flora and fauna of india

2. To our presentation of
group 2

4. INTRODUCTION
• The entire habitat we live in have immense
biodiversity.
• Biodiversity or biological diversity is
immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated
species ,diverse in form and function but
closely integrated in a system through
multiple network of interdependencies.
• Humans along with all others form a complex
web of ecological system.

5. • Humans are only a part of it and very much
dependent on it for our own survival.
• The plants animals and micro-organisms
recreate the quality of air we breathe, the
water we drink, and the soil that produces our
food.
• Forests are utmost important as they are the
primary consumers on which all others
depend.

6. CONTENT

8. FLORA
•"Flora" comes from the Latin name of Flora,
the goddess of plants, flowers, and fertility in
Roman mythology
• Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular
region or time, generally the naturally occurring
or indigenous—native plant life.

9. • Human beings are completely dependent
upon plants. Directly or indirectly, plants
provide food, clothing, fuel, shelter, and many
other necessities of life. Humankind's
dependence on crops such as wheat and corn
(maize) is obvious, but without grass and grain
the livestock that provide people with food
and other animal products could not survive
either.

10. • Plants are essential parts of ecosystems.
Without them, all organisms would soon run
out of food.
• Plants absorb minerals, such as nitrogen,
potassium, and phosphorus, from the soil.
These are stored in plant tissues and are an
essential part of the diet of animals that eat
plants.

11. • Plants help form, enrich, and stabilize soil.
Mosses help break down and crumble rock
into soil. The roots of herbs and trees also
contribute to this process.
• Decaying leaves and other plant material
increase the fertility of soil.
• Plant roots stabilize soil and prevent erosion.

12. Flora (plants) are classified as follows:

13. FAUNA
• “Fauna” comes from the Latin names Fauna, a Roman
goddess of earth and fertility, the Roman god Faunus,
and the related forest spirits called Fauns.
• The term was first used by Carlous Linnaeus in 1745
• Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or
time.
• The largest kingdom is the Animalia(animals). Its
members range from very simple invertebrates, such as
sponges, to highly complex mammals, such as whales,
monkeys, and humans.

14. • Animals as the consumers, play a key role balancing the
ecology .
• Animals display some key differences that distinguish them
from other living things.
For example, what is the difference between a cow and
grass? A cow moves around in the pasture eating grass. It
trots toward you when you offer it a bunch of leaves and
shows pleasure when you stroke its head. The grass,
however, is rooted to one place. It does not respond
behaviorally to people or to the cow in any way.

15. Fauna (animals) are classified as follows:

16. FLORA & FAUNA
IN INDIA

17. India is one of the world’s richest countries in
terms of its vast array of biological diversity,
and has nearly 8 per cent of the total number
of species in the world (estimated to be 1.6
million).
Flora &Fauna in India
Fauna More than 81,000 species
Flora More than 47,000 species
Indigenous flowering plants About 15,000 species
Endangered wild flora
About 10%
Endangered mammals
About 20%

19. • India has some of the world's most biodiverse
regions. The political boundaries of India
encompass a wide range of ecozones—desert, high
mountains, highlands, tropical and temperate
forests, swamplands, plains, grasslands, areas
surrounding rivers, as well as island archipelago.
• It hosts 3 biodiversity hotspots: the Western Ghats,
the Himalayas and the Indo-Burma region. These
hotspots have numerous endemic species.

20. • India is home to several well-known large
mammals, including the Asian elephant,
Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, leopard and Indian
rhinoceros. Some of these animals are
engrained in culture, often being associated
with deities.
• These large mammals are important for
wildlife tourism in India, and several national
parks and wildlife sanctuaries cater to these
needs. The popularity of these charismatic
animals have helped greatly in conservation
efforts in India.

21. • The tiger has been particularly important, and
Project Tiger, started in 1972, was a major effort
to conserve the tiger and its habitats.
• Project Elephant, though less known, started in
1992 and works for elephant protection.Most
of India's rhinos today survive in the Kaziranga
National Park. Some other well-known large
Indian mammals are: ungulates such as the
water buffalo, nilgai, gaur and several species of
deer and antelope

22. • The flora of India is one of the richest in the
world due to the wide range of climate,
topology and habitat in the country.
• There are estimated to be over 16,000 species
of flowering plants in India, which constitute
some 6-7 percent of the total plant species in
the world.
• India is home to more than 45,000 species of
plants, including a variety of endemics.

23. • The use of plants as a source of medicines has
been an integral part of life in India from the
earliest times.
• There are more than 3000 Indian plant species
officially documented as possessing great
medicinal potential. India is divided into eight
main floristic regions : Western Himalayas,
Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Indus plain, Ganges
plain, the Deccan, Malabar and the Andaman
Islands.

24. Classification is based on: The International
Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (IUCN):

25. • Normal Species: If the population level of
species is within normal range for their
survival, it is called normal species, e.g. cattle,
pine, sal, rodents, etc.

26. • Endangered Species: Species which are in
danger of extinction are called endangered
species, e.g. black buck, crocodile, Indian wild
ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai
(brow anter deer in Manipur), etc.

28. • Vulnerable Species: If the population of a
species has declined to such a level that it is
likely to become endangered; it is called
vulnerable species, e.g. blue sheep, Asiatic
elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.

30. • Rare Species: If the population of a species so
small that it can become vulnerable or
endangered, it is called rare species, e.g.
Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo,
desert fox, hornbill, etc.

32. • Endemic Species: A species which found only
in a particular geographical area is called an
endemic species, e.g. Andaman teal, Nicobar
pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in
Arunachal Pradesh, etc.

33. • Extinct Species: A species which no longer
exists is called an extinct species. A species
may be extinct from a local area, region,
country, continent or the entire earth.
Examples: Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck,
etc.

37. Causes of depletion of flora and fauna
• During colonial period, due to expansion of:
- Railways
- Agriculture
- Commercial and scientific forestry
- Mining activities

38. After independence:
• Agricultural expansion
• Shifting cultivation(jhum)
• Large scale developmental projects
• Mining
• Grazing and fuelwood collection.

39. • Habitat destruction
• Hunting and poaching
• Over –exploitation
• Environmental pollution
• Forest fires
• Over population

40. Who were affected the most?
• Indigenous &forest based communit ies
-They depend on various components of
forest and wildlife for
food,drink,medicine,spirituality,culture,etc…
• Women
-Women bear the responsibility to collect the
basic subsistence need such as
fuel,fodder,water,etc…

41. • The poor,
-the indirect impact of degradation such as
severe drought or deforestation induced
floods.

42. How are the flora and fauna
distributed in India?
• Reserved forests:
-More than half of total forest area.
-Most valuable as far as conservation of Flora
& Fauna are concerned
DISTRIBUTION
- madhya pradesh has the largest are under
permanent forest i.e about 75% of total area of
forests.
Jammu &kashmir,andra
pradesh,uttarakhand,kerala,Tamil Nadu,West
Bengal,&Maharashtra

43. • Protected forests:
- Almost one third of total forest area
-Under forest protection
-Protected from any other depletion.
DISTRIBUTION
- bihar,haryana,punjab,himachal
pradesh,odisha,Rajasthan

44. • Unclassed forests:
-remaining forest area and wastelands.
-Under the govt,private individuals
&community.
DISTRIBUTION
-All north eastern states &parts of Gujarat.

45. Conservation of
Forests and Wildlife

46. • Conservation preserves the ecological
diversity and our life support systems.
• It preserves the genetic diversity of plants
and animals for better growth of species
and breeding.

47. • The Indian wildlife (protection) act was
implemented in 1972.
• The thrust of the programme was towards:
-Protecting habitats
-Protecting the remaining population of certain
endangered species
-Banning of hunting
-Giving legal protection to the habitats
-Restricting trade in wildlife

48. • The central government also announced several
projects for protecting specific animals,which
were gravely threatened
• For example:tiger ,one horned rhinocerous,the
kashmir stag,asiatic lion,three types of crocodiles-
the freshwater,salt water,& gharials
• Most recently,the indian elephant,black buck,the
great indian bustard&the snow leopard, etc..Have
been given full or partial legal protection against
hunting &trade.
• Even insects are finding a place in conservation
planning

49. The central and many state government
established national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries:

53. • in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan villagers
have fought against mining by citing the
wildlife protection act.
• In Alwar district,Rajasthan,inhibitants have
declared 1200 hectares of forest as the
Bhairodev Dakhav Sonchuri,with their own
rules & regulation.

54. • Chipko movement in Himalayas resisted
deforestation&promoted community
afforestation.
• Beej Bachavo Andolan in Tehri& Navdanya
have shown that adequate levels of diversified
crop production without the usage of
chemicals are possible & econimally viable.

55. • Joint Forest Management (JFM) started in
1988 in Odisha . In which ,villagers undertake
protection activities and in return they are
entitled to intermediary benefits like non
timber food produces

56. We are not the only species in the biodiversity
web. There are thousands of other species.
They too are the owners of this earth. We
should conserve them.
Community should be involved in conservation
Accept only those developmental activities that
are people centric, eco friendly and
economically rewarding.

57. Vaishnav Sankar.k
Ashwin.p
Anjana.p.Damodaran
Aditya.k
Gargi.m.v

59. THANK YOU