27. MBSR 的創立
於 1979 年，由「美國麻省大
學醫學中心」附屬「減壓門
診」的 Jon Kabat-zinn 博士
所創立。
門診於 1995 年擴大為「正念
中心」 (Center for Mindfulness in
Medicine, Health Care, and Society ，簡
稱 CFM)
33. 改變牛皮癬治癒速度
在 1998 年的一項研究， Kabat-
Zinn 博士及其同僚指出，於接受
光線療法 (UVB) 或光化療法
(PUVA) 治療之同時練習正念修
行的病患，其治癒牛皮癬的速度
比純粹接受光線療法的病患要快
上四倍。
Kabat-Zinn j. et al., (1998) ‘Influence of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
Intervention on Rates of Skin Clearing in Patients with Moderate to Severe Psoriasis
Undergoing Phototherapy (UVB) and Photochemotherapy (PUVA)’, Psychosomatic
Medicine. 60(5): 625-632.
34.
35.
36. 改變大腦活動與免疫功能
象徵「正面積極情緒」的大腦左前
額葉 (left prefrontal cortex) 的活動，相較
於未參加訓練的對照組員工，有相
當顯著的活躍現象；
參加正念訓練的員工因應流感疫苗
所產生的抗體 (antibody) 也明顯較未
受訓的員工來得多。
Davidson R.J., Kabat-Zinn J., et al., (2003) ‘Alterations in Brain and Immune
Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation’, Psychosomatic Medicine.
66: 564-570.
58. 正念認知療法
Zindel Segal
University of Toronto
Mark Williams
University of Oxford
John Teasdale
Medical Research Council
Cognition and Brain Sciences
Unit, Cambridge
http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20030804,00.html http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1005349,00.html 美國《時代》 (TIME) 雜誌 (Aug.4, 2003) 的封面標題是 "The Science of Meditation" ，並引起了許多報紙如《華爾街日報》等的後續報導。根據該報導，全美約有 1000 萬個成年人宣稱自己定期練習靜坐，約佔美國總人口的 5% ，是過去十年（ 1990 年代）習禪人數的兩倍。 The Benefits of Meditation: Research Findings and Data “ Not only do studies show that meditation is boosting their immune system, but brain scans suggest that it may be rewiring their brains to reduce stress… Ten million American adults now say they practice some form of meditation regularly.” Stein, J. (2003) The Science of Meditation, TIME magazine (cover story), August 4: 48-56.
September 27, 2004 http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Welcome_Newsweek_readers.htm
http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20030120,00.html Print Email Reprints share inShare If you close your eyes and think about it for a while, as philosophers have done for centuries, the world of the mind seems very different from the one inhabited by our bodies. The psychic space inside our heads is infinite and ethereal; it seems obvious that it must be made of different stuff than all the other organs. Cut into the body, and blood pours forth. But slice into the brain, and thoughts and emotions don't spill out onto the operating table. Love and anger can't be collected in a test tube to be weighed and measured. Rene Descartes, the great 17th century French mathematician and philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical divide in what came to be known in Western philosophy as mind-body dualism. Many Eastern mystical traditions, contemplating the same inner space, have come to the opposite conclusion. They teach that the mind and body belong to an indivisible continuum. In the past, doctors and scientists have tended to dismiss that view as bunk, but the more they learn about the inner workings of the mind, the more they realize that in this regard at least, the mystics are right and Descartes was dead wrong. Mind and body, psychologists and neurologists now agree, aren't that different. The brain is just another organ, albeit more intricate than the rest. The thoughts and emotions that seem to color our reality are the result of complex electrochemical interactions within and between nerve cells. The disembodied voices of schizophrenia and the feelings of worthlessness and self-hatred that accompany depression, although they seem to be based on reality, are no more than distortions in brain electrochemistry. Researchers are learning how these distortions arise, how to lessen their severity and, in some cases, how to correct them. Scientists are also learning something else. Not only is the mind like the rest of the body, but the well-being of one is intimately intertwined with that of the other. This makes sense because they share the same systems--nervous, circulatory, endocrine and immune. What happens in the pancreas or liver can directly affect brain function. Disorders of the brain, conversely, can send out biochemical shock waves that disturb the rest of the body. The pages that follow, our annual special report on health, take you to the cutting edge of mind-body research, where scientists, having left Descartes's great mistake far behind, are exploring how the brain works, how it malfunctions, and what can be done when it goes awry. --By Michael D. Lemonick Read more: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1004082,00.html#ixzz1xbXe6dam
此圖為 2011 年 2 月 5 日在 ISI Web of Knowledge 資料庫，以 mindfulness 搜尋摘要和關鍵詞的結果。此研究僅限於以英語發表者為限。此表格由南加州大學的 David S. Black 製作
ClinicalTrials.gov offers up-to-date information for locating federally and privately supported clinical trials for a wide range of diseases and conditions. A clinical trial (also clinical research) is a research study in human volunteers to answer specific health questions. Interventional trials determine whether experimental treatments or new ways of using known therapies are safe and effective under controlled environments. Observational trials address health issues in large groups of people or populations in natural settings. ClinicalTrials.gov currently contains 127,372 trials sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, other federal agencies, and private industry. Studies listed in the database are conducted in all 50 States and in 178 countries ClinicalTrials.gov receives over 50 million page views per month 65,000 visitors daily. The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), through its National Library of Medicine (NLM), has developed this site in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , as a result of the FDA Modernization Act, which was passed into law in November 1997. See the FDA document - Guidance for Industry: Information Program on Clinical Trials for Serious or Life-Threatening Diseases and Conditions (March 2002).
Kabat-Zinn j. et al., (1998) ‘Influence of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Intervention on Rates of Skin Clearing in Patients with Moderate to Severe Psoriasis Undergoing Phototherapy (UVB) and Photochemotherapy (PUVA)’, Psychosomatic Medicine . 60(5): 625-632.
論文： Davidson R.J., Kabat-Zinn J., et al., (2003) ‘Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation’, Psychosomatic Medicine . 66: 564-570. 象徵「正面積極情緒」的大腦左前額葉 (left prefrontal cortex) 的活動，相較於未參加訓練的對照組員工，有相當顯著的活躍現象； 參加正念訓練的員工因應流感疫苗所產生的抗體 (antibody) 也明顯較未受訓的員工來得多。 這個研究指出，「正念減壓療程」能夠藉由心的訓練促進正面的大腦活動，並強化人體的免疫功能。 詳細的經過 It is the hope of Davidson and his sometime collaborator Jon Kabat-Zinn that the power of meditation can be harnessed to promote not only emotional well-being but also physical health. Since founding the Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in 1979, Kabat-Zinn and colleagues have treated 16,000 patients and taught more than 2,000 health professionals the techniques of ''mindfulness meditation,'' which instructs a Buddhist-inspired ''nonjudgmental,'' total awareness of the present moment as a way of reducing stress. Along the way, Kabat-Zinn has published small but intriguing studies showing that people undergoing treatment for psoriasis heal four times as fast if they meditate; that cancer patients practicing meditation had significantly better emotional outlooks than a control group; and not only that meditation relieved symptoms in patients with anxiety and chronic pain but also that the benefits persisted up to four years after training. Kabat-Zinn is conducting a study for Cigna HealthCare to see if meditation reduces the costs of treating patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome. For the time being, meditation science is still stuck in a cultural no-man's land between being an oxymoron and something more substantive. ''We're very early in the research,'' said Davidson, who admitted that ''the vast majority of meditation research is schlock.'' But a well-designed study published in July by Davidson, Kabat-Zinn and their colleagues provides further evidence that the topic is legitimate. In July 1997, Davidson recruited human subjects at a small biotech company outside Madison called Promega to study the effects of Buddhist-style meditation on the neural and immunological activity of ordinary American office workers. The employees' brains were wired and measured before they began a course in meditation training taught by Kabat-Zinn. It was a controlled, randomized study, and after eight weeks, the researchers would test brain and immune markers to assess the effects of meditation. There was reluctance among some employees to volunteer, but eventually, about four dozen employees participated in the study. Once a week for eight weeks, Kabat-Zinn would show up at Promega with his boom box, his red and purple meditation tape cassettes and his Tibetan chimes, and the assembled Promega employees -- scientists, marketing people, lab techs and even some managers -- would sit on the floor of a conference room and practice mindfulness for three hours. In July, the results of the experiment at Promega were published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, and they suggest that meditation may indeed leave a discernible and lasting imprint on the minds and bodies of its practitioners. Among the Promega employees who practiced meditation for two months, the Wisconsin researchers detected significant increases in activity in several areas of the left prefrontal cortex -- heightened activity that persisted for at least four months after the experiment, when the subjects were tested again. Moreover, the meditators who showed the greatest increase in prefrontal activity after training showed a correspondingly more robust ability to churn out antibodies in response to receiving a flu vaccine. The findings, Kabat-Zinn suggested, demonstrated qualitative shifts in brain activity after only two months of meditation that mirror preliminary results seen in expert meditators like monks.
Body scan, sitting meditation, mindful yoga, walking meditation, mindfulness in daily life, loving-kindness meditation
The tuition cost is $600 and includes all materials. The Program is entirely supported through tuition. We offer a sliding scale based on household income. HOUSEHOLD INCOME TUITION $50,000 or greater $600 ($540, if paid in full at time of registration) $40,000 – $49,000 $525 $39,000 and under $450 Tuition may be paid in full at time of registration or in six monthly payments (charged to Visa, MasterCard, or Discover). Because our goal is to make the Program available to those who could benefit without regard to ability to pay, alternative payment options may be considered.
「正念認知療法」所針對的病患，是曾患過一次以上的抑鬱症，但接受藥物治療後已經康復的患者。一個療程可接受 12 位至 30 位病患。其療程結構，和正念減壓療程類似，是歷時八週、每週一次 2 小時課程的團體治療。課程教導病患與正念減壓療程相同的正念修行方法，即包含「身體掃描」、「坐禪」、「正念瑜伽」、「行禪」及「日常生活中的正念」。八週課程中，病患須一週六日、每日 45 分鐘練習正念修行。但此療法不包含「一日的密集訓練」。正念認知療法與正念減壓療程的主要差異在於，前者增加一部分「認知行為療法」 (CBT) 對抑鬱症病患的訓練內容。 [1] [1] Segal et al. (2002) pp. 99-307 。
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.
參考 http://www.mindfulrp.com/ 。
參考 http://www.tcme.org/ 。
參考丹尼爾．席格（ 2011 ）、理查．韓森（ 2011 ）。
Britta K. Hölzel, James Carmody, Mark Vangel, Christina Congleton, Sita M. Yerramsetti, Tim Gard, Sara W. Lazar. Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density . Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 2011; 191 (1): 36 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006
Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Shapiro SL , Schwartz GE , Bonner G . Source Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85719, USA. Abstract The inability to cope successfully with the enormous stress of medical education may lead to a cascade of consequences at both a personal and professional level. The present study examined the short-term effects of an 8-week meditation-based stress reduction intervention on premedical and medical students using a well-controlled statistical design. Findings indicate that participation in the intervention can effectively (1) reduce self-reported state and trait anxiety, (2) reduce reports of overall psychological distress including depression, (3) increase scores on overall empathy levels, and (4) increase scores on a measure of spiritual experiences assessed at termination of intervention. These results (5) replicated in the wait-list control group, (6) held across different experiments, and (7) were observed during the exam period. Future research should address potential long-term effects of mindfulness training for medical and premedical students.
http://www.themindfullawstudent.com/Home.html
紐約州立大學石溪分校
佛羅里達大學
參考 http://www.thehawnfoundation.org/ 。
The SEL framework guiding MindUP™ was developed by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning ( CASEL ), a research-focused organization whose mission is to "establish social and emotional learning as an essential part of education." MindUP™ features lessons to improve behavior and learning for children. The lessons fit easily into any schedule and can be implemented with minimal preparation. Classroom management tips and content-based activities are also provided to assist educators in using MindUP™ throughout their classrooms. Our program provides children with emotional and cognitive tools to help them manage emotions and behaviors, reduce stress, sharpen concentration, and increase empathy and optimism.
英國的「正念在學校」（ Mindfulness in Schools Project ），由 Richard Burneet 、 Chris Cullen 等成立，為非營利組織，致力於鼓勵、支持、研究學校的正念教育。該組織提供共八堂用於中學的正念教育課程（● b ）和師資培育課程（ MiSP Tearcher Training ）。也和 Oxford Mindfulness Centre 合作，並曾於 2010 年舉辦英國第一屆「學校中的正念全國會議」（ National Mindfulness in Schools Conference ）。課程曾獲得 BBC 的報導。相關訊息參見其網頁（ http://mindfulnessinschools.org/ ）。
Bush （ 2011 ）探討一些在美國高等教育課程裡融入正念練習的情況。論文討論的課程都是由「社會觀照心中心」（ Center for Contemplative Mind in Society ）的計畫：「觀照實踐研究員」（ Contemplative Practice Fellows ）所教。有些課程由佛教學者所教，有些是教導其他科目但有過禪修經驗的學者。討論的學校包括州立大學（如 State University of New York, Universty of Arizona, University of Washington) 、文理學院（如 Amherst College, Mount Holyoke College, Bryn Mawr College ）、常春藤盟校（如 Brown University ）、傳統黑人學院；融入正念的學科包羅萬象，包括宗教、心理學、社會工作、文學、藝術、建築、詩學、化學、經濟和法律。 位於麻州的「社會觀照心中心」（ Center for Contemplative Mind in Society ），透過「觀照實踐研究員」（ Contemplative Practice Fellows ）贊助將觀照的元素融入高等教育的教學、課程。如前述 Bush （ 2011 ）所述，許多大學、學院的學者曾加入此研究員計畫。該中心亦為學校的教育者設立禪修營（ retreat for educators ）提供禪修練習的機會，同時也有暑期課程幫助大學教師深入了解觀照實踐和如何融入觀照實踐於課程中。相關訊息可參見其網頁（ http://www.contemplativemind. org ）
“ We’re witnessing the growth of what I think of as mental exercises. Twenty years from now the way we now take for granted physical exercise, people will do mental exercises.” “ And it will be done in a completely secular way, people won’t know the origin of these practices was in traditional Buddhism.””Michelle Boorstein, ‘Is meditation a religion?’ 網址 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/under-god/post/is-meditation-a-religion/2011/07/14/gIQA5cksEI_blog.html (2011/08/28).
