Programming concepts and techniques

Great by: Nguyen Trng Hoàng Email: quanaxiem_lovelytnt@yahoo.com
GiGGGiii¶iiii BBBBμμμμiiii
TTTTËËËËpppp TTTTiiiinnnn
HHHHääääcccc 11111111

Ch−CCChhh−−−¬nnnngggg 1111::::
M
éééétttt ssssèèèè kkkkhhhh¸iiii nnnniiiiÖÖÖÖmmmm vvvvÒÒÒÒ llllËËËËpppp ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh vvvvμμμμ nnnngggg«nnnn nnnngggg÷÷÷÷ llllËËËËpppp ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh
BBBBμμμμiiii ttttËËËËpppp
1. Ngưi ta phi xây dng ngôn ng lap trình bac cao vì
- Ngôn ng lap trình bac cao gân gũi vi t nhiên hơn, thuan tien cho
ñông ño ngưi lap trình.
- Ngôn ng lap trình bac cao nói chung không ph thuoc vào loi máy,
cùng mot chương trình có the thc hien nhiêu máy khác nhau.
- Chương trình viêt bang ngôn ng bac cao de hieu, de hieu chnh và de
nâng câp hơn.
- Ngôn ng lap trình bac cao cho phép làm viec vi nhiêu kieu d lieu và
cách to chc d lieu ña dng, thuan tien cho mô t thuat toán.
2. Chương trình dch là chương trình ñac biet, có chc năng chuyen ñoi
chương trình ñưc viêt trên ngôn ng lap trình bac cao thành chương
trình thc hien ñưc trên máy tính.
3.
- Biên dch: duyet, kiem tra, phát hien loi, xác ñnh chương trình nguôn
có dch ñưc không. Dch toàn bo chương trình nguôn thành mot
chương trình ñích có the thc hien trên máy và có the lưu tr li ñe s!
dng vê sau khi cân.
- Thông dch: lân lưt dch tng câu lenh ra ngôn ng máy rôi thc hiên
ngay câu lenh va dch ñưc hoac thông báo loi nêu không dch ñưc.
4. Các ñiem khác nhau gia tên dành riêng và tên chuan: tên dành riêng
không ñưc dùng khác vi ý nghĩa xác ñnh, tên chuan có the dùng vi
ý nghĩa khác.
5. ðúng: tamgiac, bai5a, xemxonxiu_ngu...
6. C: 6,23® 6.23
E: A20 tên chưa có giá tr
G: 4 + 6 H: ‘C ® ‘C’I: ‘TRUE’ “true” là hang logic.

C
hhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh ®¬nnnn ggggiiii¶nnnn
BBBBμμμμiiii TTTThhhhùùùùcccc HHHHμμμμnnnnhhhh SSSSèèèè 1111
--------------------------------------------------------------------*****--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. S khác nhau gia hang có ñat tên và tên biên: Giá tr ca hang có ñat
tên không thay ñoi khi thc hien chương trình còn giá tr ca biên có
the thay ñoi ti tng thi ñiem thc hien chương trình.
2. Khai báo biên nham nhng mc ñích sau:
- Xác ñnh kieu ca biên. Trình dch se biêt cách to chc ô nh cha giá
tr ca biên.
- ðưa tên biên vào danh sách các ñôi tưng ñưc chương trình qun lí.
- Trình dch biêt cách truy cap giá tr ca biên và áp dng thao tác thích
hp cho biên.
3. integer, real, extended, longint.
4. D
5. C
6. (1+ z) * (x + y / z) /(a -1/(1+ x * x * x * x))
7. a)
2a ; b)
b
abc ; c)
2
b ; d)
ac
b
2 +
a b
8. a)
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm bbbbaaaaiiii8888aaaa;;;;
uuuusssseeeessss ccccrrrrtttt;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr xxxx,,,,yyyy::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
kkkktttt::::bbbboooooooolllleeeeaaaannnn;;;;
bbbbeeeeggggiiiinnnn
ccccllllrrrrssssccccrrrr;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp xxxx:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((xxxx))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp yyyy:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((yyyy))));;;;
kkkktttt::::====ffffaaaallllsssseeee;;;;
iiiiffff ((((((((yyyy1111)))) oooorrrr ((((yyyy====1111)))))))) aaaannnndddd ((((((((yyyyaaaabbbbssss((((xxxx)))))))) oooorrrr ((((yyyy====aaaabbbbssss((((xxxx))))))))))))
tttthhhheeeennnn
kkkktttt::::====ttttrrrruuuueeee;;;;
iiiiffff kkkktttt tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''DDDDiiiieeeemmmm vvvvuuuuaaaa nnnnhhhhaaaapppp tttthhhhuuuuoooocccc pppphhhhaaaannnn ggggaaaacccchhhh
cccchhhheeeeoooo''''))))

else eeelllssseee wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''KKKKhhhhoooonnnngggg tttthhhhuuuuoooocccc''''))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn
eeeennnndddd.
VVVVÝÝÝÝ DDDDôôôô
b)
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm bbbbaaaaiiii8888;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr xxxx,,,,yyyy::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
kkkktttt::::====ffffaaaallllsssseeee;;;;
iiiiffff ((((aaaabbbbssss((((yyyy))))====1111)))) aaaannnndddd ((((aaaabbbbssss((((xxxx))))====1111)))) tttthhhheeeennnn
iiiiffff kkkktttt tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''DDDDiiiieeeemmmm vvvvuuuuaaaa nnnnhhhhaaaapppp tttthhhhuuuuoooocccc pppphhhhaaaannnn ggggaaaacccchhhh
cccchhhheeeeoooo''''))))
eeeellllsssseeee wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''KKKKhhhhoooonnnngggg tttthhhhuuuuoooocccc''''))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
Bài 9.
rrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm bbbbaaaaiiii9999;;;;
ccccoooonnnnsssstttt ppppiiii==== 3333....1111444411116666;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr aaaa,,,,ssss::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
rrrreeeeppppeeeeaaaatttt
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp bbbbaaaannnn kkkkiiiinnnnhhhh dddduuuuoooonnnngggg ttttrrrroooonnnn:::: ''''))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((aaaa))));;;;
iiiiffff aaaa0000 tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp llllaaaaiiii!!!!''''))));;;;
uuuunnnnttttiiiillll aaaa0000;;;;
ssss::::====((((aaaa****aaaa****ppppiiii))))/2222;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''DDDDiiiieeeennnn ttttiiiicccchhhhpppphhhhaaaannnn ggggaaaacccchhhh cccchhhheeeeoooo:::: '''',,,,ssss::::8888::::3333))));;;;

readlrrreeeaaadddlllnnnn
eeeennnndddd.
Bài 10.
ccccoooonnnnsssstttt gggg==== 9999....8888;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr vvvv,,,, hhhh::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ddddoooo ccccaaaaoooo:::: ''''))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((hhhh))));;;;
iiiiffff hhhh0000 tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp llllaaaaiiii!!!!''''))));;;;
uuuunnnnttttiiiillll hhhh0000;;;;
vvvv::::====ssssqqqqrrrrtttt((((2222****gggg****hhhh))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''VVVVaaaannnn ttttoooocccc:::: '''',,,,vvvv::::8888::::3333))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.

C
ÊÊÊÊuuuu ttttrrrróóóócccc rrrrÏÏÏÏ nnnnhhhh¸nnnnhhhh vvvvμμμμ llllÆÆÆÆpppp
--------------------------------------------------------------------*****--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. SGK
2. Câu lenh ghép là mot câu lenh ñưc hp thành t nhiêu câu lenh thành
phân. Câu lenh ghép nham thc hien thao tác gôm nhiêu thao tác thành
phân. Moi thao tác thành phân ng vi mot câu lenh ñơn hoac mot câu l)nh
ghép khác. Câu lenh ghép là mot trong các yêu tô ñe to kh năng chương
trình có câu trúc. Các câu lenh ñat gia begin và end;
Bài 3.
PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm ttttoooonnnngggg1111aaaa;;;;
UUUUsssseeeessss ccccrrrrtttt;;;;
VVVVaaaarrrr SSSS:::: rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
aaaa,,,, NNNN:::: iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp aaaa:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((aaaa))));;;;
SSSS::::====1111....0000/aaaa;;;;
NNNN::::====1111;;;;
WWWWhhhhiiiilllleeee nnnn====111100000000 ddddoooo
BBBBeeeeggggiiiinnnn
SSSS::::====SSSS++++1111....0000/((((aaaa++++NNNN))));;;;
NNNN::::====NNNN++++1111;
EEEEnnnndddd;
WWWWrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''TTTToooonnnngggg SSSS llllaaaa:::: '''',,,,SSSS::::8888::::4444))));;;;
RRRReeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn
EEEEnnnndddd.

Bài 4.
aaaa))))
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm bbbbaaaaiiii4444aaaa;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr xxxx,,,, yyyy,,,, zzzz::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''nnnnhhhhaaaapppp hhhhaaaaiiii ssssoooo xxxx vvvvaaaa yyyy:::: ''''))));;;; rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((xxxx,,,,yyyy))));;;;
iiiiffff xxxx****xxxx++++yyyy****yyyy====1111 tttthhhheeeennnn
zzzz::::====((((xxxx****xxxx++++yyyy****yyyy))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''ttttoooonnnngggg ccccaaaannnn ttttiiiimmmm:::: '''',,,,zzzz::::9999))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
iiiiffff ((((xxxx****xxxx++++yyyy****yyyy1111)))) aaaannnndddd ((((yyyy====xxxx)))) tttthhhheeeennnn
zzzz::::====((((xxxx++++yyyy))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''ttttoooonnnngggg ccccaaaannnn ttttiiiimmmm:::: '''',,,,zzzz::::9999))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
iiiiffff ((((xxxx****xxxx++++yyyy****yyyy1111)))) aaaannnndddd ((((yyyyxxxx)))) tttthhhheeeennnn
zzzz::::====0000....5555;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''ttttoooonnnngggg ccccaaaannnn ttttiiiimmmm:::: '''',,,,zzzz))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
eeeennnndddd.
bbbb))))
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm bbbbaaaaiiii4444b;
vvvvaaaarrrr xxxx,,,,yyyy,,,,zzzz,,,,aaaa,,,,bbbb,,,,rrrr::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ttttooooaaaa ddddoooo ttttaaaammmm hhhhiiiinnnnhhhh ttttrrrroooonnnn:::: ''''))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((aaaa,,,,bbbb))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp bbbbaaaannnn kkkkiiiinnnnhhhh rrrr:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((rrrr))));;;;
iiiiffff ssssqqqqrrrrtttt((((ssssqqqqrrrr((((xxxx-aaaa))))++++ssssqqqqrrrr((((xxxx-bbbb))))))))rrrr tttthhhheeeennnn

z:=zzz:::===aaaabbbbssss((((xxxx))))++++aaaabbbbssss((((yyyy))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''ZZZZ==== '''',,,,zzzz::::3333::::3333))));;;;
eeeennnndddd
eeeellllsssseeee
zzzz::::====xxxx++++yyyy;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''ZZZZ==== '''',,,,zzzz::::3333::::3333))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
eeeennnndddd.
Bài 5.
aaaa))))
PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm bbbbaaaaiiii5555aaaa;;;;
UUUUsssseeeessss ccccrrrrtttt;;;;
CCCCoooonnnnsssstttt nnnn====55550000;;;;
VVVVaaaarrrr iiii:::: iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
YYYY::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
CCCCllllrrrrssssccccrrrr;;;;
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo
YYYY::::====iiii/((((iiii++++1111))));;;;
WWWWrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''TTTToooonnnngggg YYYY:::: '''',,,,yyyy::::9999::::3333))));;;;
RRRReeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn
EEEEnnnndddd.
bbbb))))
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm bbbbaaaaiiii5555bbbb;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr nnnn::::lllloooonnnnggggiiiinnnntttt;;;;
eeee,,,,sssshhhh::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
sssshhhh::::====1111/2222;;;;
nnnn::::====2222;;;;

e:=eee:::===2222++++sssshhhh;;;;
wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee sssshhhh====2222****1111eeee-11116666 ddddoooo
nnnn::::====nnnn++++1111;;;;
sssshhhh::::====sssshhhh****((((1111/nnnn))));;;;
eeee::::====eeee++++sssshhhh;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''GGGGiiiiaaaa ttttrrrriiii eeee((((nnnn)))) llllaaaa:::: '''',,,,eeee::::11110000::::6666))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
BBBBààààiiii 6666....
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm BBBBaaaaiiii6666;
vvvvaaaarrrr xxxx,,,, yyyy::::bbbbyyyytttteeee;;;;
ffffoooorrrr xxxx::::====1111 ttttoooo 33336666 ddddoooo
ffffoooorrrr yyyy::::====0000 ttttoooo 22220000 ddddoooo
iiiiffff ((((xxxx++++yyyy====33336666)))) aaaannnndddd ((((2222****xxxx++++4444****yyyy====111100000000)))) tttthhhheeeennnn
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''CCCCoooo '''',,,,xxxx,,,,'''' ccccoooonnnn GGGGaaaa''''))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''CCCCoooo '''',,,,yyyy,,,,'''' ccccoooonnnn CCCChhhhoooo''''))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
eeeennnndddd.
Bài 7.
vvvvaaaarrrr bbbb,,,, cccc,,,, nnnn::::bbbbyyyytttteeee;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ttttuuuuooooiiii cccchhhhaaaa:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((bbbb))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ttttuuuuooooiiii ccccoooonnnn:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((cccc))));;;;
iiiiffff ((((bbbb-cccc22225555)))) oooorrrr ((((bbbb2222****cccc)))) tttthhhheeeennnn
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''DDDDuuuu lllliiiieeeeuuuu kkkkhhhhoooonnnngggg hhhhoooopppp lllleeee,,,,nnnnhhhhaaaapppp llllaaaaiiii....''''))));;;;

until uuunnntttiiilll ((((bbbb-cccc====22225555)))) aaaannnndddd ((((bbbb====2222****cccc))));;;;
iiiiffff bbbb====2222****cccc tttthhhheeeennnn
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''HHHHiiiieeeennnn nnnnaaaayyyy ttttuuuuooooiiii cccchhhhaaaa ggggaaaapppp hhhhaaaaiiii llllaaaannnn ttttuuuuooooiiii ccccoooonnnn....''''))))
eeeellllsssseeee
iiiiffff bbbb2222****cccc tttthhhheeeennnn
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''SSSSaaaauuuu '''',,,,bbbb-2222****cccc,,,,'''' nnnnaaaammmm ttttuuuuooooiiii cccchhhhaaaa sssseeee ggggaaaapppp ddddooooiiii ttttuuuuooooiiii
ccccoooonnnn''''))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
Bài 8.
vvvvaaaarrrr AAAA,,,, BBBB,,,, SSSStttt,,,, LLLLuuuuuuuu ::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
nnnn::::bbbbyyyytttteeee;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ssssoooo ttttiiiieeeennnn gggguuuuiiii:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((aaaa))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ssssoooo ttttiiiieeeennnn nnnnhhhhaaaannnn:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((bbbb))));;;;
lllluuuuuuuu::::====AAAA;;;; nnnn::::====0000;;;; sssstttt::::====aaaa;;;;
wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee SSSStttt====BBBB ddddoooo
SSSStttt::::====SSSStttt++++lllluuuuuuuu****0000....000000003333;
nnnn::::====nnnn++++1111;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''SSSSoooo tttthhhhaaaannnngggg ccccaaaannnn llllaaaa:::: '''',,,,nnnn))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.

K
iiiiÓÓÓÓuuuu dddd÷÷÷÷ lllliiiiÖÖÖÖuuuu ccccãããã ccccÊÊÊÊuuuu ttttrrrróóóócccc
--------------------------------------------------------------------*****--------------------------------------------------------------------
Bài 1.
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm ssssuuuummmm1111;;;;
ccccoooonnnnsssstttt nnnnmmmmaaaaxxxx====111100000000;;;;
ttttyyyyppppeeee MMMMyyyyaaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy====aaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy[[[[1111........nnnnmmmmaaaaxxxx]]]] ooooffff iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr AAAA::::mmmmyyyyaaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy;;;;
ssss,,,,nnnn,,,,iiii,,,,kkkk::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
ppppoooossssiiii,,,,nnnneeeegggg::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
ccccllllrrrrssssccccrrrr;;;; rrrraaaannnnddddoooommmmiiiizzzzeeee;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp nnnn:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((nnnn))));;;;
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]::::====rrrraaaannnnddddoooommmm((((333300000000))))-rrrraaaannnnddddoooommmm((((333300000000))));;;;
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]::::5555))));;;; wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn;;;;
iiiiffff AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]0000 tttthhhheeeennnn ppppoooossssiiii::::====ppppoooossssiiii++++1111
eeeellllsssseeee iiiiffff AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]0000 tttthhhheeeennnn
nnnneeeegggg::::====nnnneeeegggg++++1111;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''CCCCoooo '''',,,,ppppoooossssiiii,,,,'''' ssssoooo dddduuuuoooonnnngggg vvvvaaaa '''',,,,nnnneeeegggg,,,,'''' ssssoooo aaaammmm ttttrrrroooonnnngggg
mmmmaaaannnngggg''''))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp kkkk:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((kkkk))));;;;
ssss::::====0000;;;;
iiiiffff AAAA[[[[iiii]]]] mmmmoooodddd kkkk ==== 0000 tttthhhheeeennnn ssss::::====ssss++++AAAA[[[[iiii]]]];;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''TTTToooonnnngggg ccccaaaannnn ttttiiiinnnnhhhh llllaaaa:::: '''',,,,ssss))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.

VÝ VVVÝÝÝ DDDDôôôô
Bài này cho kêt qu ngau nhiên nên kêt qu ca các bn có the khác.
Bài 2.
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm mmmmaaaannnngggg2222;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr AAAA::::aaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy[[[[1111........111100000000]]]] ooooffff iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
nnnn,,,,iiii,,,,jjjj,,,,mmmmaaaaxxxx::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ssssoooo lllluuuuoooonnnngggg pppphhhhaaaannnn ttttuuuu:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((nnnn))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp pppphhhhaaaannnn ttttuuuu tttthhhhuuuu '''',,,,iiii,,,,'''':::: ''''))));;;; rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
mmmmaaaaxxxx::::====aaaa[[[[1111]]]];;;;
iiiiffff aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]aaaa[[[[iiii-1111]]]] tttthhhheeeennnn mmmmaaaaxxxx::::====AAAA[[[[iiii]]]];;;;
ffffoooorrrr jjjj::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo iiiiffff aaaa[[[[jjjj]]]]====mmmmaaaaxxxx tttthhhheeeennnn
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''cccchhhhiiii ssssoooo pppphhhhaaaannnn ttttuuuu lllloooonnnn nnnnhhhhaaaatttt:::: '''',,,,jjjj))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
Chú ý: Các bn s!a li chương trình ñe ñưa ra kêt qu hp lí, các ch sô ca
phân t! ln nhât cùng nam trên mot dòng.

Bμi BBBμμμiii TTTThhhhùùùùcccc HHHHμμμμnnnnhhhh SSSSèèèè 4444
--------------------------------------------------------------------*****--------------------------------------------------------------------
Bài 1.
nnnn,,,,iiii,,,,jjjj,,,,yyyy,,,,ddddeeeemmmm,,,,tttt::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
rrrraaaannnnddddoooommmmiiiizzzzeeee;;;;
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]::::====rrrraaaannnnddddoooommmm((((333300000000))))-rrrraaaannnnddddoooommmm((((333300000000))));;;;
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]::::5555))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn;;;;
ddddeeeemmmm::::====1111;;;;
ffffoooorrrr jjjj::::====nnnn ddddoooowwwwnnnnttttoooo 2222 ddddoooo
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo jjjj-1111 ddddoooo
iiiiffff AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]AAAA[[[[iiii++++1111]]]] tttthhhheeeennnn
tttt::::====aaaa[[[[iiii]]]];;;;
aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]::::====aaaa[[[[iiii++++1111]]]];;;;
AAAA[[[[iiii++++1111]]]]::::====tttt;;;;
ddddeeeemmmm::::====ddddeeeemmmm++++1111;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''SSSSaaaauuuu kkkkhhhhiiii ddddaaaaoooo '''',,,,ddddeeeemmmm,,,,'''' llllaaaannnn''''))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]::::7777))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
Bài này cho kêt qu là ngau nhiên.

--------------------------------------------------------------------*****--------------------------------------------------------------------
Bài 1.
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm xxxxaaaauuuu;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr iiii,,,, xxxx::::bbbbyyyytttteeee;;;;
SSSS:::: ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp xxxxaaaauuuu:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((ssss))));;;;
xxxx::::====lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh((((SSSS))));;;;
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo xxxx ddddiiiivvvv 2222 ddddoooo
iiiiffff SSSS[[[[iiii]]]]SSSS[[[[xxxx-iiii++++1111]]]] tttthhhheeeennnn kkkktttt::::====ffffaaaallllsssseeee;;;;
iiiiffff kkkktttt tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''XXXXaaaauuuu llllaaaa ppppaaaalllliiiinnnnddddrrrroooommmmeeee''''))))
eeeellllsssseeee wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''XXXXaaaauuuu kkkkhhhhoooonnnngggg llllaaaa ppppaaaalllliiiinnnnddddrrrroooommmmeeee''''))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
Bài 2.
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm BBBBaaaaiiii2222;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr SSSS::::ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg;;;;
iiii,,,,nnnn,,,,ddddeeeemmmm::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
cccchhhh::::cccchhhhaaaarrrr;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp xxxxaaaauuuu:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((SSSS))));;;;
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh((((SSSS)))) ddddoooo
ssss[[[[iiii]]]]::::====uuuuppppccccaaaasssseeee((((ssss[[[[iiii]]]]))));;;;
ffffoooorrrr cccchhhh::::====''''AAAA'''' ttttoooo ''''ZZZZ'''' ddddoooo
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh((((ssss)))) ddddoooo
iiiiffff ssss[[[[iiii]]]]====cccchhhh tttthhhheeeennnn ddddeeeemmmm::::====ddddeeeemmmm++++1111;;;;

if iiifff ddddeeeemmmm0000 tttthhhheeeennnn
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''TTTTrrrroooonnnngggg xxxxaaaauuuu ccccoooo '''',,,,ddddeeeemmmm,,,,'''' cccchhhhuuuu '''',,,,cccchhhh))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
eeeennnndddd.
Bài 3.
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm aaaannnnhhhheeeemmmm;;;;
iiii,,,,nnnn::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp xxxxaaaauuuu:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((ssss))));;;;
wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee ppppoooossss((((''''aaaannnnhhhh'''',,,,ssss)))) 0000 ddddoooo
nnnn::::====ppppoooossss((((''''aaaannnnhhhh'''',,,,ssss))));;;;
ddddeeeelllleeeetttteeee((((SSSS,,,,nnnn,,,,3333))));;;;
iiiinnnnsssseeeerrrrtttt((((''''eeeemmmm'''',,,,ssss,,,,nnnn))));;;;
EEEENNNNDDDD;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''XXXXaaaauuuu mmmmooooiiii:::: '''',,,,ssss))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.

Bμi BBBμμμiii ttttËËËËpppp cccchhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg 4444
1. Mng là kieu d lieu có câu trúc bi vì mng là kieu có câu trúc ñưc
ñê cap ti sm nhât trong các ngôn ng lap trình. Nó ñưc xây dng
t nhng kieu d lieu ñã có theo quy tac khuôn dng do ngôn ng lap
trình cung câp. Nó ñưc dùng ñe ch ñnh mot nhóm ñôi tưng cùng
mot tính chât nào ñó.
2. Chúng ta phi khai báo kích thưc mng bi vì ñe cách ñánh sô các
phân t! ca nó.
3. real, boolean, integer, longint.
4. Tham chiêu ñên phân t! ca mng mot chiêu ñưc xác ñnh bi tên
mng cùng vi ch sô, ñưc viêt trong cap ngoac [..] (Ví d A[1]). Còn
tham chiêu ñên phân t! ca mng 2 chiêu ñưc xác ñnh bi tên mng
cùng vi 2 ch sô ñưc phân cách bi dâu phay và viêt trong cap ngoac
[..] (A[1,2]).
Bài 5.
vvvvaaaarrrr aaaa::::aaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy[[[[1111........111100000000]]]] ooooffff iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
nnnn,,,,iiii,,,,dddd::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
ccccsssscccc::::bbbboooooooolllleeeeaaaannnn;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp pppphhhhaaaannnn ttttuuuu tttthhhhuuuu '''',,,,iiii,,,,'''':::: ''''))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]))));;;;
iiiiffff aaaabbbbssss((((aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]))))1111000000000000 tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ssssoooo nnnnhhhhoooo hhhhoooonnnn
1111000000000000''''))));;;;
uuuunnnnttttiiiillll aaaabbbbssss((((aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]))))====1111000000000000;;;; eeeennnndddd;;;;
ccccsssscccc::::====ffffaaaallllsssseeee;;;;
dddd::::====aaaa[[[[2222]]]]-aaaa[[[[1111]]]];;;;
iiiiffff aaaa[[[[iiii++++1111]]]]-aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]====dddd tttthhhheeeennnn ccccsssscccc::::====ttttrrrruuuueeee;;;;
iiiiffff ccccsssscccc tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''DDDDaaaayyyy llllaaaa ccccaaaapppp ssssoooo ccccoooonnnngggg'''')))) eeeellllsssseeee
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''DDDDaaaayyyy kkkkhhhhoooonnnngggg llllaaaa ccccaaaapppp ssssoooo ccccoooonnnngggg''''))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn eeeennnndddd....

Bai BBBaaaiii 6666....
iiii,,,,nnnn,,,,ddddeeeemmmm,,,,uuuu,,,,dddd::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ssssoooo lllluuuuoooonnnngggg pppphhhhaaaannnn ttttuuuu:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((nnnn))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp pppphhhhaaaannnn ttttuuuu tttthhhhuuuu '''',,,,iiii,,,,'''':::: ''''))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]))));;;;
iiiiffff aaaabbbbssss((((AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]))))1111000000000000 tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ssssoooo 1111000000000000 OOOOKKKK''''))));;;;
uuuunnnnttttiiiillll aaaabbbbssss((((AAAA[[[[iiii]]]]))))1111000000000000;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
iiiiffff aaaa[[[[iiii]]]] mmmmoooodddd 2222==== 0000 tttthhhheeeennnn ddddeeeemmmm::::====ddddeeeemmmm++++1111
eeeennnndddd;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''SSSSoooo lllluuuuoooonnnngggg ssssoooo lllleeee:::: '''',,,,nnnn-ddddeeeemmmm))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''SSSSoooo lllluuuuoooonnnngggg ssssoooo cccchhhhaaaannnn:::: '''',,,,ddddeeeemmmm))));;;;
iiiiffff aaaa[[[[iiii]]]]1111 tttthhhheeeennnn
uuuu::::====2222;;;;
wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee ((((uuuu====ssssqqqqrrrrtttt((((AAAA[[[[iiii]]]])))))))) aaaannnndddd
((((AAAA[[[[iiii]]]] mmmmoooodddd uuuu 0000)))) ddddoooo
uuuu::::====uuuu++++1111;;;;
iiiiffff uuuussssqqqqrrrrtttt((((AAAA[[[[iiii]]]])))) tttthhhheeeennnn dddd::::====dddd++++1111;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''SSSSoooo lllluuuuoooonnnngggg ssssoooo nnnngggguuuuyyyyeeeennnn ttttoooo:::: '''',,,,dddd))));;;;

readlrrreeeaaadddlllnnnn
eeeennnndddd.
VVVVÝÝÝÝ DDDDô
Bài 7.
vvvvaaaarrrr nnnn,,,, iiii::::wwwwoooorrrrdddd;;;; ffff,,,, ffff1111,,,,ffff2222::::wwwwoooorrrrdddd;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp NNNN:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((nnnn))));;;;
iiiiffff nnnn2222 tttthhhheeeennnn wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp NNNN2222 OOOOKKKK!!!!''''))));;;;
uuuunnnnttttiiiillll nnnn====2222;;;;
ffff1111::::====1111;;;;
ffff2222::::====2222;;;;
ffff::::====ffff1111++++ffff2222;;;;
ffff1111::::====ffff2222;;;;
ffff2222::::====ffff;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''SSSSoooo ffffiiiibbbboooonnnnaaaaxxxxiiii tttthhhhuuuu '''',,,,nnnn,,,,'''' llllaaaa '''' ,,,,ffff))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
CCCChhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh tttthhhhùùùùcccc hhhhiiiiÖÖÖÖnnnn ®ÕÕÕÕnnnn
NNNNmmmmaaaaxxxx====11110000000000001111....
BBBBààààiiii 8888....
Chương trình thc hien viec hoán ñoi v trí dòng th i vi dòng th N-i+1,
nghĩa là hoán ñoi v trí dòng ñâu tiên vi dòng cuôi cùng ca mng hai

chiêu, dòng th hai t trên xuông vi dòng th hai t dưi lên,… Viec hoán
ñoi v trí dòng th i vi dòng ñôi xng vi nó ñưc thc hien khi i nhan giá
tr t 1 ñên N, làm cho moi dòng ñưc hoán ñoi v trí 2 lân. Vì vay mng A
sau khi hoán ñoi không thay ñoi so vi ban ñâu.
Bài 9.
vvvvaaaarrrr AAAA::::aaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy[[[[1111........11115555,,,,1111........11115555]]]] ooooffff iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
NNNN,,,, iiii,,,, jjjj,,,, mmmmaaaaxxxx,,,, iiiinnnndddd,,,, vvvvsssspppp::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp NNNN:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((nnnn))));;;;
ffffoooorrrr jjjj::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp AAAA[[[['''',,,,iiii,,,,'''',,,,'''',,,,jjjj,,,,'''']]]]:::: ''''))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((AAAA[[[[iiii,,,,jjjj]]]]))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
mmmmaaaaxxxx::::====AAAA[[[[1111,,,,iiii]]]];;;;iiiinnnndddd::::====1111;;;;
ffffoooorrrr jjjj::::====2222 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo
iiiiffff AAAA[[[[jjjj,,,,iiii]]]] mmmmaaaaxxxx tttthhhheeeennnn
mmmmaaaaxxxx::::====AAAA[[[[jjjj,,,,iiii]]]];;;;
iiiinnnndddd::::====jjjj;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
vvvvsssspppp::::====AAAA[[[[iiii,,,,iiii]]]];;;;
AAAA[[[[iiii,,,,iiii]]]]::::====mmmmaaaaxxxx;;;;
AAAA[[[[iiiinnnndddd,,,,iiii]]]]::::====vvvvsssspppp;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
ffffoooorrrr jjjj::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((AAAA[[[[iiii,,,,jjjj]]]]::::3333))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;
eeeennnndddd.

Bài 10.
iiii,,,,ddddeeeemmmm,,,,nnnn::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp xxxxaaaauuuu:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((SSSS))));;;;
nnnn::::====lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh((((SSSS))));;;;
iiiiffff ((((ssss[[[[iiii]]]]====''''0000'''')))) aaaannnndddd ((((ssss[[[[iiii]]]]====''''9999'''')))) tttthhhheeeennnn iiiinnnncccc((((ddddeeeemmmm))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''CCCCoooo '''',,,,ddddeeeemmmm,,,,'''' cccchhhhuuuu ssssoooo ttttrrrroooonnnngggg xxxxaaaauuuu vvvvuuuuaaaa nnnnhhhhaaaapppp''''))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
Bai 11.
ccccoooonnnnsssstttt mmmmaaaaxxxx====66660000;;;;
ttttyyyyppppeeee HHHHooooccccssssiiiinnnnhhhh ==== rrrreeeeccccoooorrrrdddd
hhhhooootttteeeennnn::::ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg[[[[33330000]]]];;;;
nnnnggggaaaayyyyssssiiiinnnnhhhh::::ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg[[[[11110000]]]];;;;
ddddiiiiaaaacccchhhhiiii::::ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg[[[[55550000]]]];;;;
ttttooooaaaannnn,,,, vvvvaaaannnn::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
xxxxeeeeppppllllooooaaaaiiii::::cccchhhhaaaarrrr;;;;
eeeennnndddd;
vvvvaaaarrrr lllloooopppp::::aaaarrrrrrrraaaayyyy[[[[1111........mmmmaaaaxxxx]]]] ooooffff hhhhooooccccssssiiiinnnnhhhh;;;;
NNNN,,,, iiii::::bbbbyyyytttteeee;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ssssoooo lllluuuuoooonnnngggg hhhhoooocccc ssssiiiinnnnhhhh:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((nnnn))));;;;

for fffooorrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo
wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllloooopppp[[[[iiii]]]] ddddoooo {{{{CCCChhhhóóóó ýýýý cccc©uuuu llllÖÖÖÖnnnnhhhh nnnnμμμμyyyy}}}}
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ssssoooo lllliiiieeeeuuuu hhhhoooocccc ssssiiiinnnnhhhh tttthhhhuuuu '''',,,,iiii,,,,''''::::''''))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''HHHHoooo vvvvaaaa tttteeeennnn:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((hhhhooootttteeeennnn))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNggggaaaayyyy ssssiiiinnnnhhhh:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((nnnnggggaaaayyyyssssiiiinnnnhhhh))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''DDDDiiiiaaaa cccchhhhiiii :::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((ddddiiiiaaaacccchhhhiiii))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''DDDDiiiieeeemmmm ttttooooaaaannnn:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((ttttooooaaaannnn))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''DDDDiiiieeeemmmm vvvvaaaannnn :::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((vvvvaaaannnn))));;;;
iiiiffff ttttooooaaaannnn++++vvvvaaaannnn====11118888 tttthhhheeeennnn xxxxeeeeppppllllooooaaaaiiii::::====''''AAAA'''';;;;
iiiiffff ((((ttttooooaaaannnn++++vvvvaaaannnn====11114444)))) aaaannnndddd ((((ttttooooaaaannnn++++vvvvaaaannnn11118888)))) tttthhhheeeennnn
xxxxeeeeppppllllooooaaaaiiii::::====''''BBBB'''';;;;
iiiiffff ((((ttttooooaaaannnn++++vvvvaaaannnn====11110000)))) aaaannnndddd ((((ttttooooaaaannnn++++vvvvaaaannnn11114444)))) tttthhhheeeennnn
xxxxeeeeppppllllooooaaaaiiii::::====''''CCCC'''';;;;
iiiiffff ((((ttttooooaaaannnn++++vvvvaaaannnn11110000)))) tttthhhheeeennnn
xxxxeeeeppppllllooooaaaaiiii::::====''''DDDD'''';;;;
eeeennnndddd;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''DDDDaaaannnnhhhh ssssaaaacccchhhh hhhhoooocccc ssssiiiinnnnhhhh::::''''))));;;;
wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllloooopppp[[[[iiii]]]] ddddoooo
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((hhhhooootttteeeennnn::::33330000,,,,''''- xxxxeeeepppp llllooooaaaaiiii:::: '''',,,,xxxxeeeeppppllllooooaaaaiiii))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((''''DDDDaaaannnnhhhh ssssaaaacccchhhh hhhhoooocccc ssssiiiinnnnhhhh llllooooaaaaiiii AAAA::::''''))));;;;
wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllloooopppp[[[[iiii]]]] ddddoooo
iiiiffff xxxxeeeeppppllllooooaaaaiiii====''''AAAA'''' tttthhhheeeennnn
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((hhhhooootttteeeennnn::::33330000))));;;;
eeeennnndddd.
NNNNhhhhËËËËpppp vvvvμμμμoooo

KÕt KKKÕÕÕttt qqqquuuu¶

T
hhhhaaaaoooo tttt¸cccc vvvvííííiiii ttttÖÖÖÖpppp
BBBBμμμμiiii ttttËËËËpppp cccchhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg
1. Mot sô trưng hp phi dùng tep: lưu tr lưng thông tin ln, dùng
lâu dài, ít thay ñoi như tên ngưi trong mot cơ quan, hô sơ ca sinh
viên, lương cán bo,....
2. SGK
3. Phi m tep trưc khi ñc tep vì trưc khi s! dng tep phi có câu
lenh m tep ñe trình dch biêt thc hien mc ñích m tep ñe ñc hay
ghi, ñông thi ñat con tr, tep vào v trí thích hp
4. Phi dùng lenh ñóng tep sau hi ñã kêt thúc ghi d lieu vào tep ñe thông
tât viec ghi d lieu ra tep. Không có câu lenh ñóng tep thì chương trình
se không the ghi ñưc d lieu vào tep.

C
hhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh ccccoooonnnn vvvvμμμμ llllËËËËpppp ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh ccccãããã
ccccÊÊÊÊuuuu ttttrrrróóóócccc
--------------------------------------------------------------------*****--------------------------------------------------------------------
Chương trình
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm tttthhhhuuuucccchhhhaaaannnnhhhh6666;
ttttyyyyppppeeee ssssttttrrrr ==== ssssttttrrrriiiinnnngggg[[[[77779999]]]];;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr SSSS1111,,,, SSSS2222::::ssssttttrrrr;;;;
ddddoooonnnngggg::::bbbbyyyytttteeee;;;;
dddduuuunnnngggg::::bbbboooooooolllleeeeaaaannnn;;;;
pppprrrroooocccceeeedddduuuurrrreeee ccccaaaattttddddaaaannnn((((ssss1111::::ssssttttrrrr;;;; vvvvaaaarrrr ssss2222:::: ssssttttrrrr))));;;;
ssss2222::::====ccccooooppppyyyy((((ssss1111,,,,2222,,,,lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh((((ssss1111))))-1111))))++++SSSS1111[[[[1111]]]];;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
pppprrrroooocccceeeedddduuuurrrreeee ccccaaaannnnggggiiiiuuuuaaaa((((vvvvaaaarrrr ssss::::ssssttttrrrr))));;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr nnnn,,,, iiii::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
nnnn::::====lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh((((ssss))));;;;
nnnn::::====((((88880000-nnnn)))) ddddiiiivvvv 2222;;;;
ffffoooorrrr iiii::::====1111 ttttoooo nnnn ddddoooo ssss::::===='''' ''''++++ssss;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
pppprrrroooocccceeeedddduuuurrrreeee cccchhhhuuuucccchhhhaaaayyyy((((ssss1111::::ssssttttrrrr;;;; ddddoooonnnngggg::::bbbbyyyytttteeee))));;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr ssss2222::::ssssttttrrrr;;;;
dddduuuunnnngggg::::bbbboooooooolllleeeeaaaannnn;;;;
ccccaaaannnnggggiiiiuuuuaaaa((((ssss1111))));;;;
dddduuuunnnngggg::::====ffffaaaallllsssseeee;;;;
wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee nnnnooootttt((((dddduuuunnnngggg)))) ddddoooo
ggggoooottttooooxxxxyyyy((((1111,,,,ddddoooonnnngggg))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((ssss1111))));;;;
ddddeeeellllaaaayyyy((((111100000000))));;;;
ccccaaaattttddddaaaannnn((((ssss1111,,,,ssss2222))));;;;
ssss1111::::====ssss2222;;;;
24

dung:=ddduuunnnggg:::===kkkkeeeeyyyypppprrrreeeesssssssseeeedddd;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp xxxxaaaauuuu :::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((ssss1111))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''NNNNhhhhaaaapppp ddddoooonnnngggg:::: ''''))));;;;rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((ddddoooonnnngggg))));;;;
cccchhhhuuuucccchhhhaaaayyyy((((ssss1111,,,,ddddoooonnnngggg))));;;;
eeeennnndddd....

--------------------------------------------------------------------*****--------------------------------------------------------------------
pppprrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmm ttttttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc;;;;
ccccoooonnnnsssstttt eeeeppppssss====1111....0000eeee-6666;;;;
ttttyyyyppppeeee
ddddiiiieeeemmmm====rrrreeeeccccoooorrrrdddd
xxxx,,,, yyyy::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc====rrrreeeeccccoooorrrrdddd
aaaa,,,, bbbb,,,, cccc::::ddddiiiieeeemmmm;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr TTTT::::ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc;;;;
dddd,,,, ccccnnnn,,,, vvvv:::: bbbboooooooolllleeeeaaaannnn;;;;
nnnn,,,, iiii,,,, ddddeeeeuuuu,,,, ccccaaaannnn,,,, vvvvuuuuoooonnnngggg::::wwwwoooorrrrdddd;;;;
ffff,,,,gggg::::tttteeeexxxxtttt;;;;
ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn kkkkhhhhccccaaaacccchhhh((((PPPP,,,, QQQQ:::: DDDDiiiieeeemmmm))))::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
kkkkhhhhccccaaaacccchhhh::::====ssssqqqqrrrrtttt((((((((PPPP....xxxx-QQQQ....xxxx))))****((((pppp....xxxx-qqqq....xxxx))))++++((((pppp....yyyy-QQQQ....yyyy))))****((((pppp....yyyy-QQQQ....yyyy))))))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
pppprrrroooocccceeeedddduuuurrrreeee ddddaaaaiiiiccccaaaannnnhhhh((((vvvvaaaarrrr RRRR::::ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc;;;; vvvvaaaarrrr aaaa,,,, bbbb,,,, cccc::::rrrreeeeaaaallll))));;;;
beeeeggggiiiinnnn
aaaa::::====kkkkhhhhccccaaaacccchhhh((((RRRR....BBBB,,,, RRRR....CCCC))));;;;
bbbb::::====kkkkhhhhccccaaaacccchhhh((((RRRR....AAAA,,,, RRRR....CCCC))));;;;
cccc::::====kkkkhhhhccccaaaacccchhhh((((RRRR....AAAA,,,, RRRR....BBBB))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
pppprrrroooocccceeeedddduuuurrrreeee ttttiiiinnnnhhhhcccchhhhaaaatttt((((vvvvaaaarrrr RRRR:::: ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc;;;; vvvvaaaarrrr
ddddeeeeuuuu,,,,ccccaaaannnn,,,,vvvvuuuuoooonnnngggg::::bbbboooooooolllleeeeaaaannnn))));;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr aaaa,,,, bbbb,,,, cccc::::rrrreeeeaaaallll;;;;
ddddeeeeuuuu::::====ffffaaaallllsssseeee;;;; ccccaaaannnn::::====ffffaaaallllsssseeee;;;; vvvvuuuuoooonnnngggg::::====ffffaaaallllsssseeee;;;;
ddddaaaaiiiiccccaaaannnnhhhh((((RRRR,,,,aaaa,,,,bbbb,,,,cccc))));;;;
iiiiffff ((((aaaabbbbssss((((aaaa-bbbb))))eeeeppppssss)))) aaaannnndddd ((((aaaabbbbssss((((aaaa-cccc))))eeeeppppssss)))) tttthhhheeeen
ddddeeeeuuuu::::====ttttrrrruuuueeee
eeeellllsssseeee
iiiiffff ((((aaaabbbbssss((((aaaa-bbbb))))eeeeppppssss)))) oooorrrr ((((aaaabbbbssss((((aaaa-cccc))))eeeeppppssss)))) oooorrrr ((((aaaabbbbssss((((bbbb-cccc))))eeeeppppssss))))
tttthhhheeeennnn
ccccaaaannnn::::====ttttrrrruuuueeee;;;;
iiiiffff ((((aaaabbbbssss((((aaaa****aaaa++++bbbb****bbbb-cccc****cccc))))eeeeppppssss)))) oooorrrr ((((aaaabbbbssss((((aaaa****aaaa++++cccc****cccc-bbbb****bbbb))))eeeeppppssss))))
oooorrrr ((((aaaabbbbssss((((bbbb****bbbb++++cccc****cccc-aaaa****aaaa))))eeeeppppssss)))) tttthhhheeeennnn

vuong:=vvvuuuooonnnggg:::===ttttrrrruuuueeee;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
ddddeeeeuuuu::::====0000;;;;
ccccaaaannnn::::====0000;;;;
vvvvuuuuoooonnnngggg::::====0000;;;;
aaaassssssssiiiiggggnnnn((((ffff,,,,''''ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc....ddddaaaatttt''''))));;;;
rrrreeeesssseeeetttt((((ffff))));;;;
reeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((ffff,,,,nnnn))));;;;
aaaassssssssiiiiggggnnnn((((gggg,,,,''''ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc....oooouuuutttt''''))));;;;
rrrreeeewwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((gggg))));;;;
rrrreeeeaaaaddddllllnnnn((((ffff,,,, TTTT....AAAA....xxxx,,,, TTTT....AAAA....yyyy,,,, TTTT....BBBB....xxxx,,,, TTTT....BBBB....yyyy,,,, TTTT....CCCC....xxxx,,,, TTTT....CCCC....yyyy))));;;;
ttttiiiinnnnhhhhcccchhhhaaaatttt((((TTTT,,,,DDDD,,,,ccccnnnn,,,,vvvv))));;;;
iiiiffff dddd tttthhhheeeennnn ddddeeeeuuuu::::====ddddeeeeuuuu++++1111 eeeellllsssseeee
iiiiffff ccccnnnn tttthhhheeeennnn ccccaaaannnn::::====ccccaaaannnn++++1111;;;;
iiiiffff vvvv tttthhhheeeennnn vvvvuuuuoooonnnngggg::::====vvvvuuuuoooonnnngggg++++1111;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((gggg,,,,''''ccccoooo '''',,,,ddddeeeeuuuu,,,,'''' ttttaaaammmm ggggiiiiaaaacccc ddddeeeeuuuu''''))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((gggg,,,,''''ccccoooo '''',,,,ccccaaaannnn,,,,'''' ttttaaaammmm ggggiiiiaaaacccc ccccaaaannnn''''))));;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((gggg,,,,''''ccccoooo '''',,,,vvvvuuuuoooonnnngggg,,,,'''' ttttaaaammmm ggggiiiiaaaacccc vvvvuuuuoooonnnngggg''''))));;;;
cccclllloooosssseeee((((ffff))));;;;cccclllloooosssseeee((((gggg))));;;;
eeeennnndddd....
TTTTÖÖÖÖpppp vvvv¨nnnn bbbb¶nnnn cccchhhhøøøøaaaa ttttääääaaaa ®éééé cccc¸cccc ®ØØØØnnnnhhhh ccccññññaaaa cccc¸cccc ttttaaaammmm ggggiiii¸cccc
VVVVμμμμoooo ffffiiiilllleeee-ooooppppeeeennnn-ggggââââ ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc....ddddaaaatttt-nnnnhhhh¸yyyy nnnnóóóótttt ooooppppeeeennnn rrrrååååiiii nnnnhhhhËËËËpppp dddd÷÷÷÷ lllliiiiÖÖÖÖuuuu
nnnnhhhh−−−− dddd−−−−ííííiiii,,,, nnnnhhhhÊÊÊÊnnnn ffff2222 ®ÓÓÓÓ llll−−−−uuuu llll¹iiii
VVVVμμμμoooo ffffiiiilllleeee-ooooppppeeeennnn-ggggââââ ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc....oooouuuutttt-nnnnhhhh¸yyyy nnnnóóóótttt ooooppppeeeennnn rrrrååååiiii nnnnhhhhÊÊÊÊnnnn ffff2222 llll−−−−uuuu
llll¹iiii.... NNNNhhhhÊÊÊÊnnnn ffff6666 cccchhhhuuuuyyyyÓÓÓÓnnnn ssssaaaannnngggg ccccööööaaaa ssssææææ cccchhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh vvvvμμμμ cccchhhh¹yyyy cccchhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh.... CCCChhhh¹yyyy xxxxoooonnnngggg
nnnnhhhhÊÊÊÊnnnn yyyyeeeessss,,,, nnnnhhhhÊÊÊÊnnnn ffff6666 cccchhhhoooo ®ÕÕÕÕnnnn kkkkhhhhiiii xxxxuuuuÊÊÊÊtttt hhhhiiiiÖÖÖÖnnnn ccccööööaaaa ssssææææ vvvv¨nnnn bbbb¶nnnn ttttaaaammmmggggiiiiaaaacccc....oooouuuutttt xxxxeeeemmmm
kkkkÕÕÕÕtttt qqqquuuu¶....
TTTTÖÖÖÖpppp vvvv¨nnnn bbbb¶nnnn cccchhhhøøøøaaaa kkkkÕÕÕÕtttt qqqquuuu¶ ssssaaaauuuu kkkkhhhhiiii tttthhhhùùùùcccc hhhhiiiiÖÖÖÖnnnn cccchhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg ttttrrrr××××nnnnhhhh

Bμi BBBμμμiii ttttËËËËpppp cccchhhh−−−−¬nnnngggg
1. SGK
2. Chương trình con không có tham sô
PPPPrrrroooocccceeeedddduuuurrrreeee vvvveeee;;;;
WWWWrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((‘‘‘‘****************************************************************’’’’))));;;;
WWWWrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((‘‘‘‘****IIII lllloooovvvveeee yyyyoooouuuu ooookkkk!!!!****’’’’))));;;;
WWWWrrrriiiitttteeeellllnnnn((((‘‘‘‘****************************************************************’’’’))));;;;
EEEEnnnndddd;;;;
3. Chương trình con cho nhiêu hơn mot kêt qu:
PPPPrrrroooocccceeeedddduuuurrrreeee hhhhooooaaaannnnddddooooiiii((((vvvvaaaarrrr xxxx,,,, yyyy::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr))));;;;
VVVVaaaarrrr ttttgggg::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
TTTTgggg::::====xxxx;;;;
XXXX::::====yyyy;;;;
YYYY::::====ttttgggg;;;;
EEEEnnnndddd;;;;
4.
vvvvaaaarrrr xxxx,,,, yyyy::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn uuuuccccllllnnnn((((aaaa,,,, bbbb::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr)))):::: iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
vvvvaaaarrrr rrrr::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;
wwwwhhhhiiiilllleeee bbbb0000 ddddoooo
rrrr::::====aaaa mmmmoooodddd bbbb;;;;
aaaa::::====bbbb;;;;
bbbb::::====rrrr;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
uuuuccccllllnnnn::::====aaaa;;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn bbbbccccnnnnnnnn((((aaaa,,,, bbbb::::iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr)))):::: iiiinnnntttteeeeggggeeeerrrr;;;;

bcnn:=bbbcccnnnnnn:::===aaaa****bbbb ddddiiiivvvv uuuuccccllllnnnn((((aaaa,,,,bbbb))));;;;
eeeennnndddd;;;;
wwwwrrrriiiitttteeee((((''''BBBBooooiiii cccchhhhuuuunnnngggg nnnnhhhhoooo nnnnhhhhaaaatttt:::: '''',,,,bbbbccccnnnnnnnn((((xxxx,,,,yyyy))))))));;;;
eeeennnndddd....

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