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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Elements, Ions & Isotopes University of Lincoln presentation
What you should know… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
1. Elements This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
IUPAC Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Dictionary Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Are all elements simply collections of atoms? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Some elements only exist as molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   H 2 N 2 O 2 F 2 Cl 2 Br 2 I 2
Symbols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Z A
For Example This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   20 40 11 22 1 1 H Na Ca
Classification of elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Metals Semi-metals Non-Metals Classification of elements
Allotropes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Allotropes of Carbon This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   C 60  fullerene structure Graphite layered structure Diamond structure
Allotropes of other elements? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
2. Ions This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
The Octet Rule ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
The Periodic Table This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7 The Periodic Table consists of rows of  8 elements  (s + p block only) Each  row  corresponds to a different quantum number (n=1–7) Each  column  has the same  VALENCE CONFIGURATION ns 1 ns 2 ns 2 np 1 ns 2 np 2 ns 2 np 3 ns 2 np 4 ns 2 np 5 ns 2 np 6 f -  block elements H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Lanthanoids Actinoids d  – block elements Hydrogen and  s  – block elements p  – block elements
Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Cations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Valence Electrons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   [Ar] 4s 2 Ca 20 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Ne 10 [Ar] 4s 1 K 19 [He] 2s 2 2p 5 F 9 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 Ar 18 [He] 2s 2 2p 4 O 8 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 5 Cl 17 [He] 2s 2 2p 3 N 7 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 4 S 16 [He] 2s 2 2p 2 C 6 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3 P 15 [He] 2s 2 2p 1 B 5 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 2 Si 14 [He] 2s 2 Be 4 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 1 Al 13 [He] 2s 1 Li 3 [Ne] 3s 2 Mg 12 1s 2 He 2 [Ne] 3s 1 Na 11 1s 1 H 1 Electronic configuration Element Symbol Atomic number Electronic configuration Element Symbol Atomic number
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Group 1 & 2 elements (metals) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Group 1   Group 2 Ra Fr Ba Cs Sr Rb Ca K Mg Na Be Li
Anions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Group 16 & 17 elements (non-metals) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Groups 16  17  18 Se S O At I Br Cl F Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne
3. Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Frederick Soddy Nobel Prize (Chemistry) 1921
Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   29 29 Mass number (A) Atomic number (Z) Protons (Z) = 29 Neutrons (N) = 34 Protons (Z) = 29 Neutrons (N) = 36 Cu Cu 65 63
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Henri Becquerel Marie & Pierre Curie Radioactivity discovered in 1896
Stable  v.  Radioactive Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   There are approximately 1,700 isotopes known to exist
Chart of the nuclides This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Chart of the nuclides This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Black squares denote STABLE isotopes Z N
Atomic Mass, A ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Relative Atomic Mass, A r This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Mg 24   78.7 Mg 25 10.1 Mg 26 11.2 % abundance The relative atomic mass  of an element is the weighted mean of the atomic masses of all the  stable  isotopes for that element. For example: A r  (Mg) = 24.3 Atomic mass
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Acknowledgements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Chemical Structure: Structure of Matter. Elements, Ions & Isotopes

  • 1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Elements, Ions & Isotopes University of Lincoln presentation
  • 2.
  • 3. 1. Elements This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. For Example This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 20 40 11 22 1 1 H Na Ca
  • 10.
  • 11. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Metals Semi-metals Non-Metals Classification of elements
  • 12.
  • 13. Allotropes of Carbon This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License C 60 fullerene structure Graphite layered structure Diamond structure
  • 14.
  • 15. 2. Ions This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
  • 16.
  • 17. The Periodic Table This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7 The Periodic Table consists of rows of 8 elements (s + p block only) Each row corresponds to a different quantum number (n=1–7) Each column has the same VALENCE CONFIGURATION ns 1 ns 2 ns 2 np 1 ns 2 np 2 ns 2 np 3 ns 2 np 4 ns 2 np 5 ns 2 np 6 f - block elements H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Lanthanoids Actinoids d – block elements Hydrogen and s – block elements p – block elements
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Valence Electrons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License [Ar] 4s 2 Ca 20 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Ne 10 [Ar] 4s 1 K 19 [He] 2s 2 2p 5 F 9 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 Ar 18 [He] 2s 2 2p 4 O 8 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 5 Cl 17 [He] 2s 2 2p 3 N 7 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 4 S 16 [He] 2s 2 2p 2 C 6 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3 P 15 [He] 2s 2 2p 1 B 5 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 2 Si 14 [He] 2s 2 Be 4 [Ne] 3s 2 3p 1 Al 13 [He] 2s 1 Li 3 [Ne] 3s 2 Mg 12 1s 2 He 2 [Ne] 3s 1 Na 11 1s 1 H 1 Electronic configuration Element Symbol Atomic number Electronic configuration Element Symbol Atomic number
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. 3. Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Henri Becquerel Marie & Pierre Curie Radioactivity discovered in 1896
  • 28. Stable v. Radioactive Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License There are approximately 1,700 isotopes known to exist
  • 29. Chart of the nuclides This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
  • 30. Chart of the nuclides This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Black squares denote STABLE isotopes Z N
  • 31.
  • 32. Relative Atomic Mass, A r This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Mg 24 78.7 Mg 25 10.1 Mg 26 11.2 % abundance The relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted mean of the atomic masses of all the stable isotopes for that element. For example: A r (Mg) = 24.3 Atomic mass
  • 33.