By Umair Rasool Azmi. MNS University of Agriculture, Multan.

1. BY UMAIR RASOOL AZMI
Pesticides and their Application

2. Course contents
Pesticide.
Classification of Pesticide.
• Based on toxicity.
• Based on mode of entry.
• Based on mode of action.
• Based on chemical structure.
Qualities of a good pesticide.
Pesticide bottle Examination.
Field application.
• Apparatus.
• Precautions.
• Hazards.

3. Pesticide
 A pesticide is a chemical used to kill pests.
 Pest is any organism that threatens human directly
by creating annoyance or indirectly by damaging our
crops .

4. Classification of Pesticide
 Insecticide: To kill insects.
 Herbicide: To kill herbs.
 Weedicide: To kill weeds.
 Fungicide: To kill Fungi.
 Bactericide: To kill Bacteria.
 Acaricide/Miticide: To kill Mites.
 Nematocide: To kill Nematodes.
 Rodenticide: To kill Rodents.

5. Classification based on Toxicity
Toxicity refers to “degree to which a substance can
damage an organism.”
It is measured in LD50 and LC50.
 Oral toxins: kill through oral cavity or Stomach.
 Dermal toxins: kill through Skin.
 Respiratory toxins: kill through respiratory System.

6. Classification based on Mode of Entry
How a chemical enters into the insect body cavity?
 Stomach poison.
 Contact Poison.
 Systemic Poison.
 Fumigant Poison.
 Trans-laminar Poison.

7. Classification based on Mode of Action
How a pesticide acts after entering in body of insect?
• Nerve Poison.
• Muscle Poison.
• Physical Poison.
• Metabolic Poison.

8. Classification based on chemical structure
 Based on chemical structure Pesticides are of five
types:
1. Organochlorine (DDT, Chlordane).
2. Organophosphate (Profenofos, Chloropyrifos).
3. Carbamates (Carbaril, Carbosulfan, Carbofuran).
4. Pyrethrides (Bifenthrine, Lambda-cyhalothrine).
5. New chemistry (Imedacloprid, Acetamiprid, Leufenuron,
Amamactin etc.).

9. Classification based on Formulation
Formulation is the mixture of active and inactive
ingredient in a specific proportion for specific
purposes.
 Solid Formulations
 Liquid Formulations
 Gas Formulations

10. Solid Formulations
 Soluble Powder
 Wet-able Powder
 Dust
 Granules
 Baits
 Slow Release Tablets

11. Liquid Formulations
 Emulsifable Concentrate
 Flow-able Concentrates
 Aerosol
 Solution
• Low Concentrate
• High Concentrate
• Ultra Low Volume

12. Gas Formulations
 Fog
 Smoke

13. Qualities of a Good Pesticide
 Highly potent.
 Quick Knockdown Effect.
 Broad Spectrum Activity.
 Cheap.
 Compatible with other pesticides.
 Non inflammable/ Non corrosive.
 Not off taste the crop.
 Easy Formulation.
 Optimum Residue Persistence.
 Least environmental pollution.
 Non-Phototoxic.
 Low possibility of insect Resistance.
 Activation in insects.
 Safe for beneficial Insects.

14. Examining Pesticide Bottle Label

15. Apparatus for Application
 About Nozzles.
 Knap Sack Sprayer.
 ULV Sprayer.
 Compressed Sprayer.
 Boom Sprayer.

16. Nozzles
Nozzle Spray Angle Pressure
(bars)
Drop size Target
Hollow Cone 65-110 3 100-150 Cotton foliage
Solid Cone 25-70 3 100-200 Spot treatment
Variable Cone 0-110 3-10 100-200 Orchards
Flat-Fan 80-110 2-3 200-250 Pre-emergence
Flood Jet 90-140 1-2 Less than 250 Post-
emergence
Dual Fluid 90-140 1-2 Less than 250 Foliage
emergence

17. Knap Sack Sprayer
 Components:
• Main body
• Straps
• filler hole
• Pump
• Pump handle
• Pressure chamber
• Hose pipe
• Trigger
• Lance
• Nozzle
 Working:
When a stroke is made, pressure is created in pressure chamber.
When trigger is pushed, the pesticide solution is ejaculated with a pressure.
The drop size depends upon the type of nozzle attached.

18. Ultra Low Volume Sprayer
 Vegetable oil is used
instead of water.
 It is battery operated.
 Drop Drift chances are
very low due to high
density of oil.
 Pesticide consumption is
very low 0.6-4.7liters per
acre.

19. Compressed Sprayer
 It is used in Gardens.
 It has a big lance and also has
high pressure as compared to a
normal sprayer.

20. Boom Sprayer
 It is used at large scale.
 Battery operated.
 High pressure pump.
 Auto-leveling mechanism
in field.

21. Precautions
 Pesticides are chemicals use them carefully.
 Wear gloves, cowboy shoes and mask while application.
 Wear the straps properly and keep lance at 1ft. to the
height of the plant.
 Only use a pesticide according to recommended dose.
 Do not make mixture of any kind of pesticides unless it is
recommended.
 When using Herbicides/Weedicides spray a row only
once as these chemicals can burn plants.
 After application wash the tank properly.
 In case of any personnel accident, take the victim to a
doctor immediately along with pesticide bottle.

22. Hazards
 Killing of natural enemies.
 Insect Resistance problems.
 Residual hazards.
 Upsetting of natural balance.
• Air pollution–-water pollution—Soil pollution.
 Hazards to personnel and domestic animals.
 High cost of pesticides, labour, Maintenance of
equipments.