by variens...!!

2. PRESENTED BY : VIRANDER SINGH
BBA PART 1
ROLL NO. 29
SESSION 2011-2012

3.  1. INTRODUCTION.
 2. HISTORY.
 3. Graphics Processing Unit.
 4. Video memory.
 5. RAMDAC.
 6. Outputs.

4.  A video card, display card, graphics card, or graphics
adapter is an expansion card which generates output
images to a display. Most video cards offer various
functions such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes
and 2D graphics , MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, TV
output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-
monitor). Other modern high performance video cards
are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such
as PC games.
 Video hardware is often integrated into
the motherboard, however all modern motherboards
provide expansion ports to which a video card can be
attached. In this configuration it is sometimes referred to
as a video controller or graphics controller

5.  The first video card was the Monochrome
Display Adapter (MDA). Introduced in 1981 by
IBM. It had 4 kilobytes of video memory. It also
had a printer adapter.
 In 1995 the first consumer 2D/3D cards were
released, developed by
Matrox, Creative, S3, ATI and others.
 3dfx released its Voodoo Graphics chip in
1996. Powerful compared to other
consumer graphics cards, introducing 3D
effects into the market.

6.  The Voodoo2 was released in 1998. The Voodoo2
required a separate onboard 2D Video card for
non 3D Gaming. The image quality passed the
Voodoo by far. It had higher resolutions (1024x768).
It had multitexturing support, resulting in four times
better performance if supported.
 In 1995 Nvidia NV5 had double the onboard
memory of the NV4 Video card, which was
16MB, (The NV5 Had 32MB) It Also ran 70% faster
than the NV4 Card.
 In 2002 Matrox produced the Parhelia. It had 256-
Bit memory, it came clocked at 220MHz and had
support for three monitors. It also was supposed to
support Direct X9. It did not have support for Direct
X9, and its retail price was $400.00. Double the
price for the same Specs other competitors were
producing.

7.  Video Cards compared from 1981 to Now, in 2011
have changed a lot. One video card now can
support 4 monitors and are literally hundreds of
thousands times faster and can handle so much
more at once. If you compared the Monochrome
Display Adapter to a Geforce GTX 275 there not
even in the same ballpark. The MDA had 4kb of
video memory while the Geforce GTX 275 has
1.7Gb (1792Mb) of video memory.

8.  A GPU is a dedicated processor optimized for
accelerating graphics. The processor is designed
specifically to perform floating-point calculations, which
are fundamental to 3D graphics rendering and 2D picture
drawing. The main attributes of the GPU are the core clock
frequency, which typically ranges from 250 MHz to 4 GHz
and the number of pipelines
(vertex and fragment shaders ), which translate a 3D
image characterized by vertices and lines into a 2D image
formed by pixels.
 Modern GPUs are massively parallel, and fully
programmable. Their computing power in orders of
magnitude are higher than that of CPUs. As
consequence, they challenge CPUs in high performance
computing, and push leading manufacturers on
processors.

9. Graphics Processing Unit :

10.  The memory capacity of most modern video cards
ranges from 128 MB to 8 GB. Since video memory
needs to be accessed by the GPU and the display
circuitry, it often uses special high-speed or multi-
port memory, such as VRAM, WRAM, SGRAM, etc.
Around 2003, the video memory was typically
based on DDR technology. During and after that
year, manufacturers moved
towards DDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4 and GDDR5. The
effective memory clock rate in modern cards is
generally between 400 MHz and 3.8 GHz.

12.  The RAMDAC, or Random Access Memory
Digital-to-Analog Converter, converts digital
signals to analog signals for use by a computer
display that uses analog inputs such
as CRT displays. The RAMDAC is a kind of RAM
chip that regulates the functioning of the
graphics card. Depending on the number of bits
used and the RAMDAC-data-transfer rate, the
converter will be able to support different
computer-display refresh rates. With CRT
displays, it is best to work over 75 Hz and never
under 60 Hz, in order to minimize flicker.(With LCD
displays, flicker is not a problem).

13. a. Video Graphics Array (VGA) (DB-15).
b. Digital Visual Interface (DVI).
c. Video In Video Out (VIVO).
d. High-Definition Multimedia Interface
(HDMI).
e. Display Port.
f. Other types of connection systems.

14.  Analog-based standard adopted in the
late 1980s designed for CRT displays, also
called VGA connector. Some problems
of this standard are electrical noise
, image distortion and sampling
error evaluating pixels.

15.  Digital-based standard designed for displays such
as flat-panel displays ( LCDs , plasma
screens, wide high-definition television displays)
and video projectors. In some rare cases high end
CRT monitors also use DVI. It avoids image distortion
and electrical noise, corresponding each pixel
from the computer to a display pixel, using
its native resolution.

16.  Included to allow the connection
with televisions, DVD players, video
recorders and video game consoles. They often
come in two 10-pin mini-DIN connector
variations, and the VIVO splitter cable generally
comes with either 4 connectors.

17.  An advanced digital audio/video interconnect
released in 2003 and is commonly used to
connect game consoles and DVD players to a
display. HDMI supports copy protection
through HDCP.

18.  An advanced license- and royalty-free digital
audio/video interconnect released in 2007. Display
Port intends to replace VGA and DVI for
connecting a display to a computer.

19. Analog system with lower resolution, it uses
the RCA connector
An analog standard once used by Sun
Microsystems, SGI and IBM
A connector that provides
two DVI or VGA outputs on a single
connector. This is a DMS-59 port.