partial order: JPA and Spring have higher survival rates than JDBC and Hibernate. • No clear relation between the order and the popularity of the considered frameworks. Survival functions of top 5 FW according to Kaplan-Meier estimator p-values for difference tests of survival functions

9. Q3 - Does the introduction of a database framework influence the survivability of another one? • Visually, the introduction of some frameworks seems to have a favorable influence. • After Bonferroni correction, no significant difference in the survival functions… at project level. • In the future: file level analyse. Survival functions of JDBC with and without Spring

10. CONCLUSIONS • Important coexistence • Especially between JDBC and the other considered DB frameworks. • JDBC is still often present in projects despite the use frameworks providing more advanced, higher level services. • In our study, there is no evidence for competition between frameworks. • An introduced framework has an ≳45% of chance that it will remain. • The disappearance of a framework doesn’t seem to be related to the introduction of an other one.

11. FUTURE WORK • Finer granularity: from projects to packages, ﬁles, methods, … • Analysis of (un)frequently used framework services. • Looking for evolutionary patterns: • New frameworks introduced for their unique services? • Simple SQL queries are replaced by framework services, while complex queries remain as it? • Extension to frameworks for less structured databases, NoSQL, etc.

On the Survival of Database Frameworks in Java Projects

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On the Survival of Database Frameworks in Java Projects