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Types and Annotations
        for CIDOC CRM Properties
                    Vladimir Alexiev, PhD, PMP
              Data and Ontology Management Group
                          Ontotext Corp

                             Invited report
Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage
                        (DiPP2012) Conference
                 18 Sep 2012, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
Presentation Outline

• Background and significance of CIDOC CRM
• Quick CRM tutorial and links for more info
• Problem domain: more data about Properties
• Available CRM means and corresponding problems
   – Property Types
   – E13 Attribute Assignment
   – Short-cuts and Long-cuts

• Solution Alternatives
   –   Split Properties
   –   Statement Reification
   –   Property Reification
   –   Named Graphs


                               CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #2
CIDOC CRM

CONCEPTUAL REFERENCE MODEL


            CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #3
CIDOC CRM

• Created by International Committee for Documentation
  (CIDOC) of International Council of Museums (ICOM)
   – More than 10y of development, official standard ISO 21127:2006
   – Available at http://www.cidoc-crm.org/
   – Maintained by CRM SIG, crm-sig@ics.forth.gr

• Provides a common semantic framework to which any CH
  data can be mapped
   – Intended to promote shared understanding of CH data and a "semantic glue"
     to mediate between different CH sources
   – Few classes (82) and properties (142); quite expressive because it is abstract
   – Original focus: history, archaeology, cultural heritage (CH)
   – Used in various projects, including libraries, archives, museums




                               CIDOC CRM Properties                 18 Sep 2012       #4
Importance of CIDOC CRM

• CIDOC CRM can map and subsume various domain
  specific standards, thus allowing to compare, unify and
  inter-map them
   – E.g. influenced LIDO (events), EDM (subjects, events), mapped EAD,
     mapped UNIMARC, created FRBR as ontology (FRBRoo), etc

• Everything is connected… at the community (human)
  and technical (Semantic Web) levels
     CRM            FRBRoo               FRBR          ISBD



                      ONIX                RDA          MARC

                                                         Gordon Dunsire,
                                                         U Strathclyde
                                           DC

                             CIDOC CRM Properties          18 Sep 2012     #5
Example: FRBR as a CRM Extension (FRBRoo)




                                          http://www.cidoc-crm.org/fr

                   CIDOC CRM Properties       18 Sep 2012      #6
Ontotext CH Projects and Clients
• Clients: UK, KR, SE, NL, BG, US




• Research projects executed by Ontotext




• Projects using OWLIM: EU, PL, JP


                             CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #7
Ontotext CRM experience

• FP7 MOLTO: museum data is based on CRM
   – Multilingual Online Translation. Knowledge infrastructure, interoperability
     between natural language and structured queries,
   – Museum object descriptions in 15 languages. Gotehnburg Museum case

• ResearchSpace project of the British Museum is based on
  CRM
   – Advising British Museum and Yale Center for British Art on representing their
     collections in CRM

• Providing feedback and contributing to RDF definition of CRM
   – Implementing CRM search based on Fundamental Relations




                               CIDOC CRM Properties                 18 Sep 2012      #8
CRM Tutorial

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc_tutorial/index.html
   – By Stephen Stead, recorded in Crete in Nov 2008. Few hours of video & transcript
   – Project funded by Operational Programme "Information Society" (GR and EU)

• http://personal.sirma.bg/vladimir/crm-tutorial/
   – 62 slides (screens) & transcript. HTML, Kindle and PDF versions

• Quite useful for understanding the principles of CRM
   – Persistent entities (Endurants) vs Temporal entities (Perdurants)
   – Persistent entities "meet" at Events
   – Time and Place are connected to persistent entities only through Periods/Events
     (can't have fields " birth place" or "birth date")
   – Physical Things vs Conceptual Objects
   – Multiple inheritance of Classes (entities) and Properties
   – Most properties are bidirectional (symmetric or have inverses)


                                 CIDOC CRM Properties                  18 Sep 2012     #9
Example: Entities meet at Events




                    CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #10
Example: E2 Temporal Entity Multi-Hierarchy




                    CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #11
Example: E70 Thing (persistent) Multi-Hierarchy




                    CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #12
Example: P12 (Participation) Property Multi-Hierarchy




                    CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #13
CRM Graphical Representation

• Library of CRM representation patterns
   – Class diagram (see to the right)
   – Important "usage examples" as diagrams (34)
   – Handy entity & property index on front

• http://www.cidoc-
  crm.org/cidoc_graphical_representation_v_5_1/graphical_rep
  resentaion_5_0_1.html
   – one page per pattern
   – PPT version

• http://personal.sirma.bg/vladimir/crm-graphical/
   – All patterns on one page
   – Handy anchors , e.g. #acquisition is Acquisition Information
   – PPT version with notes


                               CIDOC CRM Properties                 18 Sep 2012   #14
Usage Example: Acquisition of E18 Thing by E39 Actor
• E.g. acquisition of an object by an actor (organization)




                          CIDOC CRM Properties        18 Sep 2012   #15
Usage Example: Person Nationality




• Birth represented as explicit event.
   – Place and Time of birth represented explicitly (in this case, Time relates to Period)

• Nationality represented as a Group
• Would be nice to correlate this Group to Place (not done here)
                                   CIDOC CRM Properties                  18 Sep 2012     #16
CRM Specification

• http://www.cidoc-crm.org/official_release_cidoc.html
   – version 5.0.4 (Nov 2011) as DOC and PDF files

• http://personal.sirma.bg/vladimir/crm/
   – version 5.0.1 (Mar 2009) as hyper-linked HTML and Kindle version
   – Main file: http://personal.sirma.bg/vladimir/crm/entity_list_cleaned.html:
     class &property hierarchies and definitions
   – Created from this cross-referenced version http://www.cidoc-
     crm.org/docs/cidoc_crm_5_0_1_cross_reference/cidoc_crm_5_0_1_cross_ref
     erence.rar after further cleaning and corrections
   – Includes useful anchors, e.g. #E1_CRM_Entity and #P1_is_identified_by--
     identifies
   – Very useful for online citing and discussions
   – Introduction: important info about CRM Scope and Extension principles




                              CIDOC CRM Properties             18 Sep 2012    #17
CRM Spec: Property and Class Hierarchies




                    CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #18
CRM Spec: Entity definition




                     CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #19
CRM Spec: Property definition




                    CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #20
Types, Annotations, Uncertainty, Additional Data

CRM PROPERTIES


                           CIDOC CRM Properties    18 Sep 2012   #21
Problem Statement

In CH it is often important to capture not just statements (facts or
suppositions), but also additional information about them:
•Who said what when
•Roles and qualifications of relations, e.g. "Michelangelo (E21 Person)
performed (P14) the painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7 Activity) in the role of
master craftsman (E55 Type)"
•Other data about relations, e.g. "The painting Bathing Susanna (E18 Physical
Thing) changed ownership through (P24) an auction (E8 Acquisition) as lot
number 15".
•The status of a statement (fact, proposed, disputed, etc)
•Comments or discussions about a statement
•Relations to other data that justifies or disproves a statement
•Indication of probability or uncertainty

                              CIDOC CRM Properties                 18 Sep 2012    #22
ResearchSpace Annotation Needs

The ResearchSpace project (http://www.researchspace.org) is funded by the
Andrew W. Mellon foundation, designed and administered by the British
Museum (BM), and developed by a consortium led by Ontotext Corp.
Annotation needs to capture Research Discourse:
•provide comments about any field
•reply to someone else's comments, forming a discussion
•link another semantic object by embedding it in a comment
•link a field of another semantic object to use as justification. E.g. the dating
of Rembrandt's "Bathing Susanna" is established as 1636 because a drawing
reproduction by Willem de Poorter is signed and dated 1636.
•dispute old value
•propose new value, with justification in the form of comment or link to
another object

                               CIDOC CRM Properties                18 Sep 2012      #23
CRM MEANS AND PROBLEMS


          CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #24
Property Types
• CRM includes 13 "property types", e.g.
   – "P3.1 has type" can distinguish different kinds of notes (P3 has note)
   – "P14.1 in the role of" can distinguish different participant roles (P14 carried
     out by)

• But "properties of properties" cannot be implemented in RDF
  directly
• CRM recommends to implement them as sub-properties (e.g.
  P3a_name, P3b_description, etc)
   – This approach is not convenient if the specific relations are numerous and
     come from a thesaurus
   – E.g. the BM collection database includes 14 vocabularies for association codes
     (e.g. Acquisition Person, Production Person, Production Place) with over 230
     codes
   – If these 230 codes are implemented as 230 sub-properties, then an application
     will need to deal with all of them!

                                CIDOC CRM Properties                  18 Sep 2012      #25
E13 Attribute Assignment




                    CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #26
E13 Attribute Assignment (cont)

• E13 goes a long way towards providing statement annotation
  capabilities. E13 has fields (some inherited) for recording:
   – who: P14_carried_out_by from E7_Activity
   – when: P4_has_time-span from E5_Event
   – said what: P3_has_note from E1_CRM_Entity
   – about what (subject): P140_assigned_attribute_to
   – what value (object): P141_assigned
   – "did" what, e.g. Dispute, Propose; Agree, Disagree, etc: a P2_has_type sub-
     property, from E1_CRM_Entity),
   – what was the outcome, i.e. "dispositions" such as Proposed, Approved,
     Rejected, Published: another P2_has_type sub-property

• However E13:
   – Doesn't mention the property being annotated (called "any property")
   – Cannot annotate primitive values (numbers, strings): P141 excludes
     E59_Primitive_Value, which is outside the E1_CRM_Entity class hierarchy

                                CIDOC CRM Properties                18 Sep 2012    #27
CRM Means: Short-cuts and Long-cuts




• CRM considers some properties as "short-cuts" of longer, more elaborated
  "long-cuts". E.g. for Measurement:
    – Short-cut: E70_Thing --P43_has_dimension-> E54_Dimension
    – Long-cut: E1_CRM_Entity --P39B_was_measured_by-> E16_Measurement
      --P40_observed_dimension-> E54_Dimension. It allows us to record additional
      information about the Measurement, e.g. when it was made, by whom, etc

                                 CIDOC CRM Properties                    18 Sep 2012   #28
CRM Means: Short-cuts vs E13 (cont)
• E13 is super-class of 4 long-cut classes:
   –   E14 Condition Assessment: P44 has condition
   –   E15 Identifier Assignment: P1 is identified by / P48 has preferred identifier
   –   E16 Measurement: P43 has dimension
   –   E17 Type Assignment: P2 has type

• Other long-cuts are not derived from Е13 since they describe
  more complex business situations than assigning an attribute:
   –   E8 Acquisition: P51 has former or current owner, P52 has current owner
   –   E9 Move: P53 has former or current location, P55 has current location
   –   E10 Transfer of Custody: P49 former or current keeper, P50 has current keeper
   –   E36 Visual Item: P62 depicts
   –   E53 Place: P56 bears feature
   –   E53 Place, E46 Section Definition: P8 took place on or within
   –   E46 Section Definition: P59 has section
   –   E12 Production / E65 Creation: P130 shows features of

                                 CIDOC CRM Properties                  18 Sep 2012     #29
Problems with Short-cuts and E13
• CRM : "An instance of the fully-articulated path always implies an instance
  of the shortcut property".
    – Disagree, since the long-cut may have a status of Tentative, Proposed, Suggested or even
      Formerly Thought To Be (i.e. not currently considered true), while the short-cut should
      be considered true.

• CRM: "E13 Attribute Assignment allows for the documentation of how the
  assignment of any property came about, and whose opinion it was, even in
  cases of properties not explicitly characterized as shortcuts".
    – Unfortunately not true, because E13 doesn't mention the property being documented.
      E.g. you cannot document P14_carried_out_by but it's important in CH when it concerns
      the authorship of a work of art ("attribution")

• Domains and ranges of short-cuts and long-cuts do not always agree.
    – E.g. you can Measure any E1 Entity, but can say "P43 has dimension" only about E70
      Thing (which are persistent things, different from Actors)




                                  CIDOC CRM Properties                     18 Sep 2012      #30
SOLUTION ALTERNATIVES


           CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #31
Solution 1: Split Properties
<obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by <person/Michelangelo>.
<obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by <person/GiovanniUnderstudy>.




<obj/prod> P14F1_carried_out_role <obj/prod/role/1>, <obj/prod/role/2>.
<obj/prod/role/1> a E200_Production_Role;
 P14F2_carried_out_actor <person/Michelangelo>;
 P2F_has_type <production/role/master-craftsman>;
 P200F_has_probability <probability/certain>.
<obj/prod/role/2> a E200_Production_Role;
 P14F2_carried_out_actor <person/GiovanniUnderstudy>;
 P2F_has_type <production/role/understudy>;
 P200F_has_probability <probability/proposed>.

                                        CIDOC CRM Properties              18 Sep 2012   #32
Solution 2: Statement Reification

• RDF Reification Vocabulary (similar to E13 Attribute Assignment):
   –   rdf:Statement: intermediate node (E13 Attribute Assignment)
   –   rdf:subject: points to the triple's subject (P140 assigned attribute to)
   –   rdf:predicate: URI of the property (missing in CRM)
   –   rdf:object: points to the triple's object (P141 assigned)




• Isomorphic to Solution 1 but is generic (property-independent)



                                   CIDOC CRM Properties                   18 Sep 2012   #33
Solution 2 example: Annotation in ResearchSpace




                    CIDOC CRM Properties   18 Sep 2012   #34
Solution 2 example: BM Association Mapping




• bmo:EX_Associaton is a subclass of E13 that adds PX_property.
• Used by BM to extend CRM properties (e.g. P23_transferred_title_from)
  to represent more specific situations such as Bequeathal (transferring title
  without any remuneration)


                              CIDOC CRM Properties             18 Sep 2012   #35
Solution 3: Property Reification Vocabulary

reification_class          shortcut | shortcut_property subject_property          object_property
E13_Attribute_Assignment                                P140_assigned_attribute_to P141_assigned
E16_Measurement            P43_has_dimension            P39_measured              P40_observed_dimension
E36_Visual_Item            P62_depicts                  P65i_is_shown_by          P138_represents
E36_Visual_Item            P62i_is_depicted_by          P138_represents           P65i_is_shown_by
E53_Place                  P8_took_place_on_or_within P7i_witnessed               P59i_is_located_on_or_within
E46_Section_Definition     P59i_is_located_on_or_within P87i_identifies           P58i_defines_section
ext:E200_Production_Role ext:P14F_carried_out_by        ext:P14B1                 ext:P14F2_carried_out_actor
rdf:Statement                         rdf:predicate     rdf:subject               rdf:object
bmo:EX_Association                    bmo:PX_property P140_assigned_attribute_to P141_assigned
• Describes reification (short-cut vs long-cut) patterns explicitly
• A record with prv:shortcut is specific: applies only to that shortcut
• A record with prv:shortcut_property is generic: it can point to different properties
• The trouble with E13 is that it has neither prv:shortcut, nor prv:shortcut_property

                                              CIDOC CRM Properties                     18 Sep 2012       #36
Solution 4: Named Graphs
• We could put the statements in separate Named Graphs (TriG notation):
 <obj/prod/role/1> {
  <obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by <person/Michelangelo> }
 <obj/prod/role/2> {
  <obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by <person/GiovanniUnderstudy> }
• And then add data about these named graphs:
 { # default named graph
   <obj/prod/role/1> a E200_Production_Role;
    P2F_has_type <production/role/master-craftsman>;
    P200F_has_probability <probability/certain>.
   <obj/prod/role/2> a E200_Production_Role;
    P2F_has_type <production/role/understudy>;
    P200F_has_probability <probability/proposed>.}
• Appropriate if we want to annotate several statements, but forces us to talk about
  complete statements. Sample SPARQL query:
 SELECT ?person ?type ?probability WHERE {
  GRAPH ?role {<obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by ?person}.
  ?role P2F_has_type ?type; P200F_has_probability ?probability.}
                                        CIDOC CRM Properties       18 Sep 2012   #37

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Types and Annotations for CIDOC CRM Properties - Presentation

  • 1. Types and Annotations for CIDOC CRM Properties Vladimir Alexiev, PhD, PMP Data and Ontology Management Group Ontotext Corp Invited report Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage (DiPP2012) Conference 18 Sep 2012, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
  • 2. Presentation Outline • Background and significance of CIDOC CRM • Quick CRM tutorial and links for more info • Problem domain: more data about Properties • Available CRM means and corresponding problems – Property Types – E13 Attribute Assignment – Short-cuts and Long-cuts • Solution Alternatives – Split Properties – Statement Reification – Property Reification – Named Graphs CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #2
  • 3. CIDOC CRM CONCEPTUAL REFERENCE MODEL CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #3
  • 4. CIDOC CRM • Created by International Committee for Documentation (CIDOC) of International Council of Museums (ICOM) – More than 10y of development, official standard ISO 21127:2006 – Available at http://www.cidoc-crm.org/ – Maintained by CRM SIG, crm-sig@ics.forth.gr • Provides a common semantic framework to which any CH data can be mapped – Intended to promote shared understanding of CH data and a "semantic glue" to mediate between different CH sources – Few classes (82) and properties (142); quite expressive because it is abstract – Original focus: history, archaeology, cultural heritage (CH) – Used in various projects, including libraries, archives, museums CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #4
  • 5. Importance of CIDOC CRM • CIDOC CRM can map and subsume various domain specific standards, thus allowing to compare, unify and inter-map them – E.g. influenced LIDO (events), EDM (subjects, events), mapped EAD, mapped UNIMARC, created FRBR as ontology (FRBRoo), etc • Everything is connected… at the community (human) and technical (Semantic Web) levels CRM FRBRoo FRBR ISBD ONIX RDA MARC Gordon Dunsire, U Strathclyde DC CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #5
  • 6. Example: FRBR as a CRM Extension (FRBRoo) http://www.cidoc-crm.org/fr CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #6
  • 7. Ontotext CH Projects and Clients • Clients: UK, KR, SE, NL, BG, US • Research projects executed by Ontotext • Projects using OWLIM: EU, PL, JP CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #7
  • 8. Ontotext CRM experience • FP7 MOLTO: museum data is based on CRM – Multilingual Online Translation. Knowledge infrastructure, interoperability between natural language and structured queries, – Museum object descriptions in 15 languages. Gotehnburg Museum case • ResearchSpace project of the British Museum is based on CRM – Advising British Museum and Yale Center for British Art on representing their collections in CRM • Providing feedback and contributing to RDF definition of CRM – Implementing CRM search based on Fundamental Relations CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #8
  • 9. CRM Tutorial • http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc_tutorial/index.html – By Stephen Stead, recorded in Crete in Nov 2008. Few hours of video & transcript – Project funded by Operational Programme "Information Society" (GR and EU) • http://personal.sirma.bg/vladimir/crm-tutorial/ – 62 slides (screens) & transcript. HTML, Kindle and PDF versions • Quite useful for understanding the principles of CRM – Persistent entities (Endurants) vs Temporal entities (Perdurants) – Persistent entities "meet" at Events – Time and Place are connected to persistent entities only through Periods/Events (can't have fields " birth place" or "birth date") – Physical Things vs Conceptual Objects – Multiple inheritance of Classes (entities) and Properties – Most properties are bidirectional (symmetric or have inverses) CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #9
  • 10. Example: Entities meet at Events CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #10
  • 11. Example: E2 Temporal Entity Multi-Hierarchy CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #11
  • 12. Example: E70 Thing (persistent) Multi-Hierarchy CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #12
  • 13. Example: P12 (Participation) Property Multi-Hierarchy CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #13
  • 14. CRM Graphical Representation • Library of CRM representation patterns – Class diagram (see to the right) – Important "usage examples" as diagrams (34) – Handy entity & property index on front • http://www.cidoc- crm.org/cidoc_graphical_representation_v_5_1/graphical_rep resentaion_5_0_1.html – one page per pattern – PPT version • http://personal.sirma.bg/vladimir/crm-graphical/ – All patterns on one page – Handy anchors , e.g. #acquisition is Acquisition Information – PPT version with notes CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #14
  • 15. Usage Example: Acquisition of E18 Thing by E39 Actor • E.g. acquisition of an object by an actor (organization) CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #15
  • 16. Usage Example: Person Nationality • Birth represented as explicit event. – Place and Time of birth represented explicitly (in this case, Time relates to Period) • Nationality represented as a Group • Would be nice to correlate this Group to Place (not done here) CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #16
  • 17. CRM Specification • http://www.cidoc-crm.org/official_release_cidoc.html – version 5.0.4 (Nov 2011) as DOC and PDF files • http://personal.sirma.bg/vladimir/crm/ – version 5.0.1 (Mar 2009) as hyper-linked HTML and Kindle version – Main file: http://personal.sirma.bg/vladimir/crm/entity_list_cleaned.html: class &property hierarchies and definitions – Created from this cross-referenced version http://www.cidoc- crm.org/docs/cidoc_crm_5_0_1_cross_reference/cidoc_crm_5_0_1_cross_ref erence.rar after further cleaning and corrections – Includes useful anchors, e.g. #E1_CRM_Entity and #P1_is_identified_by-- identifies – Very useful for online citing and discussions – Introduction: important info about CRM Scope and Extension principles CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #17
  • 18. CRM Spec: Property and Class Hierarchies CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #18
  • 19. CRM Spec: Entity definition CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #19
  • 20. CRM Spec: Property definition CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #20
  • 21. Types, Annotations, Uncertainty, Additional Data CRM PROPERTIES CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #21
  • 22. Problem Statement In CH it is often important to capture not just statements (facts or suppositions), but also additional information about them: •Who said what when •Roles and qualifications of relations, e.g. "Michelangelo (E21 Person) performed (P14) the painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7 Activity) in the role of master craftsman (E55 Type)" •Other data about relations, e.g. "The painting Bathing Susanna (E18 Physical Thing) changed ownership through (P24) an auction (E8 Acquisition) as lot number 15". •The status of a statement (fact, proposed, disputed, etc) •Comments or discussions about a statement •Relations to other data that justifies or disproves a statement •Indication of probability or uncertainty CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #22
  • 23. ResearchSpace Annotation Needs The ResearchSpace project (http://www.researchspace.org) is funded by the Andrew W. Mellon foundation, designed and administered by the British Museum (BM), and developed by a consortium led by Ontotext Corp. Annotation needs to capture Research Discourse: •provide comments about any field •reply to someone else's comments, forming a discussion •link another semantic object by embedding it in a comment •link a field of another semantic object to use as justification. E.g. the dating of Rembrandt's "Bathing Susanna" is established as 1636 because a drawing reproduction by Willem de Poorter is signed and dated 1636. •dispute old value •propose new value, with justification in the form of comment or link to another object CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #23
  • 24. CRM MEANS AND PROBLEMS CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #24
  • 25. Property Types • CRM includes 13 "property types", e.g. – "P3.1 has type" can distinguish different kinds of notes (P3 has note) – "P14.1 in the role of" can distinguish different participant roles (P14 carried out by) • But "properties of properties" cannot be implemented in RDF directly • CRM recommends to implement them as sub-properties (e.g. P3a_name, P3b_description, etc) – This approach is not convenient if the specific relations are numerous and come from a thesaurus – E.g. the BM collection database includes 14 vocabularies for association codes (e.g. Acquisition Person, Production Person, Production Place) with over 230 codes – If these 230 codes are implemented as 230 sub-properties, then an application will need to deal with all of them! CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #25
  • 26. E13 Attribute Assignment CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #26
  • 27. E13 Attribute Assignment (cont) • E13 goes a long way towards providing statement annotation capabilities. E13 has fields (some inherited) for recording: – who: P14_carried_out_by from E7_Activity – when: P4_has_time-span from E5_Event – said what: P3_has_note from E1_CRM_Entity – about what (subject): P140_assigned_attribute_to – what value (object): P141_assigned – "did" what, e.g. Dispute, Propose; Agree, Disagree, etc: a P2_has_type sub- property, from E1_CRM_Entity), – what was the outcome, i.e. "dispositions" such as Proposed, Approved, Rejected, Published: another P2_has_type sub-property • However E13: – Doesn't mention the property being annotated (called "any property") – Cannot annotate primitive values (numbers, strings): P141 excludes E59_Primitive_Value, which is outside the E1_CRM_Entity class hierarchy CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #27
  • 28. CRM Means: Short-cuts and Long-cuts • CRM considers some properties as "short-cuts" of longer, more elaborated "long-cuts". E.g. for Measurement: – Short-cut: E70_Thing --P43_has_dimension-> E54_Dimension – Long-cut: E1_CRM_Entity --P39B_was_measured_by-> E16_Measurement --P40_observed_dimension-> E54_Dimension. It allows us to record additional information about the Measurement, e.g. when it was made, by whom, etc CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #28
  • 29. CRM Means: Short-cuts vs E13 (cont) • E13 is super-class of 4 long-cut classes: – E14 Condition Assessment: P44 has condition – E15 Identifier Assignment: P1 is identified by / P48 has preferred identifier – E16 Measurement: P43 has dimension – E17 Type Assignment: P2 has type • Other long-cuts are not derived from Е13 since they describe more complex business situations than assigning an attribute: – E8 Acquisition: P51 has former or current owner, P52 has current owner – E9 Move: P53 has former or current location, P55 has current location – E10 Transfer of Custody: P49 former or current keeper, P50 has current keeper – E36 Visual Item: P62 depicts – E53 Place: P56 bears feature – E53 Place, E46 Section Definition: P8 took place on or within – E46 Section Definition: P59 has section – E12 Production / E65 Creation: P130 shows features of CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #29
  • 30. Problems with Short-cuts and E13 • CRM : "An instance of the fully-articulated path always implies an instance of the shortcut property". – Disagree, since the long-cut may have a status of Tentative, Proposed, Suggested or even Formerly Thought To Be (i.e. not currently considered true), while the short-cut should be considered true. • CRM: "E13 Attribute Assignment allows for the documentation of how the assignment of any property came about, and whose opinion it was, even in cases of properties not explicitly characterized as shortcuts". – Unfortunately not true, because E13 doesn't mention the property being documented. E.g. you cannot document P14_carried_out_by but it's important in CH when it concerns the authorship of a work of art ("attribution") • Domains and ranges of short-cuts and long-cuts do not always agree. – E.g. you can Measure any E1 Entity, but can say "P43 has dimension" only about E70 Thing (which are persistent things, different from Actors) CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #30
  • 31. SOLUTION ALTERNATIVES CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #31
  • 32. Solution 1: Split Properties <obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by <person/Michelangelo>. <obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by <person/GiovanniUnderstudy>. <obj/prod> P14F1_carried_out_role <obj/prod/role/1>, <obj/prod/role/2>. <obj/prod/role/1> a E200_Production_Role; P14F2_carried_out_actor <person/Michelangelo>; P2F_has_type <production/role/master-craftsman>; P200F_has_probability <probability/certain>. <obj/prod/role/2> a E200_Production_Role; P14F2_carried_out_actor <person/GiovanniUnderstudy>; P2F_has_type <production/role/understudy>; P200F_has_probability <probability/proposed>. CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #32
  • 33. Solution 2: Statement Reification • RDF Reification Vocabulary (similar to E13 Attribute Assignment): – rdf:Statement: intermediate node (E13 Attribute Assignment) – rdf:subject: points to the triple's subject (P140 assigned attribute to) – rdf:predicate: URI of the property (missing in CRM) – rdf:object: points to the triple's object (P141 assigned) • Isomorphic to Solution 1 but is generic (property-independent) CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #33
  • 34. Solution 2 example: Annotation in ResearchSpace CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #34
  • 35. Solution 2 example: BM Association Mapping • bmo:EX_Associaton is a subclass of E13 that adds PX_property. • Used by BM to extend CRM properties (e.g. P23_transferred_title_from) to represent more specific situations such as Bequeathal (transferring title without any remuneration) CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #35
  • 36. Solution 3: Property Reification Vocabulary reification_class shortcut | shortcut_property subject_property object_property E13_Attribute_Assignment P140_assigned_attribute_to P141_assigned E16_Measurement P43_has_dimension P39_measured P40_observed_dimension E36_Visual_Item P62_depicts P65i_is_shown_by P138_represents E36_Visual_Item P62i_is_depicted_by P138_represents P65i_is_shown_by E53_Place P8_took_place_on_or_within P7i_witnessed P59i_is_located_on_or_within E46_Section_Definition P59i_is_located_on_or_within P87i_identifies P58i_defines_section ext:E200_Production_Role ext:P14F_carried_out_by ext:P14B1 ext:P14F2_carried_out_actor rdf:Statement rdf:predicate rdf:subject rdf:object bmo:EX_Association bmo:PX_property P140_assigned_attribute_to P141_assigned • Describes reification (short-cut vs long-cut) patterns explicitly • A record with prv:shortcut is specific: applies only to that shortcut • A record with prv:shortcut_property is generic: it can point to different properties • The trouble with E13 is that it has neither prv:shortcut, nor prv:shortcut_property CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #36
  • 37. Solution 4: Named Graphs • We could put the statements in separate Named Graphs (TriG notation): <obj/prod/role/1> { <obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by <person/Michelangelo> } <obj/prod/role/2> { <obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by <person/GiovanniUnderstudy> } • And then add data about these named graphs: { # default named graph <obj/prod/role/1> a E200_Production_Role; P2F_has_type <production/role/master-craftsman>; P200F_has_probability <probability/certain>. <obj/prod/role/2> a E200_Production_Role; P2F_has_type <production/role/understudy>; P200F_has_probability <probability/proposed>.} • Appropriate if we want to annotate several statements, but forces us to talk about complete statements. Sample SPARQL query: SELECT ?person ?type ?probability WHERE { GRAPH ?role {<obj/prod> P14F_carried_out_by ?person}. ?role P2F_has_type ?type; P200F_has_probability ?probability.} CIDOC CRM Properties 18 Sep 2012 #37

Editor's Notes

  1. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is an important conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). FRBRoo recasts FRBR in the form of a CRM extension ontology, and therefore an Object Oriented form
  2. Persistent entities (including Actors, Physical Things and Conceptual Objects) meet at events Most properties are bidirectional. E.g. P11_had_participant has inverse P11i_participated_in Time and Place are attached only to Events/Periods Class hierarchy infers additional types (e.g. Creation is an Activity is an Event) Property hierarchy infers additional properties (e.g. P14i_performed infers P11i_participated_in). E7 Activity is an E4 Event that is intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor P14 is reserved for the main performers of E7 Activity while P11 are all kinds of participants
  3. Illustrations of multiple inheritance: E65 Creation (of conceptual object) and E12 Production (of physical man-made thing) both inherit from: E63 Beginning of Existence (that also comprises Birth of Person and Formation of Group) E7 Activity (that is intentionally performed by Actor) Note: E12 Production inherits directly from E11 Modification, since conceptually a Production is a really important Modification (from nothing to something) E81 Transformation is both E64 End of Existence (of an old thing being &quot;recycled&quot;) and E63 Beginning of Existence (of a new thing being created)
  4. Persistent things are Physical (material) vs Conceptual (immaterial). Another branch of the persistent item hierarchy (not shown here) are Actors. E24 Physical Man-Made Thing can carry (P128) E73 Information Objects (text E33 Linguistic Object, E38 Image, E34 Inscription etc) Other conceptual objects include E55 Type and its subclasses (e.g. Material, Language), E41 Appellation (of Actor, Time, Place; Title of work of art, etc)
  5. Legend Single arrow (e.g. E18 --P52-&gt; E39): property instance (e.g. E18 Physical Thing has current owner (P52) E39 Actor). Inverse property name is shown Cardinalities (only advisory!) are shown Double property arrow (e.g. P52=&gt;P51): property inheritance (e.g. P52 current owner implies P51 former or current owner) Double entity arrow (e.g. E8=&gt;E7): class inheritance (e.g. E8 Acquisition is E7 Activity) Most entities inherit from E1 CRM Entity, therefore can have general types (P2) and notes (P3) Thin arrow (e.g. P14 --P14.1-&gt; E55): property of property (e.g. carried out by (P14) in the role of (P14.1) E55 Type) We&apos;ll have a lot more to say about this in the second half of the presentation
  6. Nesting (dashes) shows hierarchy Properties show the corresponding Domain and Range Hyperlinks lead to definition Italic shows second occurrence due to multiple inheritance
  7. Code and name of the class Subclasses and superclasses , with hyperlinks Scope Note : defines the semantics of the entity (the most important section) Examples : provides illustrative examples Properties : all properties having this class as Domain Bold: &quot;own&quot; properties Italic: inherited properties   Referenced by : own properties having this class as Range Inherits references : inherited properties having this class as Range
  8. Code and name of the property (forward and inverse direction) Domain and Range classes Subproperties and superproperties Quantification : property cardinality, but only advisory Scope Note : defines the semantics of the property (the most important section). Includes information about short-cuts (see further) Examples : provides illustrative examples
  9. We split P14 into P14F1 and P14F2. Types, data and annotations can be attached easily to the intermediate node (here called E200_Production_Role). Here we attach: roles ( &lt;production/role/master-craftsman&gt; vs &lt;production/role/understudy&gt;) probability ( &lt;probability/certain&gt; vs &lt;probability/proposed&gt;)
  10. Uses RDF Reification (rdf:Statement) and the Open Annotation Collaboration ontology (oac:Annotation, oac:Target, oac:Body) to represent annotation of a statement. The statement is also connected to the museum object that it is part of using dcterms:isPartOf. This allows us to find all annotations concerning the current museum object
  11. We split P14 into P14F1 and P14F2. Types, data and annotations can be attached easily to the intermediate node (here called E200_Production_Role). Here we attach: roles ( &lt;production/role/master-craftsman&gt; vs &lt;production/role/understudy&gt;) probability ( &lt;probability/certain&gt; vs &lt;probability/proposed&gt;)