UCAS Advice for Economics

Geoff Riley – UCAS and Economics – Summer 2013
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Guidance Notes on
University Applications
Advice and information on building a strong platform for
applications to the UK and overseas universities
Geoff Riley FRSA
Eton College and Co-Founder of Tutor2u
Summer 2013 Edition

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Section 1: UCAS – Building Blocks to Choosing a Degree
1. First, have a look at the UCAS web site www.ucas.ac.uk
2. Second, send off for your own copy of a favoured university prospectus that can be browsed at leisure. New
editions can be ordered online from each of the universities
3. Universities cannot see where else an applicant has applied and there is no rank order of applications
A Selection of Economics Faculties: Click on the links to access the economics faculty web sites
Bath www.bath.ac.uk/econ-dev/
Birmingham www.economics.bham.ac.uk/index.shtml
Bristol www.bristol.ac.uk/economics/
Cambridge www.econ.cam.ac.uk/ and www.econ.cam.ac.uk/prospect/ba/index.html
Durham www.dur.ac.uk/economics.finance/
Edinburgh www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/economics/
Exeter www.sobe.ex.ac.uk/undergraduate/
Lancaster www.lums.lancs.ac.uk/departments/economics/
Leeds http://lubswww.leeds.ac.uk/undergraduate/index.php?id=55
Liverpool www.liv.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/courses_e.htm
London School of Economics http://econ.lse.ac.uk/ and http://econ.lse.ac.uk/study/ugpr.html
Manchester www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/disciplines/economics/
Newcastle www.ncl.ac.uk/undergraduate/course/L100/economics
Nottingham (BA): www.nottingham.ac.uk/ugstudy/courses/economics/ba-economics.aspx
(BSc): www.nottingham.ac.uk/ugstudy/courses/economics/bsc-economics.aspx
Oxford (Econ & Management) www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/index.html
Oxford (General) www.economics.ox.ac.uk
Oxford (PPE) www.admissions.ox.ac.uk/courses/ppec.shtml
Queen’s (Belfast) www.qub.ac.uk/home/StudyatQueens/UndergraduateStudents/
Royal Holloway (London) www.rhul.ac.uk/economics/prospectivestudents/home.aspx
Southampton www.southampton.ac.uk/economics/undergraduate/
St Andrews www.st-and.ac.uk/academic/economics/
UCL www.ucl.ac.uk/economics/undergraduate/prospective
Warwick www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/Economics/
York www.york.ac.uk/depts/econ/
Trinity College Dublin www.tcd.ie/Economics/
Columbia (New York) www.columbia.edu/cu/economics/
Brown (Economics) www.brown.edu/Departments/Economics/
Harvard (Economics) www.economics.harvard.edu/
Princeton (Economics) www.econ.princeton.edu/
Yale (Economics) www.econ.yale.edu/
Stanford (Economics) http://economics.stanford.edu/site-map

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Alternative University Information and Careers Advice:
Guardian University Guide:
www.guardian.co.uk/education/universityguide
Independent: http://education.independent.co.uk/higher/
Open Days www.opendays.com/
Prospects: www.prospects.ac.uk
More useful links
 Why Study Economics: http://whystudyeconomics.ac.uk/ - this is a good site for background on university
courses and there are some well made videos from current economics undergraduates.
 Tutor2u UCAS Blog: http://tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/C561/ - containing lots of updated
resources for students during the current UCAS round
 Complete university guide – information on economics and related subjects available here:
www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=8823
 Thinking Skills Assessment: www.admissionstests.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/adt/
Section 2: Studying Economics – Courses and Conditional Offers
 Economics can be studied either as a single honours subject or in combination with other subjects (these are
known as joint honours courses). Check carefully to see what options are available. Thousands of students
each year combine Economics with Maths, History, Geography, Law, Philosophy, a Modern Language and
also Politics, Engineering and Management.
 Course requirements vary by institution and these can change from year to year – you are advised to
contact the university department concerned for precise information before applying. Further details are
likely to be given out at the official university / faculty open days
 For many of the top courses, a top grade in Further Maths is recommended to give your application a
stronger chance. For single honours Economics it is rare to apply without an A grade in single Maths.
Conditional Offers and Recent Advice (updated: January 2013)
For competitive courses, single honours economics will require at least one A*at A2 – probably Maths. You are
strongly advised to take Further Maths for Cambridge, UCL, Warwick, LSE and Oxford Econ & Management
o Bath: Typical offer: A2: A*AA or AAA, Mathematics and Economics A2 is required at grade A or above; AAA
offer in 2013 for Business Administration (Sandwich)
o Birmingham: Typical offer: A2: AAA, GCSE Mathematics grade A if not offered at AS or A2 level; AAB for
Business Management, AAB for Politics and Economics
o Bristol: Typical offer A2: A*AA including AAAA in C1, C2, C3 and C4. For Economics and Management: A*AA
including AAAA in C1, C2, C3 and C4
o For Econ and Finance A*AA offers made for 2013. Likewise - Economics with Study in Continental
Europe (4 years) AAA. Economics and Politics AAA including A in C3 and C4 Maths
o Bristol is more likely to make you an offer if you are studying Further Mathematics within the context
of four recognized A-level subjects. Some pure mathematics (mainly calculus) is needed for econ
theory which is compulsory in the first year (1/6th
of the first year course). Most of the mathematics
will not be harder than you would find in Further Maths A-level
o City University: Typical A2 offer: Economics: AAB

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o Cambridge: A-level Maths is essential for those
applying for entry. Vast majority of offers for
economics at Cambridge require A2 grades of A*AA
but for 2012, St John's College made offer in
Economics of A*A*A (in Maths, Further Maths and
Economics. Clare College made offer of A*AA (with A*
in Maths or Economics). Human, Social and Political
Sciences A*AA
o Each college adopts a different entry
procedure: all have interviews (one 25-30
minute subject specific, one 15 minute
general), some have tests: TSA, Maths or a
comprehension/ submitted work.
o Cambridge require you to submit AS module scores and as a rule of thumb you should be scoring at
lest 93% in each of your AS module units. In December 2011, at Selwyn College 8 successful
applicants (out of 89) averaged 97.1% across their top 3 AS subjects
o Cambridge is looking for students with the intellectual curiosity to investigate contemporary and
historical patterns of economic behaviour, and a wide–ranging interest in the evolution of the global
economy. You should also have good quantitative skills and an interest in applying mathematical and
statistical tools to the analysis of economic issues
o Their Tripos system is flexible – e.g. you might study Law or Management Studies in 3rd
year
o Durham: Typical L100 offer A2: A*AA. Economics BA (Honours) and for Business Economics; For Combined
Social Sciences (Econ + Geography) typical offer is A*AA, Geography (single honours) offer of A*AA. Business
and Management offer 2103: AAM2orD3AB
o You will need an A* in Maths for Economics but don’t bother applying for PPE if you are doing
Double Maths as they think this shows too narrow a focus. Durham’s PPE admissions advisor wants
students to be taking four A2 subjects
o If you aren’t taking four subjects to A2, consider
applying for the Combined Social Sciences
degree which has more places and is fine with
3 A2 subjects. You can study the same
modules as the PPE
o Edinburgh: Typical A2 offer: AAB or BBB: Single
Honours Economics: Maths: Maths AS or A-level
desirable. 2013 offer for one student is AApre-uD
o Exeter: Typical A2 offer: Economics A*AA. Selectors
prefer applicants to offer grade A at A level
Mathematics. Econ and Politics offer: AAB; Business
and Management: AAA; Econ & Finance: AAA
o Leeds: Typical A2 offer is AAA for most Economics
options including Management. You must have A/A* in
GCSE Maths; AAB for Economics and Maths. Economics
and German offer: AAB
o London School of Economics (LSE): Further Maths is a must for Economics L100, but it is not necessary to
have studied even single Maths to apply for Economics and Government. LSE put a HUGE emphasis on the
UCAS statement. They make 2.5 offers for every place they actually have. Recent offers: Government and
economics AAA, Economics A*AA Philosophy and Economics 2013 offer: AAA

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o Manchester: Typical A2: Economics AAB,
Development and Economics AAB; Economics and
Finance AAB, Management (Marketing) AAB,
Modern History with Economics: ABB
o Newcastle: Typical A2 offer: AAA excluding General
Studies. GCSE Maths grade A and English grade B.
Business Accounting and Finance 2013 offer: AAB
o Nottingham:
o For the BA and BSC Honours Economics:
Typical A2 offer is A*AA and for those
taking four full A2 subjects (not including
general studies) A*ABB. An A in Maths at GCSE
is required.
o Economics with Hispanic Studies (4 years) A*AA; Management Studies: AAA
o Oxford (Economics and Management):
o Typical offer remains AAA or D3. Candidates are required to have Mathematics to A-level
o Work experience & "extended projects" irrelevant - they read UCAS Statement very carefully
o TSA exam is crucially important for Oxford E&M and also for PPE (read below):
 They look at your public exam grades and your TSA score and your school reference, and by
using "regression analysis" they produce an "algorithm", from which they give each
candidate a score. They then rank all the candidates. The TSA is the major component here
o Oxford Engineering Economics and Management (2013): A*AA
o Oxford (PPE): Typical A2 offer: AAA (Maths and History are helpful but not essential)
o Queen Mary London: Typical A2 offer: Economics L100: AAA
o Royal Holloway: Typical A2 offer: Economics: AAB; Economics with Politics: ABB
o Southampton: Typical A2 offer: 3 A level subjects: AAA including A level Mathematics; 4 A level subjects:
AABB including A level Mathematics at grade B or above
o St Andrew’s: Typical A2 offer for single honours Economics is AAA
o UCL: Economics: A*AA in the first sitting, to include grade A* in Mathematics (and A in Economics if taking
this subject), plus a pass in a further subject at AS level. Philosophy and Economics (2013) AAA
o Warwick: Typical A2 offer: A*AAB - For applications to 'L100 Economics' or 'L112 Economics and Industrial
Organization' you must obtain a minimum grade A in A2 level Maths. A*AAa for those taking 3 A2 subjects.
AAA offer for Mathematics, Operational Research, Statistics and Economics
Land Economy (available at Cambridge, Reading)
 Its two primary disciplines are law and economics. Students with interests in economic geography,
environmental economics, the economics of real estate and in environmental and property law will be
attracted to Land Economy. www.landecon.cam.ac.uk/courses/undergradstudy/introduction.htm
 The University of Cambridge Land Economy faculty admits around 60 undergraduates per year. The normal
requirement for undergraduate applicants to Land Economy is A*AA at A level. The Department does not
require applicants to have taken any particular subjects prior to joining

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Section 3: Strengthening your University Application
For most admissions tutors, their main concern is your intellectual /
academic potential, commitment, curiosity and passion for your
chosen subject disciplines compared with other student applicants
One admissions tutor said: “we look for intellectual curiosity and a
wide-ranging view of the subject, i.e. not just focused on the UK.”
Good advice, try to show awareness of the big changes happening in
the world!
Focusing on your UCAS statement
Your UCAS statement should be at least 80% about a genuine
commitment to a chosen subject and must demonstrate evidence of
having gone well beyond the syllabus, with a track record of independent study.
Enrichment and Extension Activities in your Subjects
Here is some advice on improving the quality of your application – assuming that you have the required grades
o Independent enrichment reading
o Try to read articles from a quality newspaper every day. This will give you breadth of awareness and
it will undoubtedly improve your written work in your final papers
o Develop your own personal learning network using blogs and twitter – for example by following
and engaging in discussions with subject experts.
o Watch TED talks and talks from the Royal Society of Arts and the London School of Economics
o Read up on critical thinking / thinking skills – consider buying a book on this to prepare for TSA tests
o Get involved in school societies and make contact with speakers after their visit – follow them on Twitter or
draw on some of their most recent articles and books – this is a great way to immerse yourself in a subject
o Enter at least one external essay competitions such as the one organized by the Royal Economic Society
o RES Essay competition for 2013 – details here: http://tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/C572
o Get involved with summer schools that give you fresh insights into subjects you want to take further. Check
to see which UK and US universities are organizing summer schools and apply early!
o Challenge the conventional wisdom in the classroom – seek to question what is being taught, have
confidence to take issue with your teachers and explore different arguments – don’t take a back seat, don’t
be passive – it will help you in interviews and in university seminars, it will improve your self-confidence
o Explore areas of the subject beyond the syllabus such as game theory and behavioural economics
o Network - explore opportunities for work experiences with different organizations and people - the more
diverse the experience – the better. Working for a charity, with a local newspaper or business start-up is
more valuable than a week sat with boring people in an investment banking office or a firm of accountants!
o Travel and seek to understand more about the social, economic, political and historical background of the
places you are visiting. Read up about them, perhaps contributing to school-based magazines or other
student publications. Blog about your experiences and your views.
o Attend outside lectures and other events – look for lectures made available to the general public at your
local universities or academic organizations: In London for example I recommend the following:
o LSE Public Lectures: www2.lse.ac.uk/publicEvents/eventsHome.aspx
o RSA Events: www.thersa.org/events

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Section 4: Writing a Personal Statement
 They are a crucial piece of evidence alongside
projected grades and school reference
 They must be personal; they must convey genuine
enthusiasm for the subject!
 Some universities allow (like) substitute or additional
personal statements:
o Durham substitute statement allowed
o Cambridge SAQ additional statement allowed
o UCL ‘Arts and Sciences BASc’ additional
statement required
First paragraph
 What sparked your interest? - talk about how you
reached your decision to study this subject
 How has it been sustained? - Has taking it to A2 level
confirmed you want to take it even further?
 Be specific - give an example of something in the course that's really fired your interest
Paragraph Two - Your Academic and Intellectual Curiosity
 Books that you have read. Try to think about your independent reading. Give the title, the author, a brief
synopsis and explain what it was about that book that you liked/seemed relevant to you and your course. If
you can, try to get to the heart of what the book was about, or take issue with it
 The journals or magazines or blogs you've read or follow. Why do you like that particular journal, and which
articles in particular have interested you? How have you carried this interest forward?
 If you refer to something you have read, say what you think of it, a chance to show critical thought
 The recent developments in your subject that has caught your eye. Have you studied developments in
behavioural economics? Or read different books on globalisation and the financial crisis?
Paragraph Three - Related interest in your subject(s)
 The work experience or voluntary work that you have completed
 What it was about that work experience or voluntary work that (specifically) interested you?
 Any academic competitions you've entered, what did you write about? What did you learn?
 What extra courses, lectures, summer schools, and seminars have you attended? Who gave them? What
impressed you? What did you take from them?
Paragraph 4 - Extra Curricular - the subliminal messages
 The sports you do and the level.
 Any scholarships you have, and how you have continued to excel in that area.
 Your orchestras, choirs, bands, societies and say why you like them.
 Your positions of responsibility or occasions when you've led teams. What did you learn from it?
 What takes up your free time, and why do you give it so much space in your life?
 Why you think these qualities will make you a good undergraduate?
 Some areas of your life that show you can work under pressure, to deadlines.
Entry Profiles
On the UCAS website, every course at every university has an Entry Profile, accessible when you either search for a
course or search for a university. Entry profiles will give a clear statement of the essential and preferred subjects at
A2 and AS, as well as the grades and other requirements universities are looking for from applicants. For example, as
well as specifying what grades are required, certain courses may specify required additional tests, skills,
recommended evidence of relevant work experience and so on.

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Section 5: Sample Personal Statements
Statement 1: History (Oxford)
History is an enormously difficult subject to define. To me the most appropriate definition is that offered by Cicero,
“History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time.” This is because the breadth of the subject means that
the historian can never be certain of what happened, but tries to give an accurate account based on limited sources.
History is something with which to think with; to see how people behaved in the past presents us an opportunity to
think how we behave.
My interest in history stemmed from its capacity to develop awareness of differing political, cultural, social and
economic structures. This was particularly evident when studying the causes of the American Civil War, and the
innate differences between the North and South. My inquisitive nature is a main factor in my desire to study history;
I am interested in a broad range of historical topics including the Anglo-Zulu war, the First World War and the
American Revolution.
I have been appointed Secretary of the History Society of my school. A particularly memorable speaker was
Professor Richard Holmes, who spoke about the Western Front in World War One. Following this talk I visited the
battlefield’s of the Somme to gain a better understanding of the war. I have enjoyed reading Gary Sheffield’s
controversial book, Forgotten Victory. I was interested by the notion offered that the war represented the greatest
military victory in British history and that the First World War was as war that Britain had to fight. I have attended
two talks by David Rattray, one at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst and the other at the Royal Geographical
Society. These talks on the Anglo-Zulu war interested me because of their focus on the battle of Isandlwana being a
great victory for the Zulus, and not entirely due to British incompetence. When studying the Causes of the American
Civil War, I undertook the reading of The Great Republic –A History of America by Sir Winston Churchill. Though
more of a synopsis of American history up to the early twentieth century it offers an interesting overview and a good
description of the Civil War.
Since coming to the school I have gained an internal scholarship based on exam results. I have also won three History
prizes in exams as well as in several other subjects. Last year I won the lower-sixth Divinity prize. In this essay I drew
on examples from history as a means to explore what may be justified in the future. Looking at key events in history,
such as the Industrial Revolution, I concluded that to hold back human development for the sake of future
generations would be a mistake.
Recently I have entered the Birley prize for an historical essay written and researched entirely independently. I chose
the topic of The Olive Branch Petition and the American War of Independence. I was particularly interested by
Bernard Bailyn’s book ‘The ideological origins of the American Revolution’, a book which gave great significance to
the political philosophy of the revolution. I was also able to research Parliamentary debates from 1775 at the House
of Lords Record Office, which was a rewarding and useful experience. My interest in Politics led to my appointment
as Vice-President of the schools Political Society. In this position I am able meet a number of significant political
figures. Both the editor of The Guardian and The Telegraph has come offering their views of the role of the media in
society. As I am young for the year I probably need to take a Gap year. For three months I plan to do voluntary work
in a Game Reserve in Natal Province, South Africa. From here I will have the opportunity to visit both the Boer and
Anglo-Zulu War battlefields. The opportunity to gain some understanding of other cultures should enhance my
ability as an historian.
The Oxford history course’s broad chronological sweep and geographical range, including topics such as Spain and
America in the 16th Century, is particularly appealing. I would relish the opportunity to study a history course that is
not focussed merely on British and European histories. Having had a small sample of the tutorial system at my
school, I feel that I would benefit enormously and gain much enjoyment from such a system.

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Statement 2: PPE (Oxford)
When I was fifteen years old, I had the privilege of being elected Deputy Young Mayor of the London Borough of
Newham. Engaging with the electorate, senior politicians and media, I experienced some of the links between
economics, politics and philosophy, energising my decision to pursue the subjects academically. I enhanced my
abilities through self-study, reading The Times, The Economist, debating and writing an online blog. This initiative
helped me do well at school: youngest Chief Editor of the school magazine, highest achieving GCSE student in the
borough and a Sixth Form Scholarship for state school pupils to Eton College.
While reading Harford it dawned on me that there is an economist in each of us. I explored the idea in my article
'sKOOLonomics' by examining how students use economic thinking to make rational decisions in school situations.
However, in my essay 'Tragedy behind the School Gates' I investigated the paradox in the Prisoner's Dilemma of how
reason can be self-destructive and discussed measures to promote cooperative behaviour. In 'King's Speech' (highly
commended in the 2011 RES essay competition), I echoed Mervyn King's fear of a repeat of the financial crisis and
considered how government response has not fully addressed issues such as banks being too important to fail and
deep-rooted global imbalances. I agree with Rajan's analysis that serious 'Fault Lines' lay not in economics but in
politics. I enjoy running the College Economics Society, interacting with the experts and learning from them.
In my paper 'It's the Economy, Stupid' I argued that politicians must address the economic aspirations of a society to
get elected. However, in the context of the sovereign debt crisis, economic reforms are being undermined by
politics. In a lecture on the Arab Spring I attended at the LSE, Dr Lisa Anderson cautioned against placing too much
emphasis on the causal relationship between poverty of the masses and political unrest: ideologies play a role. My
essay 'Fear is the Key' (winner, College Politics prize) discussed how conservatism is a positional attitude driven by
fear of change rather than an ideology. I have met leading politicians, visited the Houses of Parliament and
witnessed proceedings of the Newham Council. I complemented my experiences and studies by reading Woolf's
Introduction to Political Philosophy. I am a Committee Member of the College Political Society.
Philosophy enables us to think critically about some of life's deepest questions and provides the economist and the
politician with a moral compass. This encouraged me to think and engage in discussion. Having read Warburton's
Introduction to Philosophy, I attended his exhibition 'Picturing Philosophers' which inspired me to design 'Walk with
Philosophers', a new course for the Newham Summer School, which I taught in a Socratic style. Debate Chamber's
Philosophy Summer School and a Harvard online course on Justice enhanced my thinking. Then, having read Liberty
and Equality edited by Machan, I am scheduled to talk at the College society on how the two can be compatible yet
contradictory depending on their conception.
My other involvements and responsibilities included positions as Deputy Head Boy, School Council Chair and jazz
band member. At College I revived the Debating Society, hosted Berkshire Schools debating competition and was
ranked in the top twelve at England Schools 2012 Debating Team Trials. Outside College I have taught debating at an
Oxbridge Summer School, GCSE History lessons and other workshops.
I volunteered as a primary classroom assistant and had work experience at Freshfields law firm. I have been selected
as a London 2012 Young Leader and host community events associated with the Olympic Games. These experiences
have strengthened my organisational skills and ability to work to tight schedules.

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Statement 3: Teacher Reference for Harvard (Economics)
Note: Applications to the US differ from the UK system – seek special advice from your school / college on SATs exams
and other aspects of the process. This is an example of a reference written for a student seeking an early-application
place at a top US university and key is the range and depth of the activities and achievements that a referee can point
to within the body of the application.
Student A is an exceptional young man with a breath-taking range of academic and whole school talents and
interests. I recommend him to you in the strongest possible terms and I do so without reservation. My hope is that,
as my reference pans out, you will get a true sense of his commitment to academic excellence all of which is
balanced and blended with a delightful lightness of touch and integrity in his day-to-day work within the school
community.
Academic results
Since arriving at Eton Student A has occupied a lofty place in our internal academic rankings. He has been awarded
straight Distinctions in our end-of-term exams winning a scholarship along the way. In the last year alone he has
won school prizes in Economics, French and Physics. At GCSE, Student A secured the highest possible set of results
and he was also placed in the top ten in the United Kingdom for his performance in Biology and Chemistry.
It was no surprise that he emerged from his AS exams (taken at the age of 17) with a clean sweep of top grades and
we have no doubt that Student A will reach the highest standards in his 2010 papers. Student A was a natural choice
to be included in Sixth Form Select – an elite group of our most academic students that meets regularly to read and
dissect essays written by members of the group.
His written work for me is accomplished, full of genuine insight and beautifully easy to follow. He has a natural gift
for absorbing complex issues with the minimum of fuss and in developing a narrative and sustaining an argument
with a telling phrase or supporting evidence. He carries this pursuit of interesting ideas into the schoolroom where
he does not seek to dominate discussion for its own sake; instead he chooses his moment to capture the essence of
an issue. He is without doubt an outstanding academic leader in a fine school.
Beyond the classroom
Student A has managed to achieve all of this without compromising for a second his outstanding contributions to the
broader life of the school. We have a long-standing tradition of encouraging students to stretch their academic
wings by entering an eclectic mix of essay competitions in different subject domains. Earlier this year Student A
entered for the Newcastle Scholarship – a grueling three-day exam that tested his understanding of the writings of
Kant. At the same time he was researching an essay for the Royal Economic Society’s annual competition on the
intriguing title “Are economic recessions inevitable?” A few weeks later we learned that his essay had been awarded
third place nationally and that Charles Bean, Deputy-Governor of the Bank of England and one of the judges had
commented that Student A’s essay was the most well written answer he had seen from over five hundred submitted.
Student A will receive his award from Professor Sir Partha Dasgupta of Cambridge University at a special lecture this
coming November.
I was delighted to appoint Student A as Secretary of the school’s Keynes (Economics) Society. This student-run body
invites external speakers and Student A and his team has already arranged a program of meetings that is
unparalleled in my ten years at the school. Student A has also been editor of Etonomics – our in-house economics
magazine, contributing articles as well as editing the contributions of his peers. When time allows you can find
Student A attending society meetings – from Politics and Philosophy to Science - and as a leader in the development
of a new school group – the International Forum. Student A appreciates the value of these meetings and he builds a
first-rate rapport with our guests during their time at Eton.

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We are proud of the range of activities that students at Eton can get involved with and Student A has entered into
the spirit of these opportunities with gusto and relish. He devotes one afternoon a week to our Social Service
program helping to care for elderly stroke victims at a local Concern Centre. He has played violin in our Concert
Orchestra, joined the chorus in a house production of the Threepenny Opera and he had helped form a team for the
house close harmony competition. He can be found playing soccer for his house on a Tuesday and Thursday
afternoon and he has also tried his hand at rowing, shooting and school tennis, his talents at the latter gave him the
opportunity to attend a school tennis training camp in Florida last Easter.
Embracing the triumph of the city
From where does Student A draw the energy to do all of these things? He clearly has exceptional organizational skills
because, beyond Eton’s doors, he makes frequent trips to London’s South Bank to attend theatre, dance and film
events. He has also completed a summer sculpture course in the capital and he has enjoyed completing sailing
training in Norway, Outward Bound events and he has found time to complete his Drivers License in quick order! You
will relieved to know that Student A still has time at the end of the day to dive into a good book. He has read
Candide in French and is currently enjoying the works of Philip Pullman and the writings of the renowned
development economist Jeffrey Sachs.
Our school has provided Student A with a wonderful and eclectic balance of life opportunities that are difficult to
find elsewhere and he has set a terrifically high standard in the schoolroom whilst savoring and contributing richly
across a broad canvas of other activities. I have no doubt that Student A will do the same at university for his sense
of collegiality is embedded deeply in everything he does. His inter-personal skills are of the highest order and his
intellectual curiosity and drive to understanding more about an ever changing and turbulent world order will lead
him into even more areas of academic debate and discourse.
This summer Student A spent several weeks in Tanzania, first working at Mvumi School where he taught English and
Accounting and then a week at the Tanzanian central bank in Dar El Salam. This was truly a life-changing period for
Student A; he has written that the experience ‘devastated my perception of equality, the axiom to which I supposed
we are all subscribed’. He is now deeply interested in the complex inter-relationships between politics and
economic and social policy-making and it will be fascinating to see where this new focus takes him in the months and
years to come.
In twenty years as a Head of Faculty at two of the top academic schools in the United Kingdom, I have rarely come
across someone with such a range of interests and talents. Expressed simply Student A is absolutely outstanding and
I am delighted to offer this reference to you in support of his application.
Geoff Riley FRSA
Eton College

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Statement 4: Economics and Management (Oxford)
It is difficult to think of a more important and interesting time to study and understand Economics. As the coalition
government embarks on the biggest spending cuts since the time of Thatcher and the world looks set to plunge back
into recession through the instability within the Euro Zone, one cannot ignore the impact of economic policies on all
our lives. This is what draws me to the subject.
Since taking up Economics at AS level, my main interest has lain with the evolution of innovation which is especially
apparent in the past century. "The Rational Optimist" by Matt Ridley is a book that addresses the adaptability of the
human race to overcome the obstacles of the past and argues for optimism when looking to the future as human
ingenuity and innovation will provide a basis for continued growth despite issues like food shortages and strained
resource supply.
To develop my understanding of this subject, I researched and wrote an essay for the school's Economics prize on
the importance of urbanization to provide the high density living that is required to spark innovation, boost
productivity, and ultimately fuel growth. I concluded from this research that urbanization is one of the most
important factors for continued growth due to the increased creativity and enterprise experienced in high density
locations. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly important from an environmental stand point in order to reduce
the future carbon footprint of developing countries such as China and India. I ended up winning 1st prize for this
competition, examined by Professor Paul Collier.
For me, what makes the subject so fascinating is its dynamic nature due to the irrational actions and decisions of the
global populace. As a mathematician, I was fascinated to find that even this irrationality can be modeled and
calculated through the application of Game Theory which has become something in which I'm especially interested.
"The Art of Strategy" by Dixit and Nalebuff was one of the most useful books I read in relation to this subject as use
the of extensive case studies practically demonstrates the principles of Game Theory to everyday human decision
making. Furthermore, Leonard Mlodinow's "The Drunkards Walk" gave me an insight into how ineffective the human
brain is at understanding probability and statistics which can explain why many of the irrational choices we make are
governed by the view that these instincts are in fact rational. In this book Mlodinow shows through the manipulation
of statistics that the chaos of randomness can be understood through awareness of the chance affecting our
decisions.
Over the summer I spent 2 weeks working for Ceres Fund Ltd. I found the work rewarding as an experience which
gave me an insight into how complicated the workings of the market are, reinforcing all that I have learnt of the
irrationality of most consumer choices. Furthermore, I worked for African Access Holdings (Pty) Ltd for 3 weeks,
being seconded to a group company specializing in travel and event managing. This was a particularly enlightening
experience as it made me aware of the importance of such demanding managerial structures in larger companies. I
also managed a shop on Portobello High Street which was interesting to experience first-hand the role of economic
theory in practical situations.
At school, I am Secretary of the Advertising Society, on the committee of the Model United Nations, the Psychology
Society and the Entrepreneurship Society as well as being Secretary of the more informal Meditation Society. I enjoy
the responsibility of organizing house games, captaining my house football and cricket teams while also representing
the school in both sports. I am looking forward to the challenging nature of an Economics and Management course
as it will allow me to study the theory which fascinates me in tandem with the practical side of economics, which is
so relevant to every choice I make.

13
Statement 5: Economics – Cambridge
I first became aware of the importance of Economics when I represented Iraq at a Model United Nations conference
in Edinburgh. I debated issues ranging from the problem of aid dependence to the economic impact of terrorism,
and won the “Best Delegate” award in the Economics Committee. Since then, I have extended my knowledge of
different areas of Economics by reading the Financial Times and The Economist, and by attending open lectures at
the LSE and RSA. In my gap year, I am working as an economic research assistant for the International Growth Centre
(at the invitation of Professor Tim Besley) in a team planning to measure private returns to education, with the
exciting possibility of undertaking fieldwork in India.
My interest in Game Theory as a method for understanding strategic decision-making encouraged me to read ‘The
Art of Strategy’ by Dixit and Nalebuff. I am intrigued by how empirical evidence seems to refute the assumptions of
Rational Choice Theory, leading us to question how rational we are and how useful the assumption of self-interest is,
given the strong social, cultural and moral influences promoting altruism. Game Theory also appeals to me because
it provides an opportunity to use my aptitude for Mathematics to analyse economic problems. I am working through
‘Mathematics for Economics and Business’ by Ian Jacques, and have enjoyed applying calculus to problems such as
those encountered in constrained optimization. I am eager to develop my Mathematical skills and their application
to Economics at University.
Recent turmoil in the global economy led me to read 'Animal Spirits' by Akerlof and Shiller, which introduced me to
the intriguing manner in which psychology affects the performance of the macro economy. In my essay for the RES
Young Economist of the Year Competition, entitled "Are Economic Recessions Inevitable?” I argued that there was
convincing evidence to suggest that underlying psychological factors, rather than policy failures, cause the business
cycle. Since then, I have begun to explore rival theories of business cycles, including Keynesian, Monetarist and
Austrian ideas.
Amartya Sen’s ‘Development as Freedom’ sparked my interest in the role of economic and social liberties to increase
the advancement of poor countries, via the market mechanism. However, I found that much debate surrounding
development is concerned with the time frame in which transitions towards market-based economies occur, rather
than simply evaluating the benefits of free markets. The development of social capital appears to be a challenging
but essential part of this process. My belief that it is necessary to adopt a bottom-up approach to improving living
standards of citizens in developing countries was reinforced by reading ‘The White Man’s Burden’ by William
Easterly. My interest in microfinance came from reconciling this approach to development with the improvement of
economic freedoms and my entry for my school’s Economics prize focused on the recent boom in microfinance to
fund small Indian businesses. I concluded that regulation of microfinance lending should be increased to ensure that
credit bubbles do not grow, burst and cause havoc, as they have done in the developed world.
In my view, education is the best remedy available to improve global living standards. Through mountaineering
expeditions to the Himalayas and the Andes, I have raised $12 000 to help educate orphan girls from the Masaai
tribe in Tanzania. I will be teaching in Tanzania for three months from next April.
As the secretary of my school’s Economics Society, I sought out inspiring speakers from varied academic and
business backgrounds to enthuse budding economists from several local schools. This experience has helped to
develop my organisational and time management skills. I am keen to make the most of the opportunities that a
university education can offer, and hope one day to pursue a career in academia.

14
Statement 6: PPE at Oxford
Throughout my academic career I have tended to favour subjects that impact upon, or seem relevant to, my own
life. This was certainly a crucial influence in my choice of A level programme and university course. I have a strong
commitment to understanding the world as it operates today; the more I have learned, the more I have come to
appreciate that such an understanding often requires explorations of a more abstract than practical nature and that
theoretical approaches can unlock an appreciation of real world scenarios; but I remain someone whose primary
focus is the here and now.
I have enjoyed a number of books that have helped me to develop my thinking beyond the specific requirements of
the A level syllabuses. Michael Lewis’ The Big Short, which I reviewed for an economics journal, revealed the culture
of moral depravity and lack of accountability that has caused so much turmoil. My interest in the current economic
crisis was given an historical and theoretical context by Keynes: The Return of the Master; this book certainly
advanced my appreciation of the debate between ‘classical’ and ‘Keynesian’ economics.
I am also interested in Development Economics, and my school economics prize essay: “Is there room for Ethics and
Morals in Economics?” concluded that it is impossible for any economic or political system to function efficiently
without a basic moral foundation. Paul Collier’s The Bottom Billion explained how political and social factors have
prevented the economic development of the poorest nations, and I am interested in Dambisa Moyo’s view that the
way out of poverty for Africa is not through aid, which encourages corruption and conflict, but through investment in
infrastructure and encouraging free trade.
Early in my study of Economics I came to appreciate the diversity of applications of the subject: it is influenced by,
and in turn influences, almost every sphere of human activity, not just the business and financial world. In trying to
understand the forces that shape financial markets or economic developments, one engages with a broad range of
enquiry. My reading about Keynes has encouraged me to realise that Economics is a “moral science” that “deals with
motives, expectations, psychological uncertainties”. As such it is obvious that it is a subject that feeds off other
disciplines and I am very excited by the possibility of being able to extend my examination of the modern world by
pursuing philosophical and political courses, where possible. In my last year at school I took an optional course in
philosophy; by reading a wide range of texts starting with Plato and finishing with a taste of Wittgenstein, I began to
get a feel for philosophical methods and a basic outline of a developing history of ideas in areas of metaphysics and
moral philosophy.
In order to expose myself further to political debate I campaigned in the borough of Richmond in the 2010 General
Election. I met hundreds of residents and discussed their political hopes and concerns. Not only was I often asked to
defend the government’s social policies during my encounters with the electorate, but the process of campaigning in
economically deprived areas one day and in privileged suburbs the next made me aware of how far economic
inequality had helped to cause the present political instability in the UK. Recently I have worked in a political think-
tank, which has given me a fascinating insight into the workings of government and policy motives, sparking a desire
to pursue this avenue of study more exhaustively.
Whilst at school I involved myself in many worthwhile ventures, I worked for Starlight charity organising distribution
of gifts to disabled children, and I cycled across Ireland in aid of Cancer Research raising £9,000. I am currently
employed at Sloane Robinson in the City, as a researcher, writing reports on market activity. In the New Year I will be
working at an orphanage in India, before travelling in the Far East.

15
Statement 7: PPE, Oxford
Participating in an election campaign for the Thai Democrat Party (TDP) this summer has cemented my decision to
apply for PPE. The experience not only enabled me to realize what is required to enter the Thai Parliament – my
definite ambition – but it also exposed the undeniable connections between the three disciplines. Not only was I
often asked to defend the government’s handling of the recent demonstrations on ethical grounds during my
encounters with the electorate, but the process of campaigning in deprived areas one day and in nearby up-market
shopping complexes the next made me aware of how far inequality had helped to cause political instability in
Thailand. Indeed, the pursuit of income equality was the subject of my essay for the Royal Economic Society’s
competition, which was Highly Commended. My main attraction towards PPE thus lies in the synergetic links
between the three branches.
In economics, I am fascinated by the extent to which the simple price mechanism unconsciously affects numerous
facets of our everyday lives and have extended my understanding of the subject through reading Sandelin’s A Short
History of Economic Thought. Studying economics in the midst of the current financial crisis has led to me following
many topical issues, including the possible trade-off between a quick economic recovery and a sustainable budget
deficit – the topic of a recent school prize that I won. Dixit and Nalebuff’s The Art of Strategy provide an intriguing
insight into game theory and behavioural economics. In addition to running the school’s Economics Society, I also
explored how ethics can enhance several areas of economics through Amartya Sen’s On Ethics and Economics and
another prize essay.
As for politics, I attended an internship programme at the TDP. Shadowing the current Thai Prime Minister also
expanded my understanding of how leading a coalition government with a small majority forced him to resort to a
cabinet government. Political newspapers and magazines have interviewed me, defending the PM’s refusal to give in
to the protestors in order to avoid setting a precedent for ochlocracy over parliamentary democracy. Studying UK
politics has allowed me to investigate the ideologies behind the UK parties’ policies in the general election, as well as
to examine how far Parliament serves its purpose in the Westminster model. Political philosophy appeals to me no
less than contemporary politics: Woolf’s Introduction to Political Philosophy spurred me to explore various original
texts, such as Rousseau’s Social Contract.
My participation in the Dicey Conference at Oxford further expanded my knowledge of civil liberties. Although there
is not enough time to study philosophy at school, it is not exclusive owing to the universal ability to think. While
Warburton’s Philosophy: The Basics provides an overview of major philosophical issues, Bertrand Russell’s The
Problems of Philosophy has given me a taste of the style and framework of original works of philosophy, especially
on aspects of epistemology. Hodges’ Logic introduced me to formal logic, including the tableaux test for
inconsistency. My enthusiasm and aptitude for philosophy are also reflected in me winning a school philosophy prize
on the importance of doubt towards philosophy.
I believe that I have demonstrated the all-round academic capabilities needed to cope with the broad nature of PPE,
having finished top of my year academically over the past 3 years. Taking part in the Mathematical Olympiad and my
school Maths team that came 4th in the UK will also help me with the numerical skills required. Outside the
classroom, I am captain of my House’s football team and editor of my school’s academic yearbook. In addition to
running Community Services, my organizational skills and responsibility are reflected in my appointments as an
Academic Prefect and Head of the Scholar’s House.

16
Section 6: Recommended Reading for Economics
Here is my selection of economics books for students keen on deepening their understanding
1. 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism (Ha-Joon Chang), ISBN: 1846143284
2. Adapt: Why Success Always Starts with Failure (Tim Harford) ISBN: 1408701529
3. Art of Strategy (Dixit and Nalebuff) ISBN: 978-0-393-06243-4 – especially good for Game Theory
4. Assumptions Economists Make: (Jonathan Schlefer), ISBN: 0674052269
5. Carbon Crunch: How We're Getting Climate Change Wrong (Dieter Helm), ISBN: 0300186592
6. Development as Freedom: (Amartya Sen): ISBN: 0192893300
7. End this Depression Now! (Paul Krugman) ISBN: 978-0393088779
8. Game Theory: A Very Short Introduction: (Ken Binmore) 978-0199218462
9. Grand Pursuit: The Story of the People Who Made Modern Economics (Sylvia Nasar) ISBN: 1841154563
10. How Markets Fail: The Logic of Economic Calamities (John Cassidy) ISBN: 1846143004
11. Keynes – the Return of the Master (Skidelsky) ISBN: 184614258X
12. Made in Britain: How the nation earns its living: (Evan Davis) ISBN: 0349123780
13. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution, (Chris Anderson), ISBN: 184794065X
14. Paper Promises: Money, Debt and the New World Order (Philip Coggan) ISBN: 1846145104
15. Poor Economics: Rethinking Ways to Fight Global Poverty (Banerjee & Duflo) ISBN: 9781586487980
16. Positive Linking – Networks and Nudges (Paul Ormerod) ISBN: 0571279201 (forthcoming in 2012)
17. The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty (Dan Ariely) ISBN: 978-0062183590
18. The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine (Michael Lewis) ISBN: 1846142571
19. The Economics of Enough: (Diane Coyle) ISBN: 0691145180
20. The Idea of Justice (Amartya Sen): ISBN: 0141037857
21. The Plundered Planet: How to Reconcile Prosperity with Nature: (Paul Collier) ISBN: 1846142237
22. The Quest for Prosperity: How Developing Economies Can Take Off, (Justin Lin), ISBN: 0691155895
23. The Signal and the Noise: The Art and Science of Prediction (Nate Silver), ISBN: 1846147522
24. Thinking Fast and Thinking Slow: (Daniel Kahneman) ISBN: 1846140552
25. Worldly Philosophers: Lives, Times, and Ideas of Great Economic Thinkers (Heilbroner) ISBN: 0140290060
Reading list last updated Tuesday, May 07, 2013
The Enlightenment Economics blog written by Diane Coyle is excellent for keeping up to speed with the flow of new economics
books that are being published at the moment: http://www.enlightenmenteconomics.com/blog/
Superb regular articles available from the Project Syndicate website: http://www.project-syndicate.org/
I post regular university and economics subject advice on my Twitter feed: @tutor2u_econ
I also curate the Tutor2u economics blogs – available here: http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/

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