1. 1
Introduction to Information Systems
Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise
3
Computer
Hardware

2. Introduction to Information Systems
Computer System Categories

3. Introduction to Information Systems
Trends in Computer System Capabilities
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Vacuum
Tubes
Solid-State
Integrated
Circuits
LSI, VLSI
Micro-
processors
Greater
Power,
Smaller
Footprint
Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly
Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

4. Introduction to Information Systems
Microcomputer Systems
• User Interface
• Handheld Computers
– PDA, Information
Appliances
• Notebook Computers
• Desktop Computers
• Workstations
• Network Server
– Powerful microcomputer
used in small LANs

5. Introduction to Information Systems
Network Computers and Terminals
• Network Computer
(Thin Client)
– Web Browser
– No storage
• NetPC
– Has own software
– Hard drive
– OS on server
• Network Terminal
– No storage
– Processing on Server
Benefits
• Lower purchase cost
• Easier maintenance
• Easier software
distribution and
licensing
• Computer platform
standardization
• Reduced end user
support requirements
• Enterprise Control

6. Introduction to Information Systems
Midrange and Mainframe Computers
• Midrange
– High-end network servers
– Multi-user systems
– Database servers
– Mini-computers (older)
• Mainframe
– Large, fast, powerful
– Used in data mining
– Major corporations and governments
• Supercomputers
– Parallel processing
– Government and major corporations

7. Introduction to Information Systems
Organizational Computing
Mainframe Computing
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Centralized computing power
including management and
backup
Command-driven application
displaying only text and
numbers
High levels of security High initial cost and cost of
upgrades to existing systems
Capability to run enterprise
applications
Problems with failure of
centralized computing inability
to keep up with high demand

8. Introduction to Information Systems
Computer System Components
Central Processing Unit
Output
Devices
Cache
Memory
Primary
Storage
Secondary
Storage
Devices
Control
Unit
ALU
Special
Purpose
Processors
Output
Devices
Input
Devices

9. Introduction to Information Systems
TYPES OF MEMORY
• RAM : Random Access Memory
– Dynamic: Changes thru processing
– Main memory for data and programs
• ROM : Read Only Memory
– Program doesn’t change
– Start-up
• Cache
– Stores most frequently used instructions
– Allows faster retrieval and execution

10. Introduction to Information Systems
Computer Power
• Two major factors: Speed and Memory capacity
• Speed is determined mainly by
– Clock Speed -- rate at which the CPU operates
Measured in MHz, GHz, and MIPS.
– Word Size -- amount of information the CPU can
process per cycle (32 bit chip processes 32 bits/cycle)
– Bus --number of bits that can be moved at one time
between CPU and other devices; ideally word length
and bus width will be at least equal

11. Introduction to Information Systems
PC Processor Types (Chips)
• Intel (90+%)
– Celeron, Pentium
– (600-700MHz), (1+GHz)
• AMD
– Athlon
• Mac
– Motorola

12. Introduction to Information Systems
Input Technology Trends
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Punched
Cards
Paper Tape
Punched
Cards
Key to Tape/
Disk
Keyboard Data
Entry
Pointing Devices
Optical Scanning
Voice
Recognition
Touch Devices
Handwriting
Recognition
Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural
and Easy to Use

13. Introduction to Information Systems
Common Input Devices
• Keyboard
• Pointing Devices
• Pen Based Computing
• Speech Recognition
• Optical Scanning
• Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition
• Smart Cards
• Digital Cameras

14. Introduction to Information Systems
Source Data Automation
• Captures Data in Computer
Readable Form (Scanning)
• WHY?
– Source Data Input
– Reduce Errors
– Increase Speed
– Price Lookup
– Inventory Control

15. Introduction to Information Systems
Source Input Techniques
• OCR -Optical Character Recognition
• UPC - Universal Product Codes
• Magnetic Strip
• MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
• OMR - Optical Mark Reader
• Page Scanners

16. Introduction to Information Systems
Other Input
• Touch Screen
– Pressure sensitive surface
– Reduce keyboard
entry, Less errors
– More User friendly
• Data Collection
Device
– Used to collect data at the
site where the transaction
takes place
• Meter reading , Inventory
/Price check

17. Introduction to Information Systems
Voice Input
• Voice Recognition
– Speaker Dependent
• Trained by Speaker
• Handicapped
– Speaker Independent
• Limited vocabulary
• Postal Service
• UPS

18. Introduction to Information Systems
Output Technology Trends
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Punched Cards
Printed Reports
and Documents
Punched Cards
Printed Reports
and Documents
Printed Reports
and Documents
Video Displays
Video Displays
Audio Responses
Printed Reports
and Documents
Video Displays
Voice Responses
Hyperlinked
Multimedia
Documents
Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,
Quickly, and Clearly

19. Introduction to Information Systems
Common Output Devices
• Video Output
– CRT
– LCD
• Printed Output
– Inkjet
– Laser

20. Introduction to Information Systems
Spoken Output
• Digitized
– actual spoken word stored in digital form
– Voice mail
• Synthesized
– transfers words to speech
– Raider Express

21. Introduction to Information Systems
Storage Trends
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Magnetic
Drum
Magnetic
Core
Magnetic
Core
LSI
Semiconductor
Memory Chips
VLSI
Semiconductor
Memory Chips
Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits
Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Drum
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
Optical Disk
Magnetic Tape
Optical Disk
Magnetic Disk
Primary
Storage
Secondary
Storage

22. Introduction to Information Systems
Optical Disks
• Written via Laser
• High volume of storage
• Very Durable
• Slower access time vs. magnetic
• Direct Access Storage Device

23. Introduction to Information Systems
• CD-ROM: 500-660 Megabytes
– Land: Flat Parts Of Disk Surface Reflects Light
– Pits: Small Scratch On Surface Scatters Light
• WORM: Write Once / Read Many
– CDRecordable
• Erasable Optical Storage (EOS) Disks
– CDRW - ReWritable
*
OPTICAL STORAGE

24. Introduction to Information Systems
Digital Video Disk
• Hold 4.7 Gigabytes per layer per side
– home entertainment, educational,
imformation
• Forms
– Read-only (current)
– Write-once (DVDR)
– Single and dual layer
• 135 minutes playing time

25. Introduction to Information Systems
Other Storage Mediums
• Zip Drive (~$100)
– 100 Megabytes Disk
– 250 Megabytes Disk
• Jaz and Jaz2 Drive (~$200 or $350)
– 1 or 2 Gigabyte Disk

26. Introduction to Information Systems
Primary & Secondary Storage Media
Semiconductor
Memory
Magnetic
Disks
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk, RAID
Magnetic Tape
Optical Disks
CD-ROM, CD-R
CD-RW
DVD
Direct
Access
Sequential
Access
Direct
Access

27. Introduction to Information Systems
Characteristics of Magnetic Disks
Cylinders
Access
Mechanism
Access
Arms
Read/Write
Heads
Disks
Tracks: Concentric circles
for storing data as magnetized
bits.
Sectors:
Portions of a track
Track

28. 28
Introduction
Chapter 1
1.1 What is an operating system
1.2 History of operating systems
1.3 The operating system zoo
1.4 Computer hardware review
1.5 Operating system concepts
1.6 System calls
1.7 Operating system structure

29. 29
Introduction
• A computer system consists of
– hardware
– system programs
– application programs

30. 30
What is an Operating System
• It is an extended machine
– Hides the messy details which must be performed
– Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use
• It is a resource manager
– Each program gets time with the resource
– Each program gets space on the resource

31. 31
History of Operating Systems (1)
Early batch system
– bring cards to 1401
– read cards to tape
– put tape on 7094 which does computing
– put tape on 1401 which prints output

32. 32
History of Operating Systems (2)
• First generation 1945 - 1955
– vacuum tubes, plug boards
• Second generation 1955 - 1965
– transistors, batch systems
• Third generation 1965 – 1980
– ICs and multiprogramming
• Fourth generation 1980 – present
– personal computers

33. 33
History of Operating Systems (3)
• Structure of a typical FMS job – 2nd generation

34. 34
History of Operating Systems (4)
• Multiprogramming system
– three jobs in memory – 3rd generation

35. 35
The Operating System Zoo
• Mainframe operating systems
• Server operating systems
• Multiprocessor operating systems
• Personal computer operating systems
• Real-time operating systems
• Embedded operating systems
• Smart card operating systems

36. 36
Computer Hardware Review (1)
• Components of a simple personal computer
Monitor
Bus

37. 37
Computer Hardware Review (2)
(a) A three-stage pipeline
(b) A superscalar CPU

38. 38
Computer Hardware Review (3)
• Typical memory hierarchy
– numbers shown are rough approximations

39. 39
Computer Hardware Review (4)
Structure of a disk drive

40. 40
Computer Hardware Review (7)
Structure of a large Pentium system

41. 41
Operating System Concepts (1)
• A process tree
– A created two child processes, B and C
– B created three child processes, D, E, and F

42. 42
Operating System Concepts (2)
(a) A potential deadlock. (b) an actual deadlock.

43. 43
Operating System Concepts (3)
File system for a university department

44. 44
Operating System Concepts (4)
• Before mounting,
– files on floppy are inaccessible
• After mounting floppy on b,
– files on floppy are part of file hierarchy

45. 45
Metric Units
The metric prefixes

46. The Computer Continuum 1-46
Chapter 3:
Computer Hardware
Components:
CPU, Memory, and I/O
What is the typical configuration of a computer
sold today?

47. 3-47
Computer Hardware
Components
 In this chapter:
• How did the computer become known as the stored-program
computer?
– Do they all have the same characteristics?
• Memory on chips and memory on magnetic media, how do
they differ?
• What do you look for when comparing memory devices?
• How is information moved around within the computer?
• How can you help your computer run better?

48. 3-48
Basic Concepts of
Computer Hardware
 This model of the typical digital computer is often called the
von Neumann computer.
• Programs and data are stored in the same memory: primary
memory.
• The computer can only perform one instruction at a time.
CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
Input
Units
Output
Units
Primary Memory

49. 3-49
Basic Concepts of
Computer Hardware
 Input/Output (I/O): Refers to the process of getting
information into and out of the computer.
• Input: Those parts of the computer receiving information to
programs.
• Output: Those parts of the computer that provide results of
computation to the person using the computer.

50. 3-50
Sources of Data
for the Computer
 Two types of data stored within a computer:
• Original data or information: Data being introduced to a
computing system for the first time.
– Computers can deal directly with printed
text, pictures, sound, and other common types of
information.
• Previously stored data or information: Data that has already
been processed by a computer and is being stored for later use.
– These are forms of binary data useful only to the computer.
– Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs.

51. 3-51
Input Devices
 Two categories of input hardware:
• Those that deal with original data.
• Those that handle previously stored data.

52. 3-52
Input Devices
 Input hardware: Those that deal with original data.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Voice recognition hardware
• Scanner
• Digital camera
 Digitizing: The process of taking a visual image, or
audio recording and converting it to a binary form for
the computer.
• Used as data for programs to display, play or manipulate the
digitized data.

53. 3-53
Input Devices
 Connecting Hardware to the computer:
• Hardware needs access through some general input/output
connection.
– Port: The pathway for data to go into and out of the
computer from external devices such as keyboards.
• There are many standard ports as well as custom
electronic ports designed for special purposes.
• Ports follow standards that define their use.
» SCSI, USB: Multiple peripheral devices (chain).
» RS-232, IDE: Individual peripheral devices.
– Peripheral device: A piece of hardware like a printer or
disk drive, that is outside the main computer.

54. 3-54
Input Devices
 Connecting Hardware to the computer: (continued)
• Hardware needs software on the computer that can service the
device.
– Device driver: Software addition to the operating system
that will allow the computer to communicate with a
particular device.

55. 3-55
Input Devices
 Common Basic Technologies for Storing Binary
Information:
• Electronic
• Magnetic
• Optical

56. 3-56
Input Devices
 Electronic Circuits
• Most expensive of the three forms for storing binary
information.
• A flip-flop circuit has either one electronic status or the other.
It is said to flip-flop from one to the other.
• Electronic circuits come in two forms:
– Permanent
– Non-permanent

57. 3-57
Input Devices
 Magnetic Technology
• Two parts to most of the magnetic forms of information
storage:
– The medium that stores the magnetic information.
• Example: Floppy disk. Tiny spots on the disk are
magnetized to represent 0s and 1s.
– The device that can “read” that information from the
medium.
• The drive spins the disk.
• It has a magnetic sensing arm that moves over the
disk.
• Performs nondestructive reading.

58. 3-58
Input Devices
 Optical
• Uses lasers to “read” the binary information from the
medium, usually a disc.
– Millions of tiny holes are “burned” into the surface of the
disc.
– The holes are interpreted as 1s. The absence of holes are
interpreted as 0s.

59. 3-59
Input Devices
 Secondary Memory Input Devices
• These input devices are used by a computer to store
information and then to retrieve that information as needed.
– External to the computer.
– Commonly consists of floppy disks, hard disk drives, or
CD-ROMs.
• Secondary memory uses binary.
– The usual measurement is the byte.
• A byte consists of 8 binary digits (bits). The byte is a
standard unit.

60. 3-60
Input Devices
 The four most important characteristics of storage
devices:
• Speed and access time
• Cost / Removable versus non-removable
• Capacity
• Type of access

61. 3-61
Input Devices
 Speed (Access time) - How fast information can be
taken from or stored onto the computer memory
device’s medium.
• Electronic circuits: Fastest to access.
– 40 billionths of a second.
• Floppy disks: Very slow in comparison.
– Takes up to 1/2 second to reach full speed before access is
even possible.

62. 3-62
Input Devices
 Cost
• Megabyte: A Million bytes.
• Gigabyte: A billion bytes.
• Two parts to a removable secondary storage device:
– The cost of the medium. (Cheaper if bought in quantity)
– The cost of the drive.
Examples: Cost for drive Cost for medium
Floppy drive (1.4MB) 59.00 .50
Zip 100 (100 MB) 99.00 10.00
CD-WR (650 MB) 360.00 and up 1.00

63. 3-63
Input Devices
 Capacity - The amount of information that can be
stored on the medium.
Unit Description Approximate Size
1 bit 1 binary digit
1 nibble 4 bits
1 byte 8 bits 1 character
1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes 1/2 page, double spaced
1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes 500,000 pages
1 million bytes
1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes 5 million pages
1 billion bytes
1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes 5 billion pages

64. 3-64
Input Devices
 Type of Access
– Sequential - Obtained by proceeding through the storage
medium from the beginning until the designated area is
reached (as in magnetic tape).
– Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy and hard
disks).

65. 3-65
Primary Memory
 Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and program that
are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use.
• Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and expensive.
• Two types:
– RAM (non-permanent)
• Programs and data can be stored here for the
computer’s use.
• Volatile: All information will be lost once the
computer shuts down.
– ROM (permanent)
• Contents do not change.

66. 3-66
The Central Processing Unit
 The Central Processing Unit ( CPU)
• Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer.
• Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system.
• The three major components of the CPU are:
1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)
Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)
2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept)
Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)
Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)
3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)
• Motherboard: The place where most of the electronics
including the CPU are mounted.

67. 3-67
Output Devices
 Output units store and display information (calculated
results and other messages) for us to see and use.
• Floppy disk drives and Hard disk drives.
• Display monitors: Hi-resolution monitors come in two types:
– Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make
phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube.
– Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that
uses crystals to let varying amounts of different colored
light to pass through it.
• Developed primarily for portable computers.

68. 3-68
Output Devices
 Audio Output Devices
• Windows machines need special audio card for audio output.
• Macintosh has audio playback built in.
• Audio output is useful for:
– Music
• CD player is a computer.
• Most personal computers have CD players that can
access both music CDs and CD-ROMs.
– Voice synthesis (becoming more human sounding.)
– Multimedia
– Specialized tasks (i.e.: elevator’s floor announcements)

69. 3-69
Output Devices
 Optical Disks: CD-ROM and DVD
• CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory)
– By its definition, CD-ROM is Read Only.
– Special CD drives “burn” information into blank CDs.
• Burn: A laser is used to “burn” craters into the
surface to represent a binary 1.
• Two main types of CDs:
» CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)
» CD-WR (Compact Disk - ReWritable)
– It takes longer to write to a CD-R than a hard drive.
– Special software is needed to record.

70. 3-70
Output Devices
 DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
• Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB to 17 GB).
• Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.
• The four versions of the DVD:

71. 3-71
Output Devices
 Storage Requirements: How much storage capacity is
needed for…
• One keystroke on a keyboard. 1 byte (8 bits)
• One page single-spaced document. 4.0 K
• Nineteen pages formatted text. 75 K
• One second of high-fidelity sound. 95-110 K
• Complete word processing program. 8.4 MG
 Storage Capacity: How much data can be stored on…
• One inch of 1/2 in. wide magnetic tape. 4 K
• One 3 1/2” floppy disk, high density. 1.4 MG
• One Compact Disk. 650 MG
• One DVD. up to 17 GB

72. 3-72
Moving Information
Within the Computer
 How do binary numerals move into, out of, and within
the computer?
• Information is moved about in bytes, or multiple bytes called
words.
– Words are the fundamental units of information.
– The number of bits per word may vary per computer.
– A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits:

73. 3-73
Moving Information
Within the Computer
 Bits that compose a word are
passed in parallel from place
to place.
• Ribbon cables:
– Consist of several
wires, molded together.
– One wire for each bit of
the word or byte.
– Additional wires
coordinate the activity
of moving information.
– Each wire sends
information in the form
of a voltage pulse.

74. 3-74
Moving Information
Within the Computer
 Example of sending
the word WOW over
the ribbon cable
• Voltage pulses
corresponding to
the ASCII codes
would pass
through the cable.

75. 3-75
Packaging the Computer
 The many physical forms of the
general purpose computer:
• All follow general
organization:
– Primary memory
– Input units
– Output units
– Central Processing Unit
• Grouped according to
speed, cost, size, and
complexity.
Super Computers
Mainframe Computers
Minicomputers
Microcomputer
Palmtop Computer
Calculator
Fast Expensive Complex Large
Slow Cheap Simple Small

76. The Computer Continuum 3-76
Software Tools for Maintaining
Your Computer Hardware
 Utility Programs exist that can help diagnose and solve computer
hardware problems.
• Four major problem areas where utility programs are helpful:
– Finding and fixing problems.
• Testing Input/Output peripherals.
• Testing RAM, motherboard, video cards.
• Recovering deleted files or fixing damaged disks.
– Improving computer performance.
• De-fragmenting a disk (Packs all files closer together).
– Preventative maintenance.
– Troubleshooting.
• Locates incompatible programs.

77. 5-77
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
 Parts of a typical General-purpose Computer:
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)
Accumulator (Results of computations
accumulated here)
2. Control Unit
Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for
analysis)
Program Counter (Which instruction will be
performed next?)
3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)
Input
Units Output
Units
Memory Devices

78. 5-78
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
 Parts of the Pencil & Paper Computer (a conceptual
computer):
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)
Accumulator
-14 bits long (largest number is 4095)
2. Control Unit (Analyzes and performs instructions)
Instruction Register
Program Counter - Next instruction found where?
3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)
Input
Unit:
Pencil
Output
Unit:
Paper
Memory Devices

79. 5-79
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

80. 5-80
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
 The Pencil & Paper Instruction Format:
• Operation Code (Opcode) - Dictates action by Pencil &
Paper Computer.
• Operand (Argument) - The address of a position in memory.
Pencil & Paper Instruction
Operation Code
(3 BITS)
Operand
(5 BITS)

81. 5-81
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
 The Pencil & Paper Instruction Set:
• A unique set of commands to be used only when
programming the Pencil & Paper Computer.
Opcode English Action taken by command
001 ADD Add the contents of the referenced memory location to the value in the
accumulator.
010 SUB Subtract the contents of the referenced memory location from the value
found in the accumulator.
011 LOAD Load a copy of the value of the referenced memory location into the
accumulator.
100 STORE Store a copy of the contents of the accumulator into the referenced
memory location.
101 READ Read a value from the keyboard and store it at the referenced memory
location.
110 PRINT Print the value found at the referenced memory location.
111 PJUMP Jump to the referenced memory location if the value of the accumulator
is a positive nonzero number.
000 STOP This causes the computer to stop execution of the program.

82. 5-82
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
 Process for writing Pencil & Paper Computer
programs:
1. Read the problem.
2. Determine the algorithm.
– Break the problem down into steps.
– What will be needed as input?
– What will be needed to be computed?
– What is the desired output?
3. Write an outline of the steps.
4. Write the program.
5. Trace through the program.

83. 5-83
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
 Problem: Write a program that sums 2 numbers read in
from the “user.”
 2. Determine the algorithm.
• Input: Read in 2 numbers.
• Computations: Add the two numbers together.
• Output: Print out the sum of the 2 numbers.
 3. Outline:
• Read in 2 numbers.
• Add the 2 numbers.
• Print the Sum.
 4. Write the program.

84. 5-84
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
 Problem: Write a program that sums 2 numbers read in
from the “user.”
 Program:
READ NUM1
READ NUM2
LOAD NUM1
ADD NUM2
STORE SUM
PRINT SUM
STOP
Memory:
Accumulator:
Output:
Num1 Num2 Sum
Trace the program.

85. 5-85
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
 Problem: Write a program that prints the counting
numbers from 5 down to 1.
ONE: 1
COUNT: 5
START: PRINT COUNT
LOAD COUNT
SUB ONE
STORE COUNT
PJUMP START
STOP
Memory:
Accumulator:
Output:
Count One

86. 5-86
The Pencil and Paper
Computer
The fetch and
execute cycle:
Start Program at
the desired location.
Fetch an instruction from program memory
at current program counter location
Increment counter to next location
in the program memory.
Execute the instruction which
was just fetched.
Stop
Is the
Instruction the STOP
Instruction?
YES NO

87. Chapter 4
Installing and Using
Windows 9x

88. 88/33
You Will Learn…
• About the different versions and architecture of
Windows 9x
• How to install and use Windows 9x
• How to install hardware and applications with
Windows 9x
• How to manage hard drives, floppy disks, and
memory with Windows 9x
• How to get help from Microsoft

89. 89/33
Windows 9x Versions and Architecture
• Windows 95
• Windows 95 Service Release 2 (SR2)
• Windows 98
• Windows 98 Second Edition (SE)
• Windows Me (Millennium Edition)

90. 90/33
How Windows 98 Differs from Windows
95
• Basically the same OS
 Same core components
 Same fundamental services to software, hardware, and user
• Added features and tools
 FAT32
 Support for USB and DVD
 New system tools to monitor and improve system
performance
 New hardware support
 Additional Web tools

91. 91/33
Windows Me
• Does not include option to boot to DOS
command prompt in the Start menu
• Does not allow real-mode device drivers and
TSRs to be loaded from Config.sys and
Autoexec.bat
• New troubleshooting tools
 System Restore
 System File Protection

92. 92/33
Windows 9x Architecture
• Core components
 Shell
• User component
• Graphics Device Interface (GDI)
 Kernel

93. 93/33
Windows 9x Architecture

94. 94/33
Virtual Machines
• Set of resources made
available to an
application through
predefined application
programming interface
calls (APIs)
• Multiple logical
machines within one
physical machine

95. 95/33
Windows 9x Architecture
• Modular approach divides functions into
separate program groups; makes each
component easier to update and implement
• Components of Windows 9x
 Virtual Machine Manager (VMM)
 Installable File System (IFS) manager
 Configuration Manager
 Win32 Driver Model (WDM) driver manager

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Windows 9x
• Supports 16-bit drivers, but best to use
32-bit drivers
 Faster
 Can be stored in extended memory
 Can be dynamically loaded
 Can share data with other 32-bit applications;
better designed; make better use of OS resources

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Contents of Windows 9x CD
• Files for:
 Installing the OS
 Customizing configuration of OS
 Configuring and optimizing the desktop
 Network administration
 Diagnosing and troubleshooting system errors
 File management

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Preparing for Installation: Hardware
Requirements
Windows 95 Windows 98
Processor 486DX, 25 MHz
or higher
486DX, 66 MHz or
higher
RAM 4 MB (8 MB
recommended)
24 MB (32 MB
recommended)
Hard disk
storage
40 to 45 MB 140 to 315 MB

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Types of Installations
• Clean install
 May need to change boot order in CMOS
 Comes on a set of floppy disks or on a CD
• Upgrade install

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Installing 9x as an Upgrade
• Verify hard drive space
• Run ScanDisk and antivirus software
• Save configuration files (Windows 3.x)
• Check Config.sys and Autoexec.bat for potential problems
• Disable TSRs that might cause problems
• Verify network connection is working
• Create rescue disk (from Windows 95 to 98)
• Put swap file on drive compressed with protected-mode
software
• Decide whether to use FAT16 or FAT32

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Installation Process from
Setup Screen
• Setup options
 Typical
 Portable
 Compact
 Custom
• Begins in real mode; switches to protected mode
• Records information in log files
 Setuplog.txt
 Detlog.txt
 Detcrash.log

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Customizing Setup
• Information about the installation can be stored
in information files (.inf), then used to do an
automatic, hands-free installation
• Can add switches to Setup.exe command that
starts the setup process

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Switches for Setup Command

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continued…

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Windows 9x Installations Problems and
Solutions

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Configuring Windows 9x Startup with
Msdos.sys
• Msdos.sys contains several parameters that
affect how OS boots
 AutoScan, BootMulti, BootWin, BootGUI, BootM
enu, BootMenuDefault, BootMenuDelay, BootKey
s, BootDelay, Logo, Drvspace, DoubleBuffer, Net
work, BootFailSafe, BootWarn, LoadTop
• To edit Msdos.sys, first change file attributes

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Downloading and Installing Updates for
Windows 9x
• Access Microsoft Web site by clicking
Windows Update on Start menu
Keystroke Shortcuts in Windows

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Managing the Windows 9x Desktop
• Make applications automatically load at startup
• Create shortcuts to files and applications
 User clicks an icon to load software
• Make environment more user-friendly

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File Attributes

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Installing Hardware with Windows 9x
• Adding new hardware
• Installing 16-bit and 32-bit device drivers
• Plug and Play support
• Installing and using device drivers under
Windows9x
 Use Add New Hardware Wizard
 Select from a list of devices to use a Windows driver or
click Have Disk to use your own drivers
• View and change current device drivers from the
Control Panel

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Installing a CD-ROM Drive with
Windows 9x
• Most manufacturers assume that Windows will
provide 32-bit drivers and ship accompanying floppy
disk only with 16-bit drivers
• Use 16-bit drivers if hard drive has failed and you are
booting from the rescue disk
 Rescue disk created in Windows 98 automatically includes
16-bit drivers
 Rescue disk created in Windows 95 does not automatically
include 16-bit drivers, but you can add them

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Plug and Play Hardware Installations
• Criteria
 System BIOS must be PnP
 All hardware devices and expansion cards must be
PnP-compliant
 OS must support PnP (eg, Windows 9x)
 A 32-bit device driver (VxD) must be available

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Installing Applications in Windows 9x
• Preparing for software installation
 Check available resources
 Protect original software
 Back up registry and system configuration files
• Performing software installations
 Use Add/Remove Programs icon from Control Panel
 After installation is complete and software is
working, update backup copies of:
• Autoexec.bat
• Config.sys
• System.ini
• Win.ini
• Registry

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Installing Applications in Windows 9x
• Troubleshooting software installations
 Delete all files and folders under WindowsTemp
 Look at Readme.htm hypertext file in Windows
directory
• Supporting DOS applications under Windows 9x
 Use Properties feature of DOS program file, which will:
• Create an individual PIF file for the program file
• Serve as the PIF editor

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Real Mode vs. Virtual Real Mode
• An OS that supports protected mode can allow
a 16-bit program that is written to work in real
mode to run in virtual real mode
• In virtual real mode, the program “thinks” that:
 It is the only program running
 It has all memory available to it
 It accesses data using a 16-bit data path

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Memory Management with Device
Drivers in Windows 9x
• Major improvements
 New level of 32-bit protected mode drivers
 Frees up more conventional and upper memory; no
longer uses Smartdrv.exe or Share.exe
• Managing memory for 16-bit drivers

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Windows 9x Swap File

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Virtual Machine Manager (VMM)
• Manages memory paging, which involves
swapping blocks of memory stored in RAM to
the hard drive

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Chapter Summary
• How Windows 9x is structured and used
• How Windows 9x works with various software
programs and hardware devices