The document discusses artificial intelligence and its applications. It begins with definitions of AI and discusses techniques like neural networks, deep learning, and optimization algorithms inspired by nature. Examples are given of current AI applications in healthcare, infrastructure monitoring, prosthetics, and more. The presentation concludes by discussing the implications of AI for education, jobs, inequality and ethics during the ongoing Fourth Industrial Revolution brought about by advancements in information technology and AI.

1. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
The Fourth Industrial Revolution,
Artificial Intelligence and Society

2. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Contents
• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Learning: Neural Networks
• Optimization: Swarm intelligence, Ant Colony, Genetic Algorithms
• Applications
• Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Conclusions

3. KAIST Robot

4. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
KAIST Robot
• Learns
• Senses
• Reacts
• Sees
• Drives
• Walks
• Adapts
• Almost human
• It is artificially intelligent
• Does it commit a crime?
• Does it fall in love?
• Is it conscious?

5. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Nature is the best artist, learn
from it - Anonymous

6. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
What is artificial intelligence?
• Artificial: man-made
• Intelligence: the ability to make sense of information beyond the obvious
• Building machines that are able to do sophisticated tasks that are at least in
the domain of human capabilities.
• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with modeling complex systems with
computational tools.
• Algorithms are developed to mimic physiological systems such as the human
brain in order to carry out certain tasks.
• Mathematical models are used to build systems that exhibit advanced
intelligence in carrying out goals.

7. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
What is artificial intelligence?
• A machine is intelligent if when humans interact with it, they are not able
to know if they are interacting with a human being or a machine. (This is a
Turing test)
• Two types of intelligence: Individual versus group intelligence
• Individual intelligence: A single agent (single brain) learns on its own
• Group intelligence: Multiple agents (many brains) learn together

8. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Individual Versus Group
Intelligence

9. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Learning

10. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Neural Networks

11. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Neural Networks
• Building machines that are able to propagate input variables into
output variables
• This propagation is conducted using network weights (neurons)
• These weights are identified from observed data
• The process of identifying these weights is called optimization
• These networks are made to be able to think (generalize) as opposed to
remembering
• Deep learning = complicated network = network learning from big data

12. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Deep Learning

13. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Deep Learning
• Has multiple layers
• Is able to learn huge amounts of data
• Is able to learn the structure of the data
• Is expensive to learn and requires huge computational power

14. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Optimization

15. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Ant Colony Optimization
• From the Eugene Marais book Die Siel van die
Mier
• Ant movement leaves a trail of pheromones
on the way from one point to another
• More and more of these pheromones are
deposited because of the increased traffic
• The path with the strongest pheromones then
is the shortest path between one point to
another
• This method has found use in applications
such as scheduling

16. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Particle Swarm Optimization
• Each bird updates its position and
velocity based on:
• Local best known position (individual
intelligence)
• Global best known position (group
intelligence)
• This procedure can be put in a computer
and be used to optimize problems
• This method has been used to optimize
the utilization of computer memory, for
designing power lines etc

17. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Evolution

18. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
From Evolution to Genetic
Algorithm
• It is a computational procedure for
optimization which is based on Darwin’s
Theory of Evolution
• “It is not the strongest or the biggest that will
survive but it is that which is most adaptable
to the environment”
• It is driven by the following concepts
crossover, mutation and reproduction based on
the fitness function
• These concepts can be used to design better
solutions based on having multiple solutions
and getting them to crossover, mutate and
reproduce according to a fitness function

19. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Applications

20. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Knowledge only becomes education
when it is used for the benefit of
society

21. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can help prioritize patients
(triage)

22. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can map utilization of land

23. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can help control prosthesis
arm

24. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI is able to detect epilepsy

25. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can predict internet
instability

26. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can be able to replace voice
lost (artificial larynx)

27. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can recognize faces
of people

28. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can estimate missing data

29. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can make rational decisions

30. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can bluff

31. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Every object has something to say, we
should learn to listen and interpret its
message

32. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can monitor the condition
of structures

33. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can improve finite element
models
Courtesy: http://compmech.se/Structure.htm

34. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI can improve finite element
models

35. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI understands the economy

36. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI reduces information
asymmetry in the market
• Two used car salesmen one sells good cars
another bad cars but the customers don’t know
• The salesman who sells bad cars is willing to give
discount
• Customers don’t know which cars are good or
bad. This drives the good car salesman out of the
market
• This is called information asymmetry and (Stiglitz
et al – Nobel Prize)
• Substituting customers by artificial intelligent
machines which crawl the internet for
information (two salesman)
• This reduces information asymmetry

37. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
AI makes markets
more efficient
• When human traders are replaced by
artificially intelligent traders then
factors such as emotion are subtracted
from the markets
• Then decisions are made purely based on
data
• Because of this the markets become
more rational
• Rational markets become efficient.

38. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Industrial Revolution
• 1st Industrial revolution (1784): steam engines, trains, mechanical machines for
production
• 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870): assembly line, electricity
• 3rd Industrial evolution (1969): transistor, electronics, automation, information
technology
• 4th Industrial revolution (Upon us): information, big data, cybernetics, AI
• Artificial Intelligence is the DNA of the 4th industrial revolution
• The 4th industrial revolution will result in the reduction in the participation of
people in the world of work
• 70% of the work that exists today will not exist in 50 years

39. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
It is inhumane to expect that which can
be done by a machine to be done by a
human being – Japanese Proverb

40. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Top 10 skills
2050
• Critical Thinking
• People Management
• Emotional Intelligence
• Judgement
• Negotiation
• Cognitive Flexibility

41. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
The end of labour is to gain
leisure - Aristotle

42. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Implications of 4th
Industrial Revolution
• Education: Online and blended learning enabled by Natural Language processing
• Transportation: Automated cars, trucks, buses, airplanes
• Cost of goods: The cost of goods will drop significantly
• Structure of the economy: Capital will count more than talent and inequality will
increase unless there is state intervention
• Jobs: New jobs will emerge and many tasks will become redundant
• Safety and security: robotic cops
• Medical health: Medical devices, Automated diagnosis

44. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Ethics and artificial Intelligence
• How do we ensure that machines do not harm humans?
• What ethical framework will guide the decision making of an Intelligent machine?
• For example: Faced with an accident, which life should a self-driving car save, That of the
passenger (owner of the car) or that of the group of pedestrians?
• How does a machine avoid statistical bias which could have dire social consequences e.g. AI in
mortgage applications?
• Machines will need to have a moral status: The ability to act in a manner that is considerate
towards humans and possibly other machines
• This relies on our ability to model a moral status…..Work in progress

45. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Reference
• http://www.frontrangeforum.org/courses/a-laymans-study-of-human-evolution/
• http://hochmanphotography.com/tag/swarm-of-birds/
• http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap1.html
• http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap6.html
• http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/purpose-and-maintenance-of-transformer-bushings
• http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34532394
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGOUSvaQcBs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-pmeWCHHmY
• http://www.briozone.com/living/human-body/human-brain10-interesting-facts-human-brain/
• http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/do-fish-swim-in-schools-in-the-summer/
• https://za.fotolia.com/?&utm_source=Google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Fotolia_ZA_Free+Stock+Image&tmplaceref=ZA&tmad=c&tmcampid=7&gclid=Cj0KEQjwo5--BRCS8ceLjv-
XppUBEiQAGp15ECWEdBe7NtkGTnGiR56Gs9VB8tdmAqx2fjCSyZj-vpkaAlKd8P8HAQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tza09kC6Xnc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0LABzJxCg8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIGqp6_PG6k
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrnxZVEHZCo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rL6RRIOZyCM
• Brian Wigdorowitz, David Rubin, Dan Golding, Meir Perez, Anthony Gidudu, Greg Hulley, Nadim Mohamed, Dhiresh Surajpal, Megan Russel, Sebastian Kaulitzki, Elbert Marais and other
postgraduate students
• The slide titles ethics and artificial intelligence was added by Dr Lufuno Marwala

46. Professor Tshilidzi Marwala l University of Johannesburg
Ngiya bonga...