2. The Victorian Internet
by Tom Standage (1989)
1746 200 monks
Jean‐Antoine Nollet linked to electrical battery
1797 optical telegraphy
telephone, radio, ...
Thursday, September 9, 2010
7. In 1949 in his novel Heliopolis, the German Ernst Junger dreams up the
communication medium "Phonophor," which connects everybody to
everybody else, enabling a permanent , technically facilitated forum that
also replaces the passport, watch, newspaper, library, and encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger
http://tinyurl.com/2s2zn5
Thursday, September 9, 2010
17. Leonard Kleinrock, MIT
"Information Flow in Large
Communication Nets"
(May 31, 1961)
First paper on packet‐switching
http://tinyurl.com/23nbat
Thursday, September 9, 2010
19. Packet Switching, Paul Baran 1962 at RAND, US Airforce
All the nodes in the network would be equal in status to all
other nodes, each node with its own authority to originate,
pass, and receive messages. The messages themselves would
be divided into packets, each packet separately addressed.
Each packet would begin at some specified source node, and
end at some other specified destination node.
http://tinyurl.com/2ry3lo
Thursday, September 9, 2010
20. “On Distributed Communication Networks,” March 1964
c) a network without central authority or single
Paul Baran
outage point
http://tinyurl.com/ywq8nk
Thursday, September 9, 2010
23. 1965
Already in 1965, Fernando Corbato and his colleagues at
MIT developed a program to allow individual users to
swap messages on one single computer.
Thursday, September 9, 2010
30. "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine
than face to face...We believe that we are entering into a technological age, in which we
will be able to interact with the richness of living information -- not merely in the passive
way that we have become accustomed to using books and libraries, but as active
participants in an ongoing process, bringing something to it through our interaction with
it, and not simply receiving something from it by our connection to it. (53)"
http://tinyurl.com/2c9uaf
Thursday, September 9, 2010
31. Louis Pouzin designed and directed the development of
the Cyclades network in France, which then stopped in
1974.
http://tinyurl.com/22ykun
Thursday, September 9, 2010
33. In 1968, ARPA sent out a Request for
Quotation to build a network of
four Interface Message Processors.
BBN made it.
Dave Walden, Bernie Cosell, Severo Ornstein, Will Crowther, Bob Kahn
1969: Advanced Research Projects Agency
commissions ARPANET to conduct research
on networking.
First ARPANET nodes connected UCLA,
Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, and
University of Utah
http://tinyurl.com/yuw6ho
http://tinyurl.com/2pxazn
http://tinyurl.com/2ujdes
Thursday, September 9, 2010
34. Norm Abramson wanted to surf - so he moved to Hawaii in
1969. He wanted to network with the other islands and so he
built the ALOHAnet in 1970.
From the University of Hawaii, Abramson connected
computers over a network of radio transmitters using a
protocol telling the computers how to share the airwaves.
http://tinyurl.com/yvvmdc
Trebor Scholz |
Thursday, September 9, 2010
35. The Internet in 1969
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0pPfyYtiBc&e
Thursday, September 9, 2010
39. TCP/IP
With TCP/IP, the "global network" was
becoming a reality. Universities and
government offices were using the
network for communicating with
colleagues and exchanging data.
1974: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet
Network Interconnection", which specified in detail the design
of a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
http://tinyurl.com/3c64vm
http://tinyurl.com/yvvmdc
Thursday, September 9, 2010
41. Whose Standards? Proprietary or Open Standards?
Also the fax machine is only useful if many other people have it.
Later: If the Internet would have just connected supercomputers,
it would have not been as significant.
Trebor Scholz | http://tinyurl.com/yu7g2m
Thursday, September 9, 2010
42. http://tinyurl.com/29vvar
PowWow
Throughout the 1970s Instant Messaging began to appear
Thursday, September 9, 2010
45. http://tinyurl.com/34gyk2
1971: Ray Tomlinson of BBN creates email program to send
messages across a distributed network.
1972: Tomlinson expands program to ARPANET users, using
the "@" sign as part of the address.
Thursday, September 9, 2010
46. Michael Hart
1971. Project Gutenberg is the first and largest
single collection of free electronic books, or
eBooks.
Project Gutenberg is the
"oldest digital library built on volunteer
efforts to digitize, archive, and distribute
cultural works."
http://tinyurl.com/26zq8z
Trebor Scholz |
Thursday, September 9, 2010
48. http://tinyurl.com/35drka
http://tinyurl.com/2n5gvy
1977 Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw created the first MUD
(Multi-User Dungeon) leading later to MMORPG
Thursday, September 9, 2010
50. CBBS (first BBS) January of 1978, Chicago was hit by
Ward Christensen the Great Blizzard of 1978
Many people did not have the Internet. They dialed in to CBSS directly via modem.
Users had to take turns accessing the system, each hanging up when done to let
someone else have access. Nevertheless, the system was seen as very useful, and ran for
many years and inspired the creation of many other bulletin board systems.
http://tinyurl.com/38zf8q
http://tinyurl.com/3a8wru
Thursday, September 9, 2010
51. ASCii art on BBS
http://tinyurl.com/yukqdk
Thursday, September 9, 2010
53. Emoticons
1979 Kevin MacKenzie e-mailed his
fellow subscribers at MsgGroup, an
early Internet bulletin board, with a
suggestion to put some emotion back
into the dry text medium of e-mail.
(The eyes came later.)
Thursday, September 9, 2010
54. USENET established. USENET was a global, decentralized,
distributed Internet discussion system that provided mail
services and file transfers. Precursor of GoogleGroups and
other discussion boards.
http://tinyurl.com/2mdk3z
Thursday, September 9, 2010
57. What else did it take to make this WWW work?
http://tinyurl.com/2km2n9
This was the first IBM PC introduced on Aug 12, 1981
Douglas Engelbart
http://tinyurl.com/3c7suu
Thursday, September 9, 2010
58. The Well members could start discussion boards:
Mid-80s
the most popular one was dedicated to
computer manufacturers push proprietary protocols,
The Grateful Dead.
which failed
US Government pushed for ISO but TCP/IP was free, more viral
In the 1980s the PCs entered homes and offices in the United States.
Thursday, September 9, 2010
59. The Well members could start discussion boards:
the most popular one was dedicated to
The Grateful Dead.
1981 BITNET release
Ira Fuchs (CUNY) and Greydon Freeman (Yale)
Main features: email, LISTSERV
BITNET set expectations for free access and openness: it charged by
bandwidth. Once you paid for the line, how much you use it was up
to you. Others tried to establish a pay by byte system.
http://tinyurl.com/2vxZbj
http://tinyurl.com/2cl3go
Thursday, September 9, 2010
60. 1985
Stewart Brand & Larry Brilliant
one of the first community bulletin board systems
The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (The Well)
Brand used a networked PC on his houseboat in Sasalito, CA, claiming that he did so in
order to experience commune living without actually moving into one.
http://tinyurl.com/374e2g
Thursday, September 9, 2010
61. 1985
Stewart Brand & Larry Brilliant
one of the first community bulletin board systems
The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (The Well)
Brand used a networked PC on his houseboat in Sasalito, CA, claiming that he did so in
order to experience commune living without actually moving into one.
http://tinyurl.com/374e2g
Thursday, September 9, 2010
62. 1985
Stewart Brand & Larry Brilliant
one of the first community bulletin board systems
The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (The Well)
Brand used a networked PC on his houseboat in Sasalito, CA, claiming that he did so in
order to experience commune living without actually moving into one.
http://tinyurl.com/374e2g
Thursday, September 9, 2010
63. 1985
Stewart Brand & Larry Brilliant
one of the first community bulletin board systems
The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (The Well)
Brand used a networked PC on his houseboat in Sasalito, CA, claiming that he did so in
order to experience commune living without actually moving into one.
http://tinyurl.com/374e2g
Thursday, September 9, 2010
67. Francois Lyotard and Thierry Chaput’s exhibition "Les Immateriaux” at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. 30 artists collaboratively respond to 50 terms related the topic of the "immaterial."
Lyotard and Chaput pointed out that they were mainly interested in the way, in which this collaborative writing changed the experience of the act of writing itself.
http://tinyurl.com/ynkmby
Trebor Scholz |
Thursday, September 9, 2010
68. Trebor Scholz
The New School University
scholzt@newschool.edu
Twitter: trebors
This presentation is made public using the creative commons attribution, non‐
commercial, share alike license.
This presentation is based on my previous courses on the topic including:
http://www.slideshare.net/trebor/how‐the‐social‐web‐came‐to‐be‐part1
Thursday, September 9, 2010