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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Organic Chemistry  II University of Lincoln presentation
Aromatic Hydrocarbons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Resonance Structure: Rearrange the bonding electrons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License     Delocalisation, Resonance: Stabilise molecules, so make them less reactive Three sp2 hybrid orbitals arrange themselves as far apart as possible -which is at 120° on a plane. The remaining p orbital is at right angles to them. Each carbon atom uses the sp2 hybrids to form σ-bonds with two other carbons and one hydrogen atom.  Delocalised or Conjugated System:  π-bonding electrons can move within the molecule 6 p-orbitals Delocalised orbital clouds
Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Flurobenzene Toluene Ethylbenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Aniline 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Phenol 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene o -Xylene m -Bromostyrene Benzoic acid -ortho -para -meta
Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Substitution ,[object Object],[object Object],otha -Dinitrobenzene para -Dinitrobenzene meta -Dinitrobenzene
Alcohols This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Primary  Alcohol (1 o ) Secondary  Alcohol (2 o ) Tertiary  Alcohol (3 o )
Naming Alcohols This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Polyhydroxy alcohols are alcohols that possess more than one hydroxyl group methanol ethanol propanol 2-propanol or propan-2-ol or isopropyl alcohol 2-ethyl-1-butanol or 2-ethyl-butan-1-ol 1,2-Ethanediol  (ethylene glycol) 1,2-propanediol  (propylene glycol) 1,2,3-propanetriol  (glycerol)
Reactions of Alcohols This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ■  Reaction with acids to produce Esters ■  Redox reaction (Reduction and oxidation) Ethanol Acetic Acid (ethanoic acid) Ethyl acetate Acetaldehyde Alcohol Dehydrogenase Acetic Acid
Ethers This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Aldehydes and Ketones Naming Aldehydes  Change -e ending to –al ethane  ethanal  (acetaldehyde) Ketones  Change -e ending to –one propane propanone (acetone) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ,[object Object],[object Object]
Reactions of Aldehydes and ketones This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Synthesis:  produced by oxidation of alcohol Reduction of carbonyl group to produce alcohols Primary Alcohol Oxidation Reduction Secondary Alcohol Oxidation Reduction Tertiary Alcohol Cannot be oxidised
Oxidation of carbonyl group This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Oxidation Strong Oxidation Reduction Reduction Carboxylic acid
Carboxilic acids This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid
Reactions of Carboxilic acids This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ■  Esterification reactions ■  Reduction to aldehydes Acetic Acid (ethanoic acid) Ethyl acetate
Ester This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reactions of Esters This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Substitution Reduction of esters Hydrolisis of esters (basic) Carboxylate  ester Sodium hydroxide Sodium Carboxylate Alcohol Ester Acid Amide R 2 OH R + H 2 O R 2 NH base
Amines This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   ,[object Object],[object Object],Ammonia Primary amine (1 o ) Secondary amine (2 o ) Tertiary amine (3 o )
Amines This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   1,4-butanediamine Putrescine (found in decaying meat) (1 o ) Amphetamine (dangerous stimulant) (1 o ) Piperidine Triethylamine (3 o ) Isopropylamine (1 o ) 1,5-pentanediamine Cadaverine (found in the putrefaction of cadavers
Reactions of Amines This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License   Alkylation Oxidation reduction Phenylamine
Acknowledgements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

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Organic Chemistry: Classification of Organic Compounds

  • 1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Organic Chemistry II University of Lincoln presentation
  • 2.
  • 3. Resonance Structure: Rearrange the bonding electrons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Delocalisation, Resonance: Stabilise molecules, so make them less reactive Three sp2 hybrid orbitals arrange themselves as far apart as possible -which is at 120° on a plane. The remaining p orbital is at right angles to them. Each carbon atom uses the sp2 hybrids to form σ-bonds with two other carbons and one hydrogen atom. Delocalised or Conjugated System: π-bonding electrons can move within the molecule 6 p-orbitals Delocalised orbital clouds
  • 4. Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Flurobenzene Toluene Ethylbenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Aniline 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Phenol 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene o -Xylene m -Bromostyrene Benzoic acid -ortho -para -meta
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Naming Alcohols This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Polyhydroxy alcohols are alcohols that possess more than one hydroxyl group methanol ethanol propanol 2-propanol or propan-2-ol or isopropyl alcohol 2-ethyl-1-butanol or 2-ethyl-butan-1-ol 1,2-Ethanediol (ethylene glycol) 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol) 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol)
  • 8. Reactions of Alcohols This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ■ Reaction with acids to produce Esters ■ Redox reaction (Reduction and oxidation) Ethanol Acetic Acid (ethanoic acid) Ethyl acetate Acetaldehyde Alcohol Dehydrogenase Acetic Acid
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Reactions of Aldehydes and ketones This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Synthesis: produced by oxidation of alcohol Reduction of carbonyl group to produce alcohols Primary Alcohol Oxidation Reduction Secondary Alcohol Oxidation Reduction Tertiary Alcohol Cannot be oxidised
  • 12. Oxidation of carbonyl group This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Oxidation Strong Oxidation Reduction Reduction Carboxylic acid
  • 13.
  • 14. Reactions of Carboxilic acids This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ■ Esterification reactions ■ Reduction to aldehydes Acetic Acid (ethanoic acid) Ethyl acetate
  • 15.
  • 16. Reactions of Esters This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Substitution Reduction of esters Hydrolisis of esters (basic) Carboxylate ester Sodium hydroxide Sodium Carboxylate Alcohol Ester Acid Amide R 2 OH R + H 2 O R 2 NH base
  • 17.
  • 18. Amines This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License 1,4-butanediamine Putrescine (found in decaying meat) (1 o ) Amphetamine (dangerous stimulant) (1 o ) Piperidine Triethylamine (3 o ) Isopropylamine (1 o ) 1,5-pentanediamine Cadaverine (found in the putrefaction of cadavers
  • 19. Reactions of Amines This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Alkylation Oxidation reduction Phenylamine
  • 20.