- introduction
- bone resorption
- factors causing bone destruction in periodontal disease
-- destruction by extension of gingival inflammation
--- histopathology
--- pathways of spread of inflammation
--- radius of action
--- periods of destruction
---- mechanism of destruction
-- bone destruction caused by TFO
-- bone destruction caused by systemic disorders
- factors determining bone morphology in periodontal disease
-- normal variation of alveolar bone
-- exostosis
-- butressing bone formation
-- food impaction
-- agressive periodontitis
- patterns of bone destruction
-- horizontal bone loss
-- vertical or angular defects
-- osseous craters
-- bulbous bone contours
-- reversed architecture
-- ledges
- furcation involvement
-- classification
-conclusion
VIP Call Girls Mumbai Arpita 9910780858 Independent Escort Service Mumbai
Bone loss and patterns of bone destruction
1.
2. The bone that forms and
supports the tooth is called
ALVEOLAR PROCESS
Destruction of the bone is
responsible for tooth loss.
As the tooth is shed this bone
RESORBS
3. The height and density of alveolar bone are
normally maintained by an equilibrium.
Regulated by local and systemic influences between
bone formation and resorption.
When resorption exceeds formation, both bone
height and density is reduced
4. 1) Extension Of Gingival Inflammation
2) Trauma from occlusion(TFO)
3) Systemic disorders
5. BONE DESTRUCTION CAUSED BY
EXTENSION OF GINGIVAL
INFLAMMATION
Most common cause
The inflammatory
invasion of bone surface
and the initial bone loss
marks the transition from
GINGIVITIS to
PERIODONTITIS
“Periodontitis is always
preceded by gingivitis, but
not all gingivitis progress
to periodontitis”
6. Extension of inflammation from marginal
gingiva to supporting tissues
The transition from gingivitis to
periodontitis is associated with changes in
composition of bacterial plaque.
Composition of plaque
GINGIVITIS PERIODONTITIS
Coccid rods,
straight rods Motile organisms and
spirochetes
cells
Plasma cells PMNLs
7. HISTOPATHOLOGY
Area of inflammation extending from gingiva into suprabony
area.
course : along collagen bundle fibres, blood vessels, loosely
arranged tissues
Extension of inflammation into centre of interdental septum.
Cortical layer at top of septum are destroyed and inflammation
penetrates into bone marrow
8. PATHWAYS OF SPREAD OF
INFLAMMATION
Facially and Lingually:
1. Gingiva to outer periosteum
2. Periosteum to bone
3. Gingiva to PDL
interproximally:
1. from gingiva along the outer
periosteum
2. from gingiva into
periodontal ligament
3. from periosteum into bone
9. • gingival inflammation
• Replaced by leucocytes and fluid exudates, new blood vessels
and proliferating fibroblasts
• Increase in osteoclasts and mononuclear cells
• Resorption proceeds from within
• Thinning of bone trabeculae and enlargement of marrow spaces
• Destruction of bone and reduction of bone height
• Replacement of fatty bone marrow with fibrous type
11. RATE OF BONE LOSS
In individuals with no oral hygiene :
FACIAL SURFACE: 0.2mm/year
PROXIMAL SURFACE: 0.3mm/year
12. PERIODS OF DESTRUCTION
Periodontal destruction occurs
in episodic and intermittent
manner
Periods of inactivity and
destruction
Results in loss of collagen and
alveolar bone resulting in
deepening of periodontal pocket
Followed by an advance host
defense that controls the
attack
14. BONE DESTRUCTION CAUSED
BY TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
Periodontal response to the
external force.
TFO can occur in presence
or absence of inflammation.
In the absence, effects on
alveolar bone ranges from
resorption to necrosis.
Persistent TFO results in
angular defects of the bone.
15. o When combined with inflammation- ZONE OF CO-
DESTRUCTION
plaque induced inflammation entering into the zone
of trauma results in angular bone defects, BIZARRE
BONE PATTERN
16. BONE DESTRUCTION CAUSED
BY SYSTEMIC DISORDERS
Possible relationship between periodontal bone
loss and systemic disorders.
OSTEOPOROSIS : loss of bone mineral content and
structural bone changes. Risk factors ageing,
smoking, etc
OSTEOPENIA : tooth mobility and tooth loss
Hyperparathyroidism, leucopenia
17. 1) Normal variation of alveolar bone:
thickness width, crestal angulations of
interdental septa
thickness of facial and lingual septa
presence of fenestrations and dehiscence
root and trunk anatomy
18. 2) Exostoses:
Exostoses are outgrowths of bone in varied
shapes and sizes
They can occur as small nodules, sharp ridges,
spike like projections, or a combination of
these
19. 3) Buttressing bone formation:
bone formation sometimes occurs in an
attempt to buttress bony trabeculae weakened
by resorption.
When this occurs within the jaw it is termed as
central buttressing bone
when it occurs on external surface it is is
termed as peripheral buttressing formation
20. 4) Food impaction:
interdental bone defects occur where proximal
contact is abnormal or absent. In such areas
food impaction results in inverted bone
architecture
5) aggressive periodontitis:
vertical or angular bone defects
21. Horizontal bone loss
Vertical bone loss
Osseous craters
Bulbous bone contour
Reverse architecture
Ledges
Furcation involvement
22. HORIZONTAL BONE LOSS
the most common pattern
bone height is reduced, but bone margins
remain perpendicular to tooth surface.
interdental septa, facial and lingual cortical
plates are affected
23. VERTICAL OR ANGULAR DEFECTS
Occurs in an OBLIQUE
DIRECTION
leads to a HOLLOWED –OUT
trough in the alongside bone
classified on the basis of
number of walls:
› one wall defect/one osseous
wall
› two walled defect
› three walled defect
› combined osseous defect
24.
25. OSSEOUS CRATERS
a) concavities in the crest of
interdental
bone confined within faciolingal
walls.
b) Reasons :
plaque accumulation and
difficulty to clean.
normal concavity in lower
molars
vascular patterns from gingiva
to crest, a pathway for
inflammation
26. BULBOUS BONE CONTOURS
bony enlargement
an adaptation to Exostoses
adaptation to function or buttressing bone
formation.
maxilla>mandible
27. REVERSED ARCHITECTURE
produced by loss of
interdental bone, facial
and lingual plates
without concomitant
loss of radicular bone
maxilla more
commonly affected
29. FURCATION INVOLVEMENT
Involvement of bifurcation or
trifurcation of multirooted
teeth by periodontal disease.
SITE: most common in
mandibular molars, least
common in maxillary
premolar.
30. CLASSIFICATION --
GLICKMAN’S(1953) :
GRADE I : Incipient bone loss,
suprabony pocket involving soft
tissue, no radiographic changes
GRADE II : partial bone loss, bone
destroyed in one or more surfaces
of furcation, parts of PDL and
alveolar bone remains intact
GRADE III : total bone loss with
through and thro ugh opening of
furcation, facial or lingual or both
orifices of furcation cannot be seen
because of soft tissue coverage
GRADE IV : similar to grade III
with gingival recession exposing
the furcation to view
31. Although periodontitis is an infectious
disease of the gingival tissue , changes that
occur in bone are crucial because
destruction of bone is responsible for tooth
loss.
Bone loss patterns associated with
periodontal disease is varied and the type of
management depends upon the type of loss.