3. Role
of
the
Cuff
— Shoulder
Complex
comprises
30
muscles
— RC
muscles
predominantly
STABILISERS
— Do
contribute
to
movement
— 3
muscles
coalesce
to
form
rotator
cuff
— 4th
separated
by
rotator
interval
4.
5. Cons1tuent
parts
— Supraspinatus
— Initiator
of
abduction
— Acts
throughout
abduction
arc
— As
powerful
as
deltoid
— Origin
–
Supraspinous
fossa
of
scapular
— Insertion
–
upper
facet
of
Gt
Tuberosity
— Nerve
supply
–
Suprascapular
nerve
— Lies
in
scapular
plane
(30°
to
coronal
plane)
6. Cons1tuent
Parts
— Subscapularis
— Main
internal
rotator
— Largest
and
strongest
cuff
muscle
— Origin
–
subscapular
fossa
(ant.
surface
of
scapula)
— Insertion
–
Lesser
tuberosity
— Nerve
supply
-‐
Upper
and
Lower
subscapular
nerves
(posterior
cord)
7. Cons1tuent
Parts
— Infraspinatus
and
Teres
Minor
— Two
muscles
below
scapular
spine
— Both
external
rotators
— Infraspinatus
-‐
Acts
when
arm
is
neutral
— Teres
minor
-‐
More
active
when
arm
abducted
to
90°
8. Assessment
— History
— General
— Age,
handedness,
occupation
— Pain
— Location,
character,
night
pain,
onset
— Weakness
— Traumatic
vs
degenerative,
intrinsic
vs
neuro-‐musc
— Stiffness
— Secondary
to
cuff
pathology
— Functional
Deficit
— Interference
with
work,
leisure
or
ADLs
10. Assessment
— Palpation
— Limited
role
in
cuff
assessment
— Muscle
bulk
— “Rent
Test”
(Codman)
— Palpation
of
supraspinatus
tear
11. Assessing
Supraspinatus
— 12
tests
on
shoulderdoc!
— Jobe’s
Test
— Empty
Can
Test
–
Jobe
and
Moynes1
— Abduct
90°
,
scapular
plane,
full
IR
and
resist
— Full
Can
Test
–
Kelly2
—
Abduct
90
,
scapular
plane,
45°
ER
and
resist
— FCT
less
provocative
–
Less
weakness
due
to
pain
— Itoi
–
143
shoulders
in
136
pt3
— ECT
–
70%
accurate
— FCT
–
75%
accurate
12.
13. Assessing
Supraspinatus
— Codman’s
sign
(Drop
arm
sign)
— Passive
abduction
— Support
released
— Deltoid
contracts
-‐
hunching
of
shoulders
— Burkhead’s
thumb
up
and
down
test
— Potentially
useful
in
patients
with
Impingment
signs
— Apleys’s
scratch
test
— And
others.....
14. Assessing
Subscapularis
— Gerber’s
lift
off
test4
— IR,
dorsum
of
hand
over
mid
lumbar
spine
and
raised
— Evidence
Greis
(1996)5
— Subscap
heavily
involved
(70%
max
contraction)
— Mid
lumbar
1/3
MORE
activity
than
LS
junction
— Gerber
looked
at
100
pts,
— 8/9
with
MRCT
+ve
— 12/16
with
isolated
subscap
tears
+ve
— Conclude
if
full
IR
and
test
not
limited
by
pain
then
reliable
in
diagnosing
subscap
dysfuntion
— Internal
Rotation
Lag
Sign
(Hertel
1996)6
— As
specific,
more
sensitive,
detects
partial
ruptures?
15.
16. Assessing
Subscapularis
— Other
variants
— Belly
Press
Test
(Napoleon
sign)7
— Belly
Off
Sign
(Scheibel
2005)8
— Modified
Belly
Press
Test
(Bartsch
2010)9
— DeBeer’s
Bear
Hug
Test10
— Useful
in
patients
with
painful
shoulders
— Helpful
in
detecting
tears
in
upper
part
of
subscap
— Can
use
tensiometer
— Pennock
et
al,
201111
— No
difference
between
above
test
— Not
known
whether
different
parts
of
subscap
fire
in
each
test
17.
18. Assessing
Infraspinatus
— Drop
sign
(Bigliani
Et
al
1992)12
— Full
ER,
arm
by
side,
inability
to
hold
position
— External
Rotation
Lag
Sign
(Hertel
1996)6
— As
above
but
arm
in
20°
elevation
in
scapular
plane
— Hertel’s
“Drop
Sign”
as
above
but
elevated
to
90°
19.
20. Assessing
Teres
Minor
(or
MRCT)
— Hornbower’s
Sign
— Inability
to
ER
the
elevated
arm
— The
Dropping
Sign
(Walch)13
— 0°
abduction,
90°
elbow
flex,
45°
ER
— Falls
to
0°
ER
when
released
— Both
indicative
of
massive
cuff
tear
23. Summary
— Careful
History
and
Exam
vital
— Systematic
Approach
— Develop
a
system
— Remember
the
neck
— Consider
core
stability
assessment
— It’s
what
makes
it
more
interesting
than
the
hip
or
the
knee.
24.
25. References
1. Delineation
of
diagnostic
criteria
and
a
rehabilitation
program
for
rotator
cuff
injuries
Jobe
FW,
Moynes
DR.
Am
J
Sports
Med.
1982;10:336
-‐9
2. The
Manual
Muscle
Examination
for
Rotator
Cuff
Strength,
An
Electromyographic
Investigation
Bryan
T.
Kelly,
MD,
Warren
R.
Kadrmas,
MD,
Kevin
P.
Speer,
MD
Am
J
Sports
Med
September
1996
vol.
24
no.
5
581-‐588
3. Which
is
More
Useful,
the
“Full
Can
Test”
or
the
“Empty
Can
Test,”
in
Detecting
the
Torn
Supraspinatus
Tendon?
Eiji
Itoi,
MD*,
Tadato
Kido,
MD,
Akihisa
Sano,
MD,
Masakazu
Urayama,
MD
Kozo
Sato,
MD
Am
J
Sports
Med
January
1999
vol.
27
no.
1
65-‐68
4. Isolated
rupture
of
the
tendon
of
the
subscapularis
muscle.
Clinical
features
in
16
cases.
Gerber
C,
Krushell
RJ.
J
Bone
Joint
Surg
Br.
1991
May;73(3):
389-‐94.
5. Validation
of
the
lift-‐off
test
and
analysis
of
subscapularis
activity
during
maximal
internal
rotation.
Greis
PE,
Kuhn
JE,
Schultheis
J,
Hintermeister
R,
Hawkins
R.
Am
J
Sports
Med.
1996
Sep-‐Oct;24(5):589-‐93
6. Lag
signs
in
the
diagnosis
of
rotator
cuff
rupture.
Hertel
R,
Ballmer
FT,
Lambert
SM,
Gerber
Ch.
J
Shoulder
Elbow
Surg.
1996;
5(4):307-‐313
7. Isolated
rupture
of
the
subscapularis
tendon.
Gerber
C,
Hersche
O,
Farron
A.
J
Bone
Joint
Surg
Am.
1996
Jul;78(7):1015-‐23.
8. The
belly-‐off
sign:
a
new
clinical
diagnostic
sign
for
subscapularis
lesions.
Scheibel
M,
Magosch
P,
Pritsch
M,
Lichtenberg
S,
Habermeyer
P.
Arthroscopy.
2005
Oct;21(10):1229-‐35
9. Diagnostic
values
ofclinical
tests
for
subscapularis
lesions.
Bartsch
M,
Greiner
S,
Haas
NP,
Scheibel
M.
Knee
Surg
Sports
Traumatol
Arthrosc
2010;18:1712–1717
10. The
bear-‐hug
test:
a
new
and
sensitive
test
for
diagnosing
a
subscapularis
tear.
Barth
JR1,
Burkhart
SS,
De
Beer
JF.
Arthroscopy.
2006
Oct;22(10):
1076-‐84.
11. The
Influence
of
Arm
and
Shoulder
Position
on
the
Bear-‐Hug,
Belly-‐Press,
and
Lift-‐Off
Tests:
An
Electromyographic
Study
Pennock
AT,
Pennington
WW,
Torry
MR,
Decker
MJ,
Vaishnav
SB,
Provencher
MT,
Millett
PJ,
Hackett
TR.
Am
J
Sports
Med
November
2011
vol.
39
no.
11
2338-‐2346
12. Operative
treatment
of
massive
rotator
cuff
tears:
long
term
results.
Bigliani
LU,
Cordasco
FA,
McIlveen
SJ
,
Musso
ES.
JBoneJoint
SurgAm
1992;74:
1505–1515.
13. Walch
G,
Boulahia
A,
Calderone
S
and
Robinson
AH.
The
‘dropping’
and
‘hornblower’s’
signs
in
evaluation
of
rotator-‐cuff
tears.
J
Bone
Joint
Surg
1998,
80B:624-‐628.