1. Shock Dr. Tanuj Paul Bhatia

2. Definition Inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to maintain normal tissue and cellular function.

3. DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS

6. TYPES OF SHOCK Hypovolemic shock Septic shock Cardiogenic shock Neurogenic shock Anaphylactic shock

7. Hypovolaemic shock Most common form seen clinically. Results from depletion of circulating blood volume. This may result from Hemorrhage Plasma loss eg. Burns Loss of ECF eg. Intestinal fistulas, Vomiting Diarrhoea

8. Pathophysiology

9. Autoregulation

10. Other mechanisms Renin from JGA, Angiotensin , Aldosterone from adrenal cortex, Anti-diuretic hormone from pituitary

12. Clinical picture

13. Mild hypovolaemia Deficit <20% of blood volume. Cool, damp extremities. Patient is thirsty. Maybe chilly. UOP and BP are normal in supine position but BP may fall on standing.

14. Moderate hypovolemia Deficit of 20%-40% of blood volume. Cold extremities. Thirst. Chills. Moderate tachycardia. Decreased urine output. BP falls in standing position but may be normal in supine position.

15. Severe hypovolaemia Deficit >40% of blood volume. All above signs. Decreased urinary output. Rapid, thready pulse. Low BP. Restlessness and agitation due to decreased cerebral perfusion.

16. Parameters α competence of circulation Level of cerebral activity. Hourly urine output (normal = 30-50ml/hr in adults). Central venous pressure. Normal range of CVP is 3-5 cm of H2O above the manubriosternal angle.

17. Investigations Baseline investigations. ABG = arterial blood gases (pH,pO2,pCO2) ECG monitoring. Serum electrolytes.

18. Management Aim – to increase cardiac output and tissue perfusion. Plan : 1. Tackle the primary problem eg. Hemorrhage. 2. Adequate fluid replacement. 3. Improving cardiac function with inotropic drugs. 4. Correcting acid base disturbance and electrolyte abnormalities.

20. Glucose should not be used as it may cause diuresis and further depletion of circulating volume.

21. 2 litres of crystalloid are given as fast as possible in sever shock.

22. Severity of shock determines the rate of fluid.

23. CVP acts as a guideline.3. Positioning: elevation of both legs.

24. Classification of hypovolemicShock Class EBLTreatment I <15% (<750ml) Fluids II 15-30% (750-1.5L) Fluids III 30-40% (1.5L-2.0L) Fluids + Blood IV >40% (>2.0L) Fluids + Blood

25. Vasopressor drugs Use of vasopressor drugs not recommended in routine. They raise blood pressure by increasing peripheral vascular resistance  decreasing tissue perfusion. Inotropic drugs like Dopamine and Dobutamine may need to be used to improve cardiac action.

26. Indicators of successful resuscitation Warm skin. Well perfused skin. Urine output 30-60 ml/hr. Alert sensorium.

28. Internal jugular

30. Crystalloids Crystalloids are solutions that contain sodium as the major osmotically active particle. Relatively inexpensive Readily available Useful for : - volume expansion - maintenance infusion - correction of electrolyte disorders

31. Isotonic crystalloids E.g.. Lactated ringer’s solution(RL), 0.9% NaCl(normal saline) Distribute uniformly throughout the ECF. RL mimics ECF and is considered a BALANCED SALT SOLUTION. RL preferred for replacing GI losses and extracellular fluid volume losses. Normal Saline preferred in the presence of hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, or metabolic alkalosis.

32. Other crystalloids Hypertonic saline solutions(e.g. 10%NaCl) : can be used for resuscitation in combination with colloids. BUT, there is more danger of complications like hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, hypokalemia with rapid infusion. Hypotonic saline solutions (e.g. 0.45%NaCL): expand the intravascular compartment by as little as 10% of the volume infused. Not used for resuscitation for the same reason.

33. Colloid solutions Contain high–molecular-weight substances that remain in the intravascular space. Lessens the total amount of fluid needed for resuscitation. Substantially more expensive than crystalloids . Indicated when crystalloids fail to sustain plasma volume because of low colloid osmotic pressure. E.g. Burns. E.g. Dextran, Albumin preperations, Hydroxyethyl starch.

34. Maintenance fluids 100 mL/kg per day for the first 10 kg. 50 mL/kg per day for the second 10 kg. 20 mL/kg per day for each subsequent 10 kg.

35. THANK YOU

36. Glasgow coma score

37. SEPTIC SHOCK

39. Respiratory tract

40. Intestines.

42. Pathophysiology of septic shock ‘ENDOTOXINS’ Bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Part of bacterial cell wall. Released mainly when bacteria die.

43. These lead to :- Activation of complement, fibrinolytic, kinin systems, Activation of platelets and neutrophils. Endovascular injury at microvascular level. Sudden release of vasoactive substances from injured endo. cells . Macrophage stimulation and release of mediators ( IL-6,TNF,Arachidonic acid metabolites) All these further lead to more endovascular damage.

45. Risk factors for septic shock Liver failure, Immune deficiency, Diabetes, Malnutrition, Long term steroid administration, Cytotoxic drugs, Massive bacterial load. E.g. intestinal perforation.

46. MOFS/MODS Multi organ failure/dysfunction syndrome. Mediators from neutrophils act in a non specific fashion, when activated systemically, can produce injury to normal micro-circulation. Features : Stress ulceration, Biochemical signs of liver failure, Lethargy, May progress to coma and later death.

47. Clinical presentation of septic shock EARLY RECOGNITION IS VERY IMPORTANT Chills, Elevated temperature above 101 F, Hyperventilation, Oliguria, Altered sensorium, White blood cell count is raised.

48. Management Shift to ICU, CVP monitoring, Urinary output monitoring, IV fluid infusion : RL@20ml/kg bolus..... further Mx according to CVP. Thorough search of the source of infection. Drain the infective process as soon and when possible.

49. Pulmonary therapy Sepsis endothelial damage to pulmonary capillaries. Pronounced alveolar injury, interstitial oedema and hemorrhage. Treatment is by maintaining controlled airway and an assisted ventilation. Not needed if sepsis is controlled early.

50. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

51. Etiology Massive myocardial infarction Severe valvular heart disease Arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism – right side of heart comes under sudden strain.

52. Pathogenesis

53. Diagnosis Previous history of cardiovascular disease, Distended neck veins, Low BP, Peripheral edema, Enlarged and tender liver, Rales on lung auscultation, ECG signs of ischaemia, Enlarged heart on X Ray.

54. Treatment Opioids to relieve pain and provide sedation. Diuretics, decrease afterload ,alleviate peripheral and pulmonary edema. Inotropic drugs improve cardiac contractility. E.g. dopamine in low doses. Sometimes, Mechanical support to heart with an intra aortic balloon.

55. NEUROGENIC SHOCK

56. Neurogenic shock

57. Pathogenesis

58. Vasovagal or psychogenic shock

60. Treatment of neurogenic shock Volume expansion with crystalloids, Vasoconstrictors are useful. Goal is to increase BP to sustain coronary perfusion. Trendelenburg’s position can be temporarily useful. Short term steroids may also be useful.

61. Anaphylactic shock Known to follow penicillin injection or administration of serum.

62. Treatment of anaphylactic shock Aqueous epinephrine 0.5-1 ml of 1:1000 solution given i.v. Repeat dose may be given in 5-10 minutes. Steroids. O2 administration. Volume expandors and pressor agents.

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