Minerals
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This document discusses minerals that are essential for human health. It separates them into macrominerals and trace minerals. Macrominerals include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. They are involved in fluid balance, bone growth, metabolism, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission. Trace minerals discussed include iron, zinc, and selenium. They act as co-factors for enzymes and are involved in energy production, immune function, and other processes. The document provides information on dietary sources and recommendations for each mineral as well as potential deficiency and toxicity issues.
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Minerals
- 1. 1 Minerals Chapters 12 and 13
- 2. 2 Inorganic ions, essential 2 classes 1) Macrominerals >5gm in body Sulfur Phosphorous Calcium Sodium Potassium Chloride Magnesium 2) Trace minerals <5gm in body Iron Copper Selenium Manganese Iodine Zinc
- 3. 3 Macrominerals Potassium Sodium Chloride Requirement dependent body water Maintain fluid balance No RDA Calcium Magnesium Phosphorous Established RDA Bone growth metabolism
- 4. 4 Sodium 1) Function 1o role: Maintenance ECF volume Acid/base balance Nerve transmission Muscle contraction 2) Absorption/Metabolism Readily absorbed Filtered in kidneys Controlled release into blood
- 5. 5 3) Dietary Sources Salt (NaCl) 40% Sodium Present most foods Processed foods, sauces 4) Dietary Recommendations DECREASE! Minimum requirement 500mg/day US
- 6. 6 Health Consequences of Sodium 1) High Blood Pressure Genetic sensitivity Salt restriction helps BP Controversial role normal BP 2) Osteoporosis Sodium Calcium excretion Dietary advice: Calcium Sodium
- 7. 7 Deficiency Excessive vomiting, sweating, diarrhea Results in: seizures, muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss appetite Replace with fluid replacement Toxicity: Fluid balance upset Edema & hypertension Increase water intake required
- 8. 8 Potassium 1) Function 1o function maintain intracellular volume Na+/K+ exchange facilitates: A) Muscle contraction B) Nerve transmission
- 9. 9 2) Dietary sources Abundant plant/animal Fresh foods best source Fresh foods >K than Na Processed foods >Na than K 3) Dietary Recommendations Minimal daily requirement 2000mg/day
- 10. 10 Health Consequences Chronic Deficiency: Hypertension Low K+ BP: K+ BP Acute Deficiency: Excessive losses Diuretics, laxative, vomiting & diarrhea Muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion Toxicity Generally excretion Injections fatal: stops heart
- 11. 13 Calcium (Ca2+) 1) Function Bone metabolism Strength, rigidity bones Teeth formation Body fluids ~1% Ca muscle contraction, clot formation, enzymes, nerve impulses
- 12. 14 2) Absorption & Metabolism ~30% absorbed 50% absorbed pregnant women Factors affecting absorption: Stomach acidity Presence Vit D: Ca binding protein Equal quantity Phosphorous Milk good source Phosphorous by Phytate, Fiber
- 13. 15 Metabolism Circulating levels Ca tightly controlled Hormones, Vit D Act on: Intestine: or %absorbed Bones: or release Ca Kidneys: or % filtered & excreted
- 14. 16 3) Dietary Sources Dairy Small bones fish/shellfish Nuts, seeds, vegetables, seaweed Fortified products: Bioavailability? 4) Dietary Recommendations >19yr 1000mg/day Women >50yr: 1200mg/day TUL: 2500mg/day
- 15. Health Consequences – Ca 17 Deficiency Childhood: Stunted growth, Suboptimal bone mass Adulthood: Bone loss – Osteoporosis Tetany Toxicity: Constipation Kidney dysfunction, Urinary stones Hardness/stiffness muscles, vascular sys
- 16. 18 Phosphorous 1) Functions 85% body phosphorous bone/teeth Intracellular buffer Activation enzymes involved energy metabolism Phospholipids –structure, transport
- 17. 19 2) Dietary Sources Protein rich foods Legumes, milk, meat Soft drinks – phosphoric acid Food additives 3) Dietary Recommendations: 700 mg/day TUL: 4000mg/day
- 18. 20 Health Consequences – Phosphorus Deficiency Very rare – drug/nutrient interaction Bone pain and weakness Toxicity Decreased blood levels Ca
- 19. 21 Magnesium 1) Functions >50% bones, remainder muscle, soft tissue, 1% ECF In soft tissues: numerous enzymatic systems: Energy production, transport systems Inhibits muscle contraction/blood clots Immune system, nerve impulses
- 20. 22 2) Dietary Sources Leafy vegetables, beans, seeds, nuts Water Intake ~2/3 recommended levels 3) Dietary Recommendations Men 420mg/day Women: 320mg/day TUL:350mg synthetic form only
- 21. 23 Health Consequences - Magnesium Deficiency Occurs with disease states Alcohol abuse, Protein Malnutrition, Kidney, endocrine diseases Results in: severe tetany, weakness, confusion, hallucinations, convulsions Toxicity: None known
- 22. 24 Trace Minerals Iron and Zinc
- 23. 25 Iron 1) Functions Oxidation Reduction Reactions Co-enzyme Energy yielding reactions Major component Hemoglobin Myoglobin – protein in muscle Oxygen available muscle contraction
- 24. 26 2) Absorption & Metabolism % absorbed tightly control requirements % absorbed Heme: associated heme protein Animal foods: 10% dietary intake 23% absorbed Non-heme: no protein Plant foods: 2-20% absorbed
- 25. 27 Factors effecting absorption 1) Form of iron Heme vs non-heme 2) MFP & Vit C absorption non-heme iron Consumed with same meal Inhibitors 1) Phytates/fiber 2) Tannins: Wine, tea, coffee 3) Calcium/phosphate in milk
- 26. 28 3) Transport and Storage Transferrin-transport Two storage proteins Ferritin - Mainly liver Hemosiderin – slower release iron Daily loses GI tract, bleeding
- 27. 29 Iron Recommendations Men: 8mg/day, Women: 18mg/day Ave intake: 10-11mg/day TUL: 45 mg/day Food Sources: Emphasize iron rich foods Meats, Fish, Poultry, Legumes, Eggs Fortified/enriched wholegrains Dark green vegetables, fruit (dried) useful sources inhibitors & enhancers
- 28. 30 Health Consequences - Iron Deficiency People at risk: Women: menstrual losses, Pregnancy Infants, young children, teenagers: need Frequent blood donors Surgery, trauma
- 29. 31 Iron deficiency prior to anemia Depleted iron stores concentration, lethargy, mood swings Iron deficiency anemia - severity Low hemoglobin concentration RBC pale, small – oxygen cell metabolism Fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pallor, poor response cold
- 30. 32 Iron Toxicity 1) Hemochromatosis Iron overload Occurs: Genetic disorder Repeated blood transfusion Massive dose supplements Results in: hemosiderin in liver/other tissues
- 31. 34 2) Iron & Heart Disease Controversial Proposed: Iron = oxidant: Oxidised LDL 3) Iron & Cancer Also controversial Oxidation DNA 4) Iron Poisoning Accidental poisoning Vomiting, nausea, rapid heartbeat, dizziness
- 32. 35 Zinc Distribution 1-2.3gm body All body tissue 1) Role in body Metallo-enzymes ~150 enzymes Protein, nucleic acid synthesis Insulin synthesis Taste perception
- 33. 2) Absorption & excretion 36 Absorption: 15-40% Upper small intestine Increased by: Presence amino acids, lactose Low dietary iron Decreased by: High phytate, calcium, iron intake Low dietary protein
- 34. 37 Stored with metallothionein Transport: bound to albumin 3) Dietary Recommendations 11mg/day men, 8 mg/day women TUL: 40mg/day 4) Food Sources: Widely available Good sources Meat, animal products, shellfish Reduced bioavailability Legumes, cereals
- 35. 38 Health consequences 1. Deficiency Growth retardation Hypogonadism Delayed sexual function Impaired wound healing, immune function Behavioral disturbances Accompanies PEM Zinc supplementation enhances recovery
- 36. 39 Pregnancy Adaptation: absorption, excretion At risk: Disease patients Poverty, developing countries Pregnancy, young, elderly Deficiency due to: intake, need absorption: high iron, calcium losses
- 37. 40 2) Toxicity Acute: >25mg/day Metallic taste, nausea, gastric distress Chronic toxicity: > RDA LDL + HDL = CVD risk copper absorption, copper deficiency
- 38. 41 Other Trace Minerals Iodine Flouride Selenium Chromium Copper Molybdenum Manganese Self learning: Use textbook