An overview on doing a literature review for a mutli-disciplinary professionals (physicians, engineers, and IT) covering some tips & tricks on organization (using Papers Software for literature files management, MindMapping for Literature Mapping, EndNote for bibliography program). It shows some examples of Citation Maps from Web of Science.

1. Literature Review “How to” SohailBajammal, MBChB, MSc, FRCS(C), PhD(c) ssbajammal@uqu.edu.sa Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine Vice Dean, Academic Development, Faculty of Dentistry

2. Outline of Literature Review What? When? Why? How? Tips & Tricks

3. We will not discuss search strategy

4. What is it?

5. Literature Review It is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Wikipedia Never use Wikipedia in your proposal

6. When to do it?

7. When to do a Literature Review? Beginning of the Study

8. When to do a Literature Review? Beginning of the Study AND End of the Study

9. Why to do it?

10. Why at the Beginning of the Study? Show your grasp of the subject: thorough understanding & critical appraisal Identify gap/uncertainty in knowledge Justify the need for the study  Impact Justify the hypothesis & the instruments used Show that you can do it

11. Why at the End of the Study? Confirms or refutes prior study results Explanation of your results

12. How to do it?

13. 5 Steps of Literature Review Identify key terms Locate the literature Critically appraise & select the literature Organize the literature Write the literature review Time & Resources Management Creswell JW. Educational Research. 2008

14. 1. Identify key terms 3-4 keywords Your tool during the search process How to identify them? Working title of your project Research question Keywords of previous studies similar to yours Subject headings within electronic databases

15. Key terms Pay attention to: English vs American spelling: Orthopaedic - Orthopedic All possible terms: Cancer - Malignancy - Tumor Fracture - Trauma - Injury

16. 2. Locate the literature(Discipline-based) Sources: Primary sources: primary studies, dissertations Secondary sources: systematic reviews, review articles, textbooks, encyclopedia Technique: Manually: books, old articles Electronically: databases, conference proceedings

17. Databases Depends on your discipline (so we cannot cover it all tonight) In Medicine: MEDLINE, EMBASE ProQuest: to search all MSc & PhD theses Google Scholar: fits all (poor man best friend)

19. Broad Term  Lots of irrelevant results

21. They will email you when new article cites this article

22. Digital Library at UQU

23. Web of Science (The Elegant Google Scholar)

25. Citation Map

31. 5 Steps of Literature Review Identify key terms Locate the literature Critically appraise & select the literature Organize the literature Write the literature review

32. 3. Critically appraise & select the literature For each piece of information (article, book, thesis), you have to decide: Is it valid & accurate? Is it relevant to your study? If in doubt, get it in It is easier to remove this source later than to find it

33. 4. Organize the literature The most critical step otherwise, you will be overwhelmed Filing: photocopies, downloads By Author Name & Year (there are other ways) Abstracting (systematic note taking): For each source, write YOUR words on the research problem, question, instruments & results Copying the abstract  plagiarism Draw a map of your literature!

34. Papers

35. Literature Map

36. 5. Write the Literature Review Plan enough time Draft  (Revision  Read  Revision)3 Think about: Content Organization Writing & Citation Style Spelling & Grammar

37. Content Do not list studies You are presenting a summary AND an argument using your analysis of the literature How much to write? Balance DEPTH & BREADTH It depends on what for For grant proposal: 8-10 double-spaced pages For PhD Thesis: ? 40-50 pages

38. Content Smooth logical transition of ideas Current & relevant literature Unbiased discussion (strengths & weaknesses) of supporting & opposing studies Consistent referencing style

40. How is it organized

41. Different styles: themes, chronological, debate

42. Smooth transition

43. Not a list of studies

45. Implication

46. Suggestion for future researchConclusions

47. Plagiarism Copying without citing Paraphrasing without citing Using other’s ideas without citing

48. By the end of the literature review, your goal is to have High Quality Research Proposal: Covered the subject thoroughly & succinctly Addressed gap/uncertainty Justified your hypothesis & instruments High Impact Research Proposal: On the institution and/or society On the scientific community On the Kingdom High Potential for Success: Experience of the research team Reasonable allocation of time, resources, rules

49. Tips & Tricks to makeYour Life Easier with Literature Review

50. Using Technology to Help Lit Rev MindMapping Software: e.g., MindManager File Management System: e.g., Papers Bibliography Software: e.g., EndNote Books

51. MindMapping Software or paper-and-pencil

53. Organize your thoughts!

55. Links to PDF Links to PDF

56. File Management Software

57. Papers

58. Built-in Search Engines

59. Search Options Adding Notes Abstract Full Text View

60. For more info… Tutorials

61. Video Tutorials

62. Bibliography Software

63. EndNote

65. Change the format with a click

67. Deleting a reference  automatic update

68. EndNoteTrainingYouTube Channel

69. Digital Library at UQU

70. Books on Writing Skills

71. There are many books

72. Outline of Literature Review What is it? When to do it? Why do we need it? How to do it? Tips & Tricks ssbajammal@uqu.edu.sa slideshare.net/uqudent