This Presentation contains the Software Architecture w.r.t the Node Intervals.

1. S.VARUN
M.Tech[EST]

2.  A System Architecture is a combination of
different hardware & software components or
modules which enable exchange of data
between the client & server (or) sender &
receiver.

4.  The structure and organization of a computing
system, as a set of functional modules and their
interactions.
 Node Intervals
 Interaction of Nodes

5.  It presents the possible abstraction levels in a
single node.
 Operating systems, the simplest approach,
provide basic system functionality including a
uniform way of accessing the hardware.

6.  The two main sets of functionalities, namely
low-level functionalities, including tasks
corresponding to physical, link, routing and
transport layers.
 The high-level functionalities are coordination
and support, clustering, timing and localization,
addressing, lookup, collaboration, failure
detection and security.

7.  In a data-centric approach, the execution is
controlled by the data.
 For example, on the basis of the type of
incoming data, the appropriate function is called
which is able to handle this type.
 Sensor network scenarios are said to be data-
centric.

8.  A service is a well-defined and self-contained
function that does not depend on the context or
the state of other services.
 The service is executed on the explicit request
of a caller, who has to know the interface of the
service. A response is returned after the
completion of the service.

9.  An operating system (OS) is system software that
manages compute
hardware and software resources and provides
common services for computer programs.
 The different operating systems for COs,unlike
general purpose desktop operating systems such
as Windows or Linux, these operating systems run
on devices that are designed for special-purpose
tasks.

10.  The main tasks of these operating systems is to
provide an abstract interface to the underlying
hardware and to schedule system resources.
 The three operating systems used in WSN
namely TinyOS,Contiki, and Mantis.
 TinyOS does not provide any multithreading
 Contiki provides multithreading as a library for
those applications that explicitly require it.
 Mantis is a layered multithreaded operating
system.

11.  Microsoft Windows is the most common
operating system for desktop computers.
 Windows XP Embedded is a modular cut-down
version of XP that allows the designer to choose
the modules to be used.

12.  Since Linux is open source, anyone can
customize Linux to his/her PDA, Palmtop or
other mobile or embedded device.
 RTLinux (Real-time Linux), an extension of the
Linux kernel that provides real-time entities.
 uClinux, a scaled-down Linux version for
system without a memory mapping unit.
 Montavista Linux with Linux distributions for
ARM, MIPS.

13.  The Palm OS is specifically designed for PDAs
featuring a small screen, with less processing
power than desktop PCs and limited memory.
 In Palm OS, the kernel is responsible for thread
scheduling, handling hardware interrupts and
other low-level management tasks.
 Although Palm-applications are single-
threadded, the kernel itself uses multiple
threads.

14.  Symbian OS is a robust multi-tasking operating
system, designed specifically for wireless
environments and the constraints of mobile
phones.
 The core kernel’s size is less than 200 KB. The
OS has support for handling low memory
situations and a power management model.
 Symbian OS runs on fast, low-power, low-cost
CPU cores such as ARM processors.

15.  In contrast to Windows XP Embedded,
Windows CE has a different codebase than
Windows XP. Windows CE is particularly
designed for small hand-held devices.
 Windows CE is a multitasking operating system
allowing multiple applications or processes to
run within the system simultaneously.
 According to Microsoft, the code size is 200 KB
without graphics, but the code size increases
dramatically when graphics and networking are
included.

16.  eCos has extensive configuration possibilities
and can be scaled up from a few hundred bytes
in size to hundreds of KB.
 eCos provides features such as pre-emptable
tasks with multiple priority levels, low latency-
interrupt handling.

17.  It is a Unix-like operating system with real-time
properties, and is the most prominent example
of a successful micro-kernel design.
 The micro-kernel is surrounded by cooperating
processes that provide higher-level services
such as inter-process and low-level networking
communication
 QNX is designed for systems running x86,
MIPS, PowerPC or ARM CPUs.

18.  XMK (eXtreme Minimal Kernel) is an open-
source real-time kernel designed to fit very
small micro-controllers, yet be scalable up to
larger systems.
 A minimal kernel configuration requires only
340 bytes of ROM and 18 bytes of RAM.

19.  TinyOS is an operating system specially
designed for the constraints and requirements
of WSNs.
 It is currently the most widely used system for
academic research in the area of sensor
networks.
 TinyOS is available for several platforms.

20.  Scheduling Hierarchy
 Concurrency
 Programming
 Dynamic Reprogramming

22. S.VARUN
M.Tech[EST]