Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution and Its Impact on Social Transformation
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include information on the main types of evolution and their proponents.
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Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution and Its Impact on Social Transformation
- 1. THEORYOFEVOLUTIONRAPONSEL S. PACSI THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
- 2. CHARLES DARWIN (1809 – 1882) BORN IN SHREWSBURY, ENGLAND ON FEBRUARY 12, 1809 KNOWN ORIGINATOR OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY PARTICULARLY ON NATURAL SELECTION EMBARKED ON A FIVE-YEAR SURVEY VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD ON THE HMS BEAGLE THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 7. FINCHES HAS DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEAKS THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 8. The tortoises on each island in the Galapagos had different types of shells. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 9. •Darwin hypothesized that organisms had a common ancestor, but had adapted to their particular environments and changed over time. •Darwin published his research in 1859 THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 10. NATURAL SELECTION •states that "the strong survive”. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION •organisms best suited to the new circumstances will succeed.
- 11. STORY ABOUT PEPPERED MOTH THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 12. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England, coal burning produced soot that covered the countryside in many areas
- 17. UNILINEAR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY This theory contends that all societies pass through the same successive stages of evolution and reach the same end. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 18. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION KEY THEORISTS Sir Edward Burnett Tyler (1832-1917)Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)
- 20. ANCIENT SOCIETY (Morgan,1877) Example of 19th century evolutionism applied to society Assumes one line along which all societies evolved Assumes human society evolved through a series of stages – savagery, barbarism and civilization Divided savagery and barbarism into three distinct sub-stages THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 21. SAVAGERY Lower savagery: humans exist through subsistence based on fruit and nuts Middle savagery: people start fishing and gain control over fire Upper savagery: invention of bow and arrow THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 22. BARBARISM Lower barbarism: humans start making pottery Middle barbarism: domestication of plants and animals (Old World) and irrigated agriculture (Americas) Upper barbarism: iron smelting and use of iron tools THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 23. CIVILIZATION Development of writing and mathematics THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 24. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION PRIMITIVE CULTURE Sir Edward Burnett Tyler (1832-1917)
- 25. PRIMITIVE CULTURE (Tyler , 1871) Takes evolutionary approach to anthropology of religion Proposed UNILINEAR path from animism, through polytheism and monotheism to science ANIMISM-belief in personalized , supernatural beings (or souls) that often inhabit ordinary animals and objects, POLYTHEISM- belief in PLURALITY of gods MONOTHEISM- belief in ONE God THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 26. SURVIVALS Both Tyler and Morgan interested in survivals – practices that survive in contemporary societies from earlier evolutionary stages E.g. belief in ghosts today represents survival from stage of animism Survivals taken as evidence that society had passed through earlier evolutionary stages THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 28. MULTI LINEAR EVOLUTION THEORY This theory holds that change can occur in several ways and does not inevitably lead in the same direction. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 29. MULTI LINEAR EVOLUTION THEORY All cultures of the world have not passed through the same developmental stage were different in different areas or sub areas. The methodology is based on assumption that significant regularities or parallels occur in culture change, and it is concerned with determination of laws. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 31. UNIVERSAL THEORY OF EVOLUTION CULTURE OF MANKIND IS TAKEN AS A WHOLE IT DOES’NT NECESSARILY GO THROUGH THE SAME FIXED STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. BUT ALSO FOLLOWED A DEFINITE LINE OF EVOLUTION THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 32. KEY PROPONENTS THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION LESLIE WHITEHERBERT SPENCER GORDON CHILDE
- 33. SPENCER’S VIEWS MANKIND HAD PROGRESSED FROM SMALL GROUP TO LARGE FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX FROM HOMOGENOUS TO HETEROGENOUS THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 34. WHITE STATEMENT "We may say that culture as a whole serves the need of man as a species. But this does not and cannot help us at all when we try to account for the variations of specific culture. The functioning of any particular culture will of course be conditioned by local environmental conditions. But in a consideration of culture as a whole, we may average all environments together to form a constant factor”. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 35. "ALL SOCIETIES HAVE LIVED IN DIFFERENT HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND HAVE PASSED THROUGH DIFFERENT CHANGES, THEIR TRADITIONS HAVE DIVERGED,AND SO ETHNOGRAPHY REVEALSAMULTIPLICITY OF CULTURES, JUSTAS DOESARCHAEOLOGY“ THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION CHILDE STATEMENT
- 36. WILLIAM OGBUM CULTURAL LAG refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. His theory of cultural lag suggests that a period of maladjustment occurs when the non-material culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions THEORIESONSOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
- 38. EVOLUTIONARY ASSUMPTIONS CHANGE IS THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF HUMAN SOCIETY THE PRESENT OBSERVED CONDITION OF THE SOCIETY IS PRESUMED TO BE THE RESULT OF CHANGE IN THE PAST CHANGE IS NATURAL BELIEF THAT INFINITE IMPROVEMENT IN THE NEXT STAGE OVER THE PRECEDING ONE THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 39. ALL THESE ASSUMPTIONS CAN BE SUMMARISED AS OF THE FOLLOWING: THEORIESONSOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
- 40. THE CHANGE IS INEVITABLE AND NATURAL THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 41. CHANGE IS GRADUAL AND CONTINOUS THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 42. CHANGE IS SEQUENTIAL AND IN CERTAIN STAGES THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 43. EVOLUTION IS PROGRESSIVE ALL SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF CHANGE ARE HIGHER OVER PRECEDING STAGE THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 44. ALL SOCIETIES PASS THROUGH THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION SAMESTAGESOFDEVELOPMENT
- 46. IMPACT OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY IN OUR LIVES AND SOCIETY THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 47. Charles Darwin's theory has made a tremendous impact on the world. It has aroused controversy, while at the same time creating a new form of scientific thought. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 48. MODERN THOUGHT AND SCIENCE The Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection has provided us with a possible answer to where we came from. It gave new meanings to professions such as paleontology, anthropology, and genetics (Human Evolution). THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
- 49. CLASH WITH CREATIONISM Creationism is the broad range of beliefs involving God's intervention, which also explains the origin to the universe, life, and the different kinds of plants and animals on earth ("Creationism"). Before Darwin, most people in the West accepted creationism in some form ("Early Views of Creationism"). Then Darwin came along. THEORIESONSOCIALTRANSFORMATION
Editor's Notes
- Natural selection essentially states that "the strong survive." The basic idea is that when change occurs, those organisms best suited to the new circumstances will thrive. Those who are not ideally suited will not be able to compete. Charles Darwin proposed this principle after observing some population variations in birds. He noticed that animals within a species often had slightly varied traits, and that those traits made some more suited to certain conditions. Darwin's theory was that, over time, the better suited animals would thrive and the others would die out completely. The resulting population would be entirely made up of those animals with the "better" trait. Over time, he reasoned, this could result in a species changing enough traits to eventually become a totally different creature, like a fish becoming a frog.
- There have been some concerns expressed about the real meanings of the theory of natural selection. There is no doubt that variations within a single species make some members better suited to handle different circumstances. For instance, there's a popular story in science texts about moths. These moths lived in cities around the time of the industrial revolution and had to deal with increased pollution
- Lighter-colored moths stood out on soot-stained buildings and trees, and thus, were easier targets for birds. The darker moths found it easier to survive, because they blended into the darkened environment. As a result, the population of light-colored moths dwindled over time, and the darker-colored moths increased. The dominance of the darker moths is used as an example of natural selection.
- Many of the light-bodied lichens died from sulphur dioxide emissions, and the trees became darkened. This led to an increase in bird predation for light-coloured moths, as they no longer blended in as well in their polluted ecosystem: indeed, their bodies now dramatically contrasted with the colour of the bark. Dark-coloured moths, on the other hand, were camouflaged very well by the blackened trees. The population of dark-coloured moth rapidly increased. By the mid-19th century, the number of dark-coloured moths had risen noticeably, and by 1895, the percentage of dark-coloured moths in Manchester was reported at 98%, a dramatic change (of almost 100%) from the original frequency.[4] This effect of industrialization in body colour led to the coining of the term "industrial melanism
- White moths became easier to see, while the black moths became harder to see. The black moths were more likely to survive and pass on the gene for dark color to their offspring. Over time, the black moth have become more common.
- Modern thought and science have also been affected by the Darwinian theory ("Darwin, Charles Robert"), since it gave a whole new perspective on life and scientific study.
- The greatest controversy concerning the Darwinian theory involves Darwinism's clashing views with Creationism.