Pakistan Studies PST 321

Quick Handouts of
Pakistan Studies
For BS Program
Compiled by
Waqar Arshad
2019

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CONTENTS
1 Ideology of Pakistan ............................................................................................................................ 3
2 Factors leading to Muslim Separatism................................................................................................. 4
3 Indus Civilization................................................................................................................................. 6
4 Muslim Advent .................................................................................................................................... 9
5 Location and Geo-Physical Features of Pakistan............................................................................... 11
6 Political and Constitutional Development Phases.............................................................................. 16
7 Economic Institutions and Issues....................................................................................................... 21
8 Society and Social Structure .............................................................................................................. 30
9 Ethnicity............................................................................................................................................. 33
10 Foreign Policy of Pakistan and Challenges.................................................................................... 36
11 Futuristic Outlook of Pakistan ....................................................................................................... 39

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Course Outline Covered
Historical Perspective:
 Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 Factors leading to Muslim separatism
People and Land:
 Indus Civilization
 Muslim advent
 Location and Geo-Physical features.
Government and Politics in Pakistan:
 Political and constitutional phases:
1947-58
1958-71
1971-77
1977-88
1988-99
1999 onward
Contemporary Pakistan:
 Economic institutions and issues
 Society and social structure
 Ethnicity
 Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
 Futuristic outlook of Pakistan

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Historical Perspective
Ideology of Pakistan | Factors Leading to Muslim Separatism
1 IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Ideology rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal
and Quid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
The ideology of Pakistan is the name of a welfare state where the welfare of the people is considered. The
ideology of Pakistan is the name of steps that were taken for the security of political, social, cultural and
economic values as the progressive Islam.
The Ideology of Pakistan is based on the following major values:
1. Beliefs and Prayers
2. Justice and Equality
3. Promotion of Democracy
4. Fraternity and Brotherhood
5. Rights and Duties of Citizens
6. Two Nation Theory
7. Establishment of Balanced Economic System
1.1 SIR SYED AHMED KHAN
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first person who used the term “Two-Nation Theory” due to Hindi-Urdu
Controversy in Banaras in 1867. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan declared the Muslims a separate nation. He
convinced the government that there are at least two nations settled in the sub-continent, one of them is
Muslims and the other is Hindus. This theory infused a political spirit among the Muslims and provided
them with such a leadership which gave a new spirit and push to the freedom movement. India was
partitioned because of Two-nation Theory.
1.2 ALLAMA IQBAL
Allama Iqbal gave the Muslims an idea of a separate state. Through his poetry, he awakened the Muslims.
In the beginning, he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim Unity. But in his famous presidential address at
Allahabad in 1930, he demanded a separate state for the Muslims of India. He said “The Muslims would
not allow that their religious, political and social rights are usurped. Therefore, I would like to see the
Punjab, NWFP, Sindh, and Baluchistan put together into a single state”.
1.3 QUID-E-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
According to Quid-e-Azam the territories having Muslim majority i.e, Punjab, Bengal, Sindh, NWFP and
Baluchistan should be put together to form Pakistan where people may lead their lives in accordance with
the principles of their religion.

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2 FACTORS LEADING TO MUSLIM SEPARATISM
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the sub-continent into two nations.
2.1 THE EVOLUTION OF TWO-NATION THEORY
In the perspective of sub-continent, Two-Nation Theory means that two major nations, the Muslims and
the Hindus, were settled there. The two nations were different from each other in their religious ideas, the
way of living and collective thinking. Their basic principles and the way of living are different that despite
living together for centuries, they could not interact with each other. The Indian Muslims struggled for
their separate state on the basis of Two-Nation Theory and after accepting this theory as a historical fact,
two separate states, Pakistan and India, came into existence. This theory is also the basis of the ideology
of Pakistan.
2.2 RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES
Although, India was a highly diverse society, having variety of religions, but the Hinduism and Islam were
the two major religions in India. Muslims believe in one God, and the last prophet. Whereas, Hindus follow
the religion which is based on the concept of multiple Gods.
2.3 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL DIFFERENCES
The Hindus and Muslims belonged to different cultures based on their divergent outlook towards life. The
Hindus and Muslims followed different socio-cultural customs and traditions. The Hindus burnt their died
bodies while Muslims buried them. their language and communication reflected peculiar and different
ways and styles.
Hindus and Muslim families which lived in the same neighborhood for generations could be distinguished
at a glance from each other. The clothes, the foods, the household utensils, the layout of homes, the words
of salutation, the gestures and everything about them was different.
2.4 ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES
After 1857, Muslims economy was crushed and all the trade policies were formed in such a way so as to
destroy the Muslims ambition. They were thrown out of Government services and their estate and
properties were confiscated. However, the Hindus were provided ample opportunities to make program.
2.5 EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES
The Hindus had advanced in educational field because they readily acquired English education. The
Muslims were not able to acquire modern knowledge so they lacked behind in education.
2.6 POLITICAL DIFFERENCES
There were many political differences which gave both to the partition of India. The political differences
between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the development and evolution of Two
Nation Theory.
2.6.1 Hindi Urdu Controversy
Hindus and Muslims have different languages. The Muslims and Hindus wrote and spoke two different
languages. The language of the Muslim majority was Urdu and it was written in Persian Script. On the
other hand, the Hindi language was spoken by Hindu majority and it was written in Devanagari Script.
Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in writing, thoughts of poetry, arts, painting and words of
music. In 1867, Hindus demands that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script. This
created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.

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2.6.2 Congress Attitude
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It claimed to represent all communities of India but
oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.
2.6.3 Partition of Bengal
In 1905, the partition of Bengal province was divided on administrative grounds, but the Hindu community
and Congress itself, launched an agitation against the partition and partition was canceled in 1911.
CONCLUSION
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society.
They also came to realize the above mentioned differences between them and the Hindus and hence
demanded separate electorate on the ground that they were different nation from Hindus. Hence it is right
to say that this Two-Nation Theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan.

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People and Land
Indus Civilization | Muslim Advent | Geo-Physical Features
3 INDUS CIVILIZATION
Indus valley is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. the region where these civilization was
developed had been irrigated mainly by River Indus and its tributary rivers. The signs of this civilization
are found in Sindh at Mohenjo Daro and in Punjab along the River Ravi at Harappa (Sahiwal). About 1500
additional settlements and signs of this civilization have been discovered in Pakistan and Western India.
3.1 THE PERIOD OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS:
The Indus Valley Civilization consisted of three periods:
Primary Period 3800 BC to 2500 BC
Middle Period 2500 BC to 1700 BC
Last Period 1700 BC to 1300 BC
During the primary period, urban life made a great progress. The art of handicrafts flourished. In the
middle period, this civilization progressed well. Many new cities and villages were established. In the
end of third period, the Indus Valley Civilization was inclined towards downfall.
3.2 IMPORTANT CITIES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
3.2.1 Mohenjo Daro
It is an ancient city, situated in District Larkana (Sindh). This city was the most important center of Indus
Valley. Indus River flows on its Eastern part. The signs of Indus Valley Civilization were first discovered
in 1922 in Mohenjo Daro during excavation of the land. The things which have been found here are
ornaments, clay, bronze, utensils, seals, carts, boats, toys, statues, spindles and skeletons of different
animals. Bangles and beads of red clay are discovered from here which had been worn by ladies and
children. Along with that precious gems, oyster shells made ornaments had also been used there.
3.2.2 Harappa
Harappa is the second most important city of the Indus Valley Civilization. From here, a lot of assets have
been discovered of this civilization. Solid clay utensils, seals and system of measures and weights are
included in it. Seals were made of solid clay, silver and copper. The pictures of elephant and humped bull
are more prominent. Tools were made with bronze. Resemblance has been found in objects, which have
been found in both cities, because both cities were the part of the Indus Valley Civilization.
3.3 RELATIONS WITH OTHER CONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATIONS
Four most ancient civilizations of the world have been discovered in the world. Egypt, Mesopotamia (Iraq),
Sumeria and the Indus Valley are included in it. The Indus Valley Civilization is considered contemporary
of these ancient civilizations. The Indus Valley Civilization had trade relations with Southern Iran, Iraq,
Egypt and Persian Gulf. The Indus valley among the Tigris & Euphrates, and Nile valley, are also called
“Cradle of Civilizations”. It had also commercial and religious relations with Sumerian and Babylon.

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3.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
3.4.1 Religious Beliefs
There have been found the portraits of gods and mother goddesses on stamps, which reflect that they used
to worship the statutes and gods. Clay statues were also made for worshiping purposes. People used to
consider the trees of holy values. Here consider were also worshipped as a custom. The portraits of the
bull, rhinoceros, lion and elephant have been found. The Indus Valley people buried their dead bodies as
well as burnt them.
3.4.2 Social System
The social system was run under a regular administration. It was enforced to keep the system of weight
and measurement correct and according to the standards. Sweepers were bound to keep streets and paths
neat and clean. The society was divided into different sections. Town planning provides us information
about it. Landlords and influential persons resided in upper parts in large and spacious houses. Separate
quarters had also been reserved for servants. Majority of people had been poor. They lived in lower areas
in small houses. Farmers lived in villages, while nomads wandered with herds of cattle in forests and plains.
Artisans and merchants also lived in cities. Grand palaces, temples and tombs were not seen in cities.
Jobs had been allocated among men and women. Women used to grind wheat, weave cloth and look after
the cattle whereas cultivation, commerce and industrialization were specified for men. Cotton was
commerce and industrialization were specified for men. Cotton was cultivated in Indus Valley. Spindles
also have been found in homes which indicate that weaving cloth was also a profession of those people.
Statues of clay and printed cloth gave impression of textile industry. Women used to wear necklace, strings
of beads and bangles for decoration. They were also used to wear "Lahanga" (long skirt). Men used to wear
Shawl.
3.4.3 Script
The people of Indus Valley could read and write. Their mode of writing was very interesting and
complicated. A supreme system of writing was conducted in that period which had 400 symbols.
Merchants, soldiers and political personalities used it. The experts of archaeology department could not
find their meanings till now. Certainly, some experts have formed an idea, that these scripts Script (Writing
System) consisted of more than one languages. Many corners of this civilization will be hidden until an
expert does not read the words and the mode of writing of this civilization.
3.4.4 Agriculture
The soil of Indus Valley was fertile. The dependence of its wealth was upon trade and agriculture. The
majority of Indus Valley Civilization consisted of farmers, who made the soil fit for cultivation purposes
after cutting the forests. The crops were damaged due to seasonal rains. People retained the water to make
banks on rivers for cultivation. The signs of crops which have been found from the settlements, it is said
on this basis that the wheat, millets, barley, vetches, peas, Indian millet, rice, linseed, mustard-seed and
cotton was produced. The signs of dates, melon and grapes have been found among fruits.
3.4.5 Peaceful Society
Few number of huge weapons have been found during excavation of cities. The rulers had not kept a large
army or police. They maintained the relations with their neighbors and contemporary civilizations on the
basis of peace. The common weapons which have been found during excavation, can be used only for
hunting. This indicates that those people led peaceful life. No proof was found about assassination and
plundering in that society.
3.4.6 The Presence of Bull
Cattle were the part of their lives. A large number of the skeletons of bulls have been found in Indus Valley.
It shows that it was a common practice to rear the bulls. The bull was the most important animal in their
society. Countless seals with bull's picture and clay toys have been found. The people also used the bull
for transportation.

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3.4.7 Commercial Activities
The trade of agricultural crops and minerals had been carried among cities and villages of Indus Valley.
Internal trade had been happened by bullock-carts. Weights and scales of measurements have been found
which are made of stones in quadrilateral shape.
3.4.8 Town Planning
The people had excellent knowledge of art of architecture. Cities and towns had been constructed with
great technique and planning. Artisans had known the art of making and baking the bricks. They made the
foundations of houses profound and deep, strong and also paid attention to exterior beauty. Houses had
been built on the edges of the roads of city. Baked bricks were used in their construction. Every house had
bathrooms which had been made towards outer street. Houses had more than one storey. Ladders had been
used to go to upper storey. There was a reasonable arrangement of light and air in houses.
Roads had been constructed with such a style in ancient Harappa that people could easily move among
different towns and streets. Narrow gates had also been made from which a bullock-cart could pass easily
at one time. It has been found by digging that a straight road was one kilometer long and nine meters wide.
3.4.9 Drainage System
There was an excellent drainage system of filthy water. Narrow and wide drains were made in proper order
for the outlet of dirty water. Narrow drains had been covered by bricks and wide drains by large marble
slabs. The stinking water had been brought together with wide drains, thus, stinking water was flowed out
from the city. There is no example of any other city built in ancient period which has such a perfect facility
for the drainage of the waste water.
3.4.10 Godowns of Grain
Mostly godowns of grain were situated on the bank of river in Mohenjo-Daro. The collected wheat from
different areas was brought to godowns by the river routes and then had been sent to other regions. Concrete
roads had also been made for this purpose. Solid floors had been made in 17 godowns. The salaries of
government servants had been paid from that grain. The grain had also been used as currency. Huge
godowns of grain were found in Harappa which had been used to store extra grain.
3.5 EVACUATION OF LOCAL COMMUNITY
People of the Indus Valley were civilized, peaceful and developed, the Aryan assailants destroyed their
graceful civilization. Aryans were Worriers. They had war-horses and excellent weapons. When Aryans
attacked Indus Valley inhabitants, they could not face them. Aryans had pushed the local community
towards South-East and became occupants.
3.6 THE DECLINE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Indus Valley Civilization gained a magnificent place by making a progress gradually. Its effects had been
implemented upon a vast region. but suddenly it had disappeared in 1500 B.C. Its cites had been buried
into earth. Its art, religion and culture were invisible from eyesight. There is a great difference among
archaeologists to find the reasons about decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is estimated that both
internal and external factors were involved in its decline. Some experts think that this civilization had come
to an end due to natural calamities like earthquakes and floods. Some experts think that epidemics, diseases
played a significant role to undo the Indus Valley Civilization. Drought was also major cause according to
one opinion, because when rivers changed their course then supply of water had become impossible and
this region had become barren. Well populated cities on the banks of rivers had been utterly destroyed.
Some experts think that people intensively cultivated the land. They had finished the fertility of the land
by cutting the forests. The pastures for animals had come to an end. Some experts consider that the trade
had been finished with Mesopotamia and other contemporary civilizations. A major portion of income
could not have retained due to this reason. When cities and colonies had been ruined. then people migrated
to other places.

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4 MUSLIM ADVENT
4.1 ARRIVAL-OF ARABS IN THE SUB-CONTINENT AND THE CONQUEST OF SINDH
The Arabs were traders by profession. Basically, they used to visit different countries for their trade. They
carried their luggage by boats and ships for Egypt and Syria. The Arabs had established their friendly
relations with the people of these regions, due to trade. The Arabs had also delivered the message of Islam
to the people of sub-continent. The Muslim traders had also settled at the coast of Sri Lanka and western
India.
4.2 REASONS OF INVASION OF SINDH
In 703 A.D, The Governor of Makran Saeed bin Aslam was murdered and his murderer took refuge with
Raja Dahir of Sindh. Hajjaj bin Yousuf demanded the hand over the murderer but Raja Dahir rejected it.
A ship of Arab Muslims who had settled in Sri Lanka carrying trade luggage and gifts for Hajjaj bin Yusuf.
When it reached near the coast of Debal, it was plundered by pirates. They imprisoned the children as well
as women. Hajjaj bin Yusuf wrote a letter to Raja Dahir to recover the luggage from the pirates.
In response to it, Raja Dahir wrote that pirates were out of his control. Hajjaj bin Yousuf infuriated and his
young son-in-law and nephew Muhammad bin Qasim was sent to Sindh with troops to punish Raja Dahir.
4.3 CONQUEST OF DEBAL
In 712 A.D. Muhammad bin Qasim reached Debal through Makran and besieged it. Debal was a famous
sea-port of Sindh. Hajjaj Bin Yusuf wrote a letter to Muhammad bin Qasim, “Let Raja Dahir not cross the
River Mehran (Sindh), face the enemy in an open area, keeping in view the organization of the troops, and
win the favor of chiefs of Sindh”. Muhammad bin Qasim acted upon these instructions and succeeded in
winning the battle.
Forces of Raja came out of the fort and started fighting. The Arabs fought boldly entered over the fort
captured the city. Raja Dahir fled away from the battle field and was killed later on. The Muslims got.
Freedom from the prison of the pirates who were punished heavily. In 712 A. D, Sindh was conquered
completely.
4.4 CONQUEST OF MULTAN
The province of Multan was also included in the kingdom of Raja Dahir at that time. It was the center of
trade and counted among strong forts. The ruler of Multan was the son of Raja Dahirs uncle. Having
conquered Sindh, when Muhammad bin Qasim reached Multan, the Raja faced the Islamic troops b Lit
saved his life by his escape. Muhammad bin Qasim found much wealth and treasure there. The major
portion of the booty was divided among the soldiers and the rest was sent to Hajjaj bin Yusuf in Iraq. This
conquest made Hajjaj bin Yusuf very happy.
4.5 EFFECTS OF INVASION
People of Sindh welcomed Muhammad bin Qasim after the conquest of Sindh. Muhammad bin Qasim
established the rule of equality and justice, which effected the Indian society very much. The Hindus of
low caste embraced Islam by the moral influence and fraternity of Muhammad bin Qasim and his
companions. The Muslims opened schools and Maddarasas to give education. Sanskrit books were
translated into Arabic. After the conquest of Sindh, many scholars, and traders settled in Sindh. The Arab
trade increased along the coastal areas of Baluchistan and Sindh.
A number of religious scholars, writers and poets were emerged and they spread their knowledge. The
Muslims learned Indian sciences like medicine, astronomy and mathematics. Sanskrit books on various

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subjects were translated into Arabic. During the reign of Haroon al Rasheed, a number of Hindu scholars
were even invited to Baghdad.
The establishment of Muslim rule also paved way for future propagation of Islam in Sindh and the
adjoining regions. Later Sindh also attracted Ismaili missionaries who were so successful that Sindh passed
under Ismaili rule. With the conquest of Lahore by Mahmud of Ghazni, missionary activity began again
under the aegis of Sufis who were the main agents in the Islamization of the entire region.

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5 LOCATION AND GEO-PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PAKISTAN
The official name of Pakistan is Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It covers an area of 796,096 sq. km. Pakistan
is located in the south of the continent of Asia. It is a country having fertile land, lofty plains, rivers and
beautiful valleys.
5.1 LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is located between latitudes 23o
to 37o
North, and longitudes 61o
to 77o
East. India lies in the East,
China in the North, Afghanistan in the North-west, and Iran in the West. The Arabian Sea lies in the South.
5.2 GEO-PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PAKISTAN
The land of Pakistan can be divided into five major parts with respect to physical features.
1. Mountain Ranges
2. Plateaus
3. Indus Plains
4. Deserts
5. Coastal Areas
5.2.1 Mountain Ranges
The high piece of land that has rocky, uneven and steep surface is called a mountain. Pakistan has following
mountain ranges:
i. Northern Mountain Ranges
ii. Central Mountain Ranges
iii. Western Mountain Ranges
5.2.1.1 Northern Mountain Ranges
These mountains are located in the north of Pakistan. These mountain ranges make the Northern borders
of Pakistan secured to a great extent. They stop the winds coming from the Arabian Sea and Bengal Gulf
causing snow-fall and rain. Their peaks are covered with snow throughout the year. This snow is a source
of supplying our rivers with water throughout the year. We also get precious wood from these mountains.
There are many healthy places in this region where people go for tourism. Among these places, Murree,
Ayubia, Nathiagali, Kaghan, Lipa, Skardu, Swat, Kalam, Neelam, Bagh, Hunza, Chitral, Yasin, and Gilgit
are famous. The northern mountain ranges include the following ranges:
a. Himalayas
i. Sub-Himalayas or Siwalik Hills
ii. Lesser Himalayas
iii. Greater Himalayas
b. Karakoram
c. Hindukush
d. Mountains of Swat and Chitral
5.2.1.1.1 Himalayas
5.2.1.1.1.1 Sub-Himalayas or Siwalik
This mountain range is in the east of the River Indus. It is the southern branch of Himalayas which stretches
from east to west. It is also called Siwalik Mountain Range. Pabbi Hills are its famous hills which are
situated in the south of Hazara and Murree.
5.2.1.1.1.2 Lesser Himalayas
The Lesser Himalayas lie north of the Sub-Himalayas. This range stretches from east to west. Pir Panjal is
the highest mountain range here. Murree, Ayubia, and Nathiagali are the famous resort places.

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Geo-Physical
Features
Mountain
Ranges
Northern
Mountain
Ranges
Sub-Himalayan
Range or
Siwalik Range
Lesser
Himalayan
Range
Greater
Himalayan
Range
Karakoram
Range
Hindukush
Range
Central
Mountian
Ranges
Salt Range
Sulaiman
Range
Kirthar Range
Western
Mountain
Ranges
Koh-e-Safaid
Range
Waziristan Hills
Toba Kakar
Range
Chaghi Hills
and Ras Koh
Hills
Saihan Hills
Central Makran
Makran Coast
Hills
Plateaus
Deosai
Pothwar
Baluchistan
Plains
Upper Indus
Plains
Lower Indus
Plains
Deserts
Cholistan
Thar
Thal
Kharan
Coastal Areas

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5.2.1.1.1.3 Greater Himalayas
It is one of the highest mountain ranges in the world. It is covered with snow throughout the year. The
beautiful valley of Kashmir is located between the Pir Panjal and Great Himalayas. The glaciers are found
in this region which melt to form rivers. Nanga Parbat is the highest peak of this range.
5.2.1.1.2 Karakoram
Karakoram Range stretches from west to east in Kashmir and Gilgit along with the borders of China. It is
in the north of Himalayas. The second highest peak in the world is located in this range. It is called Mount
Godwin Austin or K-2. It reaches to a height of 8611 meters. Karakoram Highway passes through this
range and leads to China via Khunjerab Pass.
5.2.1.1.3 Hindukush
The Hindukush Mountain Range is located in the north-west of Pakistan. Most of the mountains of this
range are in Afhganistan. The highest peak of this range is Tirch Mir.
5.2.1.1.4 Mountains of Swat and Chitral
Small mountain ranges stretch to the south of the Hindukush Range. Between these mountains, there is the
Lowari Pass which connects Chitral with Peshawar. It remains closed in the winter due to snow-fall. A
tunnel named Lowari Tunnel is constructed here. Through this tunnel, traffic between Chitral and Peshawar
runs throughout the year. The Swat River, the Panjkora River (Kunar River) and the Chitral River flow
between these mountain ranges.
5.2.2 Central Mountain Ranges
5.2.2.1 Salt Range
This mountain range is located in the south of Pothwar Plateau, between River Jhelum and Indus River.
Sakesar is the highest and beautiful place in this range. Deposits of salt, gypsum and coal are found in this
range. Salt Range is also known as Koh-e-Namak.
5.2.2.2 Sulaiman Range
The Sulaiman Mountain Range stretches from north to south, it starts from south of River Gomal and
reaches to the centre of Pakistan. Takht-e-Sulaiman is the highest peak.
5.2.2.3 Kirthar Range
This range is located in the south of Sulaiman Range, and in the west of Indus River and west of Lower
Indus Plains. It consists of low and barren mountains. Hub river and lyari River flow from Kirthar towards
the Arabian Sea.
5.2.3 Western Mountain Ranges
5.2.3.1 Koh-e-Sufaid Range
Koh-e-Sufaid stretches from east to west in the south of River Kabul. Khyber Pass, which is a historic
passage between Pakistan and Afhganistan, lies to the north of the Koh-e-Sufaid. River Kurram flows in
the south of Koh-e-Sufaid.
5.2.3.2 Waziristan Hills
This mountain range stretches in the south of River Kurram along the Pak-Afghan border from north to
south. Tochi Pass and Gomal Pass are situated in these hills.
5.2.3.3 Toba Kakar Range
Toba Kakar Mountains is situated along the Afghan border to the south of Waziristan Hills. It extends from
north-east towards south-west till it ends in the north of Quetta.
5.2.3.4 Chaghi Hills and Ras Koh Hills
To the west of Pakistan, along the Afghan border, there lie the Chaghi Hills. Ras Koh Hills are situated in
the south of Chaghi Hills along the border of Iran.

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5.2.3.5 Saihan Hills
To the south of Rash Koh, there are Saihan Hills.
5.2.3.6 Central Makran Hills
These hills are situated in Baluchistan. The winter season here is extremely cold whereas the summers are
mild.
5.2.3.7 Hills of Makran Coast
These hills are situated in the west of Saihan Hills. These are low hills.
5.2.4 Plateaus
Following are the plateaus situated in Pakistan.
5.2.4.1 Pothwar Plateau
Pothwar Plateau is situated in the north of Salt Range. It is in the middle of River Jhelum and Indus. Huge
reserves of Gypsum, Coal, and mineral oil are found here. River Sawan is an important one of this area.
River Sawan make its valley known as Sawan Valley. The surface of Pothwar Plateau is badly cracked.
5.2.4.2 Balochistan Plateau
Balochistan Plateau is located in the west of Sulaiman Range and Kirthar Range. It is uneven and barren.
It receives very low rainfall, therefore, this region has desert characteristics. To the north of this Plateau,
there are mountain ranges of Chaghi and Toba Kakar. There are lakes with salty water in the western part
of the province of Balochistan. Among them, the most famous and the larges one is the Hamoon-e-Mashkel
lake.
5.2.5 Plains
A vast, less steepy and comparatively even surface of land is called a plain. These plains are also known
as the food baskets. We can divide the plains of Pakistan into two major parts.
5.2.5.1 Upper Indus Plains
This plain extends from the south of Pothwar Plateau to Mithankot in the Punjab Province. If we assume
Mithankot a base, where all the rivers of the Punjab join the River Indus, the whole are above Mithankot
towards the Panjab will be called the upper Indus Plain. Whereas, the whole area below Mithankot towards
Sindh to the point of Thatha will be the Lower Indus Plain.
Towards north, the Upper Indus Plain is high whereas it is steep towards south. That’s why all the large
rivers of Pakistan flow from north towards south. To the west of this plain lies the sand desert. This plain
is called Punjab (the land of five rivers). These plains are very fertile. Even before the establishment the
United Punjab was knows as the Home of Grain. These plains of Punjab are playing an important role in
meeting the food requirements of the country.
5.2.5.2 Lower Indus Plains
Below Mithankot, the River Indus forms the shape of a huge river and flows alone till it reaches Thatta.
5.2.6 Deserts
Desert is an area where annual rainfall rate is less than 250 mm. There are four major deserts in Pakistan.
The major feature of these deserts are the sand dunes.
5.2.6.1 Thar
The eastern part of lower Indus plain is sandy and known as “Thar Desert”.
5.2.6.2 Cholistan
Cholistan desert is locally known as “Rohi” and covers the area of Bahawalpur.

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5.2.6.3 Thal
The vast area of this desert is situated between River Indus and Jhelum. It covers the districts of Bhakkar,
Khushab, Mianwali, Layyah, Muzafargarhas, and Jhang.
5.2.6.4 Kharan
The Kharan Desert is a sandy and mountainous desert situated in Balochistan in south-western of Pakistan.
The terrain is mainly dry, gray-brown sand.
5.2.7 Coastal Areas
Sindh and Balochistan form the coastal line of the Arabian Sea. The coastal plain is located on the shore
of Arabian Sea. The coastal area of Pakistan is about 1000 km long and comprises of important sea ports
such as Karachi, Bin Qasim, and Gawadar.

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Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases: 1947-58, 1958-71,
1971-77, 1977-88, 1988-99, and 1999 onward
6 POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT PHASES
6.1 1947 – 1958
6.1.1 Establishment of Pakistan
Pakistan came into being on 14th
August 1947. At that time, Pakistan was consisting of two parts West and
East Pakistan. Quid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan. A
provisional constitution was adopted with some modifications in Indian Act of 1935 until the new
constitution was introduced. According to this constitution Federal System was launched in the country.
Pakistan had to face many problems after the independence. Liaquat Ali Khan became first Prime Minister
of Pakistan. He got Objectives Resolution passed from Assembly in 1949 and constituted a “Basic Principle
Committee” to draw the new constitution.
6.1.2 Pakistan Objectives Resolution, 1949
On March 12, 1949, the Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution moved by Liaquat Ali Khan. It was
called the “Objectives Resolution”. This resolution occupied prime importance in the formulation of
constitution. The main points of this resolution are as under:
1. Sovereignty
2. Islamic Legislation
3. Federal Government
4. Fundamental Rights
5. Development of Backward Areas
6. Protection of Minorities
7. Independence of Judiciary
6.1.3 Salient Features of Constitution of 1956
1. Written Constitution
2. Flexible Constitution
3. Federal Constitution
4. Parliamentary System
5. Unicameral Legislature
6. Independence of Judiciary
7. Single Citizenship
9. Official Language
10. Islamic Provisions
11. Constitutional Institutions
6.2 1958 – 1969
General Muhammad Ayub Khan deposed Iskander Mirza in October 1958. He imposed Martial Law.
During the period of Ayub Khan, the war between Pakistan and India started in 1965. It was the period
when Fatima Jinnah took part in practical politics and contested election against General Ayub Khan.
President General Ayub Khan ruled almost ten years.

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6.2.1 Basic Democratic System 1959
In 1959, the then President introduced a new system of Basic Democracies.
1. Union Council & Union Committee
2. Tehsil (Sub-district) Council and Thana Council
3. District Council
4. Divisional Council
5. Provincial Advisory Council (PAC)
3. Presidential Constitution
4. Rigid Constitution
5. Unicameral Legislature
6. Single Citizenship
8. Islamic Provisions
9. Islamic Advisory Council
10. National Languages
11. Indirect Democracy
6.2.3 Regime of General Yahya Khan
General Muhammad Yahya Khan took over government from General Ayub Khan. First general elections
of Pakistan were held in 1970. In December 1971, East Pakistan was separated and became a new country
named Bangladesh.
6.2.4 Causes of Separation of East Pakistan
1. Ayub Khan’s Dictatorial Era
2. Lack of National Leadership
3. Poor Economic Condition
4. Negative Role of Hindu Teachers
5. Issue of Bengali Language
6. Provincial Prejudices
7. Territorial Politics of the Politicians
8. Conspiracies of Big Powers
9. Six Points Formula of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman
10. Bhutto – Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Differences
11. Success of Regional Parties
12. Military Action
13. Hijacking of Ganga Aeroplane
14. India’s Military Interference
6.3 1971 – 1977
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the chairman of Pakistan People’s Party became the President of Pakistan on 20th
December, 1971, after the separation of East Pakistan. He brought the constitution of 1973 unanimously
approved and started nuclear programme.
6.3.1 Main Aspects of Economic Reforms
1. Nationalization of Industries
2. Nationalization of Banks and Insurance Companies
3. Land Reforms
4. Agricultural Reforms

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1. Preamble
4. Semi-Rigid Constitution
5. National Language
6. Islamic Constitution
7. Independent Judiciary
8. Parliamentary Constitution
9. Constitutional Institutions
10. Bicameral Legislature
6.4 1977 – 1988
On 5th
July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq overthrew the Bhutto’s government and declared martial law. He
ruled over the country for about 11 years from July 1977 to August 1988.
6.4.1 Major Aspects of the Islamization Process During 1977 – 1988
1. Shariah Courts
2. Shariat Ordinance
3. Zakat and Usher Ordinance
4. Abolition of Interest
5. Islamiat and Pakistan Studies as Compulsory Subjects
6. Prayer arrangements
7. Ehtram-e-Ramzan Ordinance
8. Establishing Religious Schools (Madrassas)
9. Compulsory study of Arabic
6.4.2 The Era of Government of Muhammad Khan Junejo
In 1985, General Zia-ul-Haq amended 1973 Constitution from parliamentary system to presidential system.
General Zia-ul-Haq become the president for the next five years, and Muhammad Khan Junejo became the
Prime Minister.
 Lifting up Martial Law
 Muhammad Khan Junjo as President of the Muslim League
 Foreign Tour
 Development programme of Muhammad Khan Junejo’s Government
 Ojrhi Camp Disaster
 The Dismissal of the Junejo Government
6.4.3 Afghan Jihad
The invasion by Russian forces into Afghanistan in 1979 created a new challenge for Pakistan. General
Zia-ul-Haq stood against the intervention of the Russian forces in Afghanistan.
1. The beginning of jihad
2. Geneva Accord
3. The Impact on Pakistani Society
6.5 1988 – 1999
6.5.1 First Government Era of Benazir Bhutto
General Elections were held in 1988, and the leader of Pakistan People’s Party, Benazir Bhutto was elected
Pakistan’s and Islamic world’s first woman Prime Minister. But this government remained for one and half

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year, when the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan using the powers under Section 58-2-B of the constitution
dismissed the Benazir Bhutto’s government and dissolved the assembly.
6.5.1.1 Important Events
 The dissolution of the Balochistan Assembly
 Presidential Election
 Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth
 Foreign Policy
 Social Welfare
 The Dismissal of Benazir Bhutto’s Government
6.5.2 First Government Era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1990’s election. But his
government remained for two and half years when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the assembly
and dismissed government by using the section 58-2-B.
 Announcement of Agricultural Policy
 Privatization Commission
 Agreement among provinces on water distribution
 Baitul Maal
 Foreign Policy
 National Plans
 The dismissal of Nawaz Sharif’s Government
6.5.3 Second Government Era of Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second time in October 1993 for the next
five years, but this government remained for three years, when President Farooq Ahmed dismissed the
government and dissolved the assembly by using the section 58-2-B.
 Development programmes
 Plans for farmers and women
 Eighth 5-year plan
 Foreign visits and the Kashmir Issue
 NWFP Assembly was dissolved
 Dismissal of Benazir Bhutto’s Government
6.5.4 Second Government Era of Nawaz Sharif
New elections were conducted and Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was again elected as Prime Minister
in February 1997. But on 12th
October 1999, General Parvez Musharaf removed the democratic government
of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and took over the country.
 The resignations of Justice Sajjad Ali Shah and President Farooq Ahmed Khan Laghari
 Justice (Retd) Rafiq Tarar elected as President
 ‘Retire debt, adorn the country’ scheme
 Rights of vote to Pakistanis abroad
 Restriction on floor crossing
 Census of 1998
 The announcement of an education policy
 Lahore Islamabad Motorway
 The repeal of clause 58-2-B from the 1973 Constitution
 Atomic blasts (Pakistan as Nuclear Power)

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 Lahore Declaration
 The entry of army into WAPDA
 Kargil Invasion
 The removal of Nawaz Sharif Government
6.6 1999 TO ONWARD
6.6.1 The Era of General Pervez Musharraf
On 12th
October 1999, the Chief of Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf suspended the constitution,
overthrew the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and dissolved the national and provincial
assemblies.
 Devolution Plan, 2000
 War on Terrorism
 National Referendum, 2002
 Presidential Election, October 2007
 National Re-Conciliation Order
 Benazir Returns to Pakistan
 Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO), 2007
 Imposition of Emergency
 Impacts of emergency on Economy
 Elections 2008
 Death of Benazir Bhutto
6.6.2 The Era of President Asif Ali Zardari & PPP Government
 Long March
 Terrorism and Military Operations (Rah-e-Rast, Rah-e-Nijat, Malakand)
 18th
Constitutional Amendment
 Elections 2013
6.6.3 The Third Era of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif & PML(N) Govt.
 Operation Zarb-e-Azab
 PTI’s Azadi March, PAT’s Inqilaab March
 Electoral Reforms
 China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
 Rising Economic Growth
 Imprisonment of Nawaz Sharif and Maryam Nawaz
 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as New Prime Minister
 Elections 2018
6.6.4 The Naya Pakistan of Prime Minister Imran Khan
 NAB Role
 Corruption Scandals
 FATF
 Taxations Reforms

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Contemporary Pakistan
Economic Institutions and Issues | Society and Social Structure | Ethnicity |
Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges | Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
7 ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND ISSUES
7.1 ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
The major economic institutions of Pakistan are as follow:
1. Mining
2. Agriculture
3. Industries
4. Trade & Commerce
7.1.1 Mining
The Mineral Development Corporation was established for the purposes of development of mineral
resources in Pakistan in 1975. Minerals are divided into two groups, metallic and non-metallic. In Pakistan,
the metallic minerals include iron, copper, chromite, etc. The non-metallic minerals include petroleum,
natural gas, common salt, limestone, marble, gypsum, etc.
1. Petroleum
For human kind, the importance of petroleum and its products is more than all the minerals used in
industries. The important products of petroleum include gasoline, kerosene oil, diesel, mobile oil, wax and
coal tar. There are factories in Pakistan to refine oil. After the establishment of the Oil and Gas
Development Corporation was a lot of progress in oil exploration. The Potohar Plateau in Pakistan is an
ancient region of petroleum production. The oil wells of this area are located in Balkassar. Kho Dhallian,
Joyamir, Manwal, Kot Sarong, Miyal, Aadlhi and Kaaziyan. In Lower Sindh the important oil producing
areas are Khaskheli, Kinaat, Tando Allah Yar and Zamzama These reserves have an important role in
fulfilling the country's requirements.
2. Natural Gas
Natural gas was discovered in Pakistan in 1952 at Sui. These natural gas reserves are included in the world's
biggest gas reserves. Natural gas is a cheap source of energy. This gas is used not only domestically but
also in industries. Using pipelines, natural gas is transported to nearly all the big cities of Pakistan. In
Punjab there are natural gas reserves in Dhodak, Pirkoh, Dhallian and Miyal. Its reserves are found in Uch
and Zun in Balochistan and in Khairpur, Mizrani, Saari, Hindi, Kandhkot and Sarang in Sindh.
3. Copper
In ancient times, copper was used only to make coins, utensils, etc. Nowadays in Pakistan, it is used to
make electrical products, especially wires, etc. The copper reserves discovered in Balochistan in Districts
Chaghi, Saindak, Kalat, Zob and other areas are very important. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa copper reserves
are found in Dir, Chitral and Hazara.
4. Iron Ore
Iron ore was discovered in Pakistan in 1957. Iron ore reserves were discovered in many places in Pakistan.
This includes Kalabagh (District Mianwali) Dol Nisaar (District Chitral), Langrial and Chilghazi (District
Chaghi). Due to difficulties in transportation, there is less profit.
5. Coal

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Coal is an important and ancient source of energy. In Pakistan coal is used for products thermal electricity,
baking bricks and for domestic purposes. Presently Pakistan coal mined at Dandot, Padh and Makarwal in
areas of Salt Mountain in the Punjab. In there are coal mines in Thar, Jampir, Sarang and Lakhra. In Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa reserves are found only in Hangu. In Balochistan mining is being carried out in Sharg,
Degari, Shirin Aab, Mach Bolan and Harnai.
6. Salt
Pakistan has more than 100 million tons of reserves of rock salt. This salt is being used in food as well as
in the chemical industry. In Pakistan huge reserves of rock salt are found in Salt Mountain in Khewra
(District Jhelum). Vast reserves are also found in Kalabagh (District Mianwali), Warcha (District Khushab)
and Bahadur Khel (District Karak). Sea Salt is also obtained from Lasbela and the area near Makran's coast
in Balochistan, and also from Mauripur (Karachi).
7. Chromite
Chromite is an important mineral which is mostly used for steel manufacturing. More than 25 large reserves
of chromite have been discovered in Pakistan. Chromite is exported to many countries. It is also used in
Karachi Steel Mill. In Balochistan reserves of chromite are found in Muslim Bagh, Chaghi and Kharaan.
Its reserves have also been discovered in Malakand and Mohmand Agency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
8. Gypsum
In the preparation of phosphate fertilizer, gypsum is used as a raw material. It is also used in cement
industry, paper manufacturing, plaster of Paris, sulphuric acid, paint and polish industry and also in rubber
industry. In Pakistan gypsum is found in Khewra, Dandot, Daud Khel, Quaidabad, Rohri, Kohat, Dera
Ghazi Khan, Loralai, Sibbi, etc.
9. Limestone
Limestone is a very useful mineral. It is used in glass manufacturing, soap making, paper manufacturing,
cement manufacturing, steel manufacturing, making of bleaching powder, white washing of building, paint
manufacturing, paan, lime and soda ash industry. In Pakistan limestone is mostly found in northern and
western mountainous areas Reserves of limestone are found in Daud Khel, Wah, Rohri, Hyderabad, Sibbi,
Dera Ghazi Khan, Kohat, Nowshera and Khizdaar.
10. Marble
Marble is used for floors and walls of buildings. There are different types and colours of marble in Pakistan.
There are reserves of marble in Mardan, Swat, Nowshera, Hazara, Chaghi, Gilgit and Attock.
11. Sulphur
Sulphur is an important mineral. Sulphur is used in ordnance factories, sulphuric acid, chemical industries,
medicine manufacturing industry, safety match industry, preparation of ammonium sulphate fertilizer,
preparation of paints and colours. Sulphur is found in Sultan Mountains (District Chaghi) Balochistan,
Sunny (District Kachhi) and Kalat. Sulphur reserves are found in Karachi, Hyderabad in Sindh and in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Peshawar and Chitral.
7.1.2 Agriculture
Pakistan is an agrarian country. Agriculture plays a very important role in the economy of the country. The
role of agriculture in Pakistan's economy is explained below:
1. Source of food
Pakistan is in the list of those developing countries where the agriculture is comprehended as the basic
pillar of economy. Man's basic need is food which includes wheat, cotton, rice, corn, sugar cane, millet,
pulses, vegetables and fruit, etc. Agriculture also fulfils the nutritional needs of all animals. This includes
the feed crops of summer and winter.

23
2. Source of national income
The agricultural sector has been the main source of national income of the country since Pakistan was
created. Due to this, a development in the agricultural sector leads crease in national income. This leads to
prosperity in the country.
3. Availability of raw material for industries
The following industries in Pakistan are dependent on the produce of the agricultural sector: flour mills,
sugar mills, rice mills, cotton, textile industry, ghee mills, soap industry, bread, juice factories and fruit
products.
4. Employment opportunities
A large proportion of Pakistani population is directly or indirectly related to the agricultural sector. These
millions of people are linked to buying and selling in grain markets, fruit and vegetables markets. The
labour force of the country which is approximately 44% is dependent on agriculture. Many people involved
in transportation in the agricultural sector also earn their livelihood in this manner. In this way agriculture
is the biggest profession of the most people in Pakistan.
5. Source of foreign exchange
Agricultural sector produce leads to agricultural exports. Pakistan earns a large amount of foreign exchange
by exporting produce like rice, cotton and industrial products dependent on them.
6. Source of economic development
Nearly 21% of the collective national production of Pakistan is from the agricultural sector. Not only
Pakistan's economic development but also industrial and trade development are dependent upon
agriculture. Agriculture has a very important role in the economic development of the national economy.
7.1.2.1 Livestock
Livestock rearing plays an important role in the agriculture of Pakistan. Sheep farming is the popular
profession of people living in areas where there are grazing lands. This has a very important role in the
economy of the country. This profession, in difficult times, is a source of support for farmers, non-farmers
and people who do not own land. Bulls are used for ploughing the land and for transporting crops. Cows,
buffaloes, sheep, goats, etc. are domestic animals. They are reared for milk, butter, ghee and meat. Their
hides are used for manufacturing leather products. The govern taken many steps and given facilities to
promote livestock rearing. For this a University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences was established in
Lahore He health of animals is taken care of and research carried out so that healthy animal good breed
can be bred. Other steps taken by the government include import of animals for reproduction purposes,
training of related people, ending customs duty on livestock and dairy imports, etc.
7.1.2.2 Fishing
Fishing is one of the oldest professions in Pakistan. Fish farming is an artificial method for reproduction
purposes. Fish play an important role in increasing the national income and overcoming the scarcity of
food. This lessens the load placed on the requirement of mutton, beef and poultry. More than 4 lakh
fishermen and their families are related to this profession. Fish is very important for human nutrition as it
is an essential source of protein. The coastal areas of Pakistan are famous for their shrimps and other kinds
of fish. Pakistan's rivers, lakes and fish farms also provide fish. According to the facts and figures of
economic survey of Pakistan 2013-14, fish production of Pakistan is 514500 metric tons per annum.
7.1.3 Industries
The role of industry in the economic development of a country is considered very important. It produces
industrial goods and raw material and fulfils many of our needs. It brings new goods into the market and
changes the way we spend. Following are details of the cottage, small and large scale industries of Pakistan.

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7.1.3.1 Cottage Industries
An industry or act of production which is carried out in homes or on a small scale in the category of cottage
industries. Cottage industries usually include those in in which Pakistani craftsmen use old fashioned,
simple tools and traditional mi Local raw material is used in these industries. Cottage industries play an
important in the industrial development of a country. These products com 07 of the export Pakistan. Our
famous cottage industries include:
1. craft of spinning with a spinning wheel
2. leather goods manufacturing
3. craft of making clay utensils
4. wood and iron craft
5. different items of daily use from leaves and cane
6. embroidery on clothes
7. weaving cotton, making woollen and jute items with hand tools
8. Metal goods, and dagger and knife manufacturing
9. sports goods manufacturing
10. silver and gold craft
11. stone craft
12. clay toys manufacturing
Handicrafts industry is being carried out in each province and villages of Pakistan since ancient times. It is
practiced according to individual cultures and is still popular today.
7.1.3.2 Small industries
In the industrial sector of Pakistan, a large number of people are associated with small industries. Small
industry means that industry which employs 2 to 9 workers and manufactures different items. A few of our
small industries are listed below:
1. dairy farm industry
2. bee-keeping industry
3. utensil making industry
4. fan, electric motor making industry
5. poultry farming
6. carpet weaving
7. sports good manufacturing industry
8. manufacturing of stainless steel cutlery, etc.
These days, it is difficult for industries to receive the facilities like the large scale industries. Their
competition is with large scale industries which sell better quality products. As a result, small industries
suffer.
7.1.3.3 Large scale industries
The following large scale industries in Pakistan are very important:
1. sugar industry
2. Iron and steel industry
3. petroleum and petroleum products industry
4. automobile (jeeps, cars) industry
5. armaments industry
6. heavy machinery industry
7. buses, tractors industry –
8. motorcycle industry
9. machinery, T.V. sets industry
10. refrigerator, air-conditioner industry
11. tobacco and cigarette industry

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12. textile and textile related industries
13. leather and leather goods industry
14. paper and paper products industry
15. cosmetics industry
16. tyres and tubes industry
7.1.4 Trade & Commerce
Some countries have a large quantity of mineral reserves. Other countries are very advanced in the field of
agriculture. Some countries can produce themselves goods for their needs at cheaper rates. Other countries
are obliged to export their manpower to foreign countries. The vast imbalance of goods of needs makes the
basis of the beginning of international trade. Every country wants to limit its needs so that it has to import
very few goods. On the other hand, efforts are made to export larger quantities of goods manufactured in
their country to other countries. This earns foreign exchange.
7.1.4.1 Exports of Pakistan
According to facts and figures of the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013-14 the total volume of Pakistan’s
exports was nearly 20997 million American dollars. The important exports of Pakistan are as follows:
1. Rice
Pakistan in produces excellent qualities of rice. Trading of rice with foreign countries is of the supervision
of a government organization called Rice Trading Corporation. This o organization buys rice from private
companies and factories and exports to countries
Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Iraq, Iran, Brazil, Libya, Sri lanka, Singapore,
Indonesia, Britain, Canada, Germany and America. In 2013-14 Pakistan exported rice worth nearly 1850
million dollars.
2. Cotton and cotton Products
Different types of cotton is cultivated in our country. In 2013-14 Pakistan earned foreign exchange of
nearly 11437 million dollars through cotton and its products. Pakistan exports the following cotton and its
products.
(i) Raw cotton
Pakistan's raw cotton is of excellent quality and very fine. It is in great demand in foreign countries,
Pakistan mostly exports raw cotton to Canada, America, Japan, Hong Kong, Britain, Italy, France, Poland,
Germany and Belgium etc.
(ii) Cotton cloth
Cotton cloth plays an important role in the exports of Pakistan. Pakistan mostly exports cotton cloth to
Britain, America, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Russia, Germany, Hong Kong and Poland.
(iii) Cotton yarn
Excellent quality and fine cotton yarn is produced in large quantities in Pakistan. There is a great demand
for it abroad. Countries which import our yarn include Russia, Sudan, America, Poland, Germany, Iran,
Britain, France and some African countries.
(iv) Hosiery goods
Like the other cotton products, the hosiery goods industry in Pakistan is also important. It produces vests,
socks, handkerchiefs, sweaters and towels. Hosiery goods are exported to Middle Eastern countries,
America and Europe.
(v) Readymade garments

26
Garments manufactured in Pakistan are gaining popularity abroad. Ready. garments from our country are
exported to Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirate, Iraq, France, Germany, Britain, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and
America.
3. Sports goods
The Pakistani cities of Sialkot and Lahore are famous for the manufacturing of sports goods. Worth
mentioning are the equipment of volleyball, football, carom board. hockey, and cricket. Holland, Belgium,
France, Italy, Britain, Germany and America etc. are important buyers of our sports goods. In 2013-14 the
foreign exchange earned from the export of sports goods was nearly 286 million dollars.
4. Leather and leather goods
Animals give us milk, butter and meat. Their hides also help us meet our various needs. There are many
tanneries in Pakistan to dye and prepare leather. Leather has helped in the development of the shoe making
industry and goods like suitcases, bags, jackets, sacks and other products. Leather goods are mostly
exported to Japan, Germany, France, Britain, America, Italy, Russia, Spain, China, Bangladesh and Middle
Eastern countries. In 2013-14 Pakistan exported nearly 519 million dollars’ worth of leather and leather
products.
5. Carpets, rugs and mats
Pakistan holds a special position in carpet weaving. Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Jhang, and Sangla Hill
are famous for carpet weaving. We export our carpets, rugs and mats to Germany, Switzerland, Belgium,
Italy, France, America and Britain etc. According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2013-14, Pakistan
earned nearly 106 million dollars in foreign exchange through the export of these products.
6. Cement
Pakistan has progressed greatly in the cement industry. After fulfilling national needs, it is exported to
Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, India, etc. In 2013-14 Pakistan exported cement
worth 415 million dollars.
7. Surgical instruments and medical equipment
Pakistani manufactured surgical over the world. These instruments are exported to Latin America, Africa,
Britain, France and Germany etc. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013-14, we in exchange
worth 281.7 million dollars from surgical instruments and medical equipment.
8. Fish and fish products
Cal has great importance in human nutrition. Fish from Pakistan is in great demand all over the world. The
following countries are important buyers of our fish and fish products - China, United Arab Emirates,
Thailand, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Middle East and Sri Lanka etc. In 2013-14 Pakistan
exported fish and fish products worth nearly 292 million dollars.
9. Dry fruits, fruits and vegetables
Pakistan exports dry fruits to Italy, Britain, America, Arab countries, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia.
Fruits and fresh vegetable are exported to Iran, Germany, Middle East and some countries of Europe.
Pickles, sherbets, chutneys, marmalade and jams etc. prepared in Pakistan are exported to Arab countries.
In 2013-14 Pakistan earned nearly 586 million dollars in foreign exchange from export of dry fruits, fruits
and vegetables.
10. Chemical and pharmaceutical products
In the past many years, the chemicals pharmaceutical industry has greatly progressed. Many countries of
Middle East and Africa are buyers of our chemicals and pharmaceuticals. In 2013-14 Pakistan exported
nearly 963 million dollars’ worth of these products.

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7.1.4.2 Imports of Pakistan
in 2013-14 the volume of Pakistan's imports was approximately 37104 million dollars. The important
imports of Pakistan are given below:
1. Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Pakistan has to spend a great amount of foreign exchange on import of petroleum. To lessen the amount of
foreign exchange spent, many products of petrol and a manufactured in Pakistan. To fulfil its needs
Pakistan imports oil, petrol, diesel petroleum products like plastic etc. from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Abu
Dhabi, Iran and Iraq. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013-14, we spent approximate 12205
million dollars on imports of petroleum and its products.
2. Iron and steel
To fulfil the national requirement for iron and to run our factories, steel and its manufactured products are
imported from Germany, Belgium, Britain, France, America Japan, and Australia. With the help of Russia,
we have established a steel mill in Karachi.In 2013-14 Pakistan imported iron and steel products worth
1107 million dollars.
3. Machinery
A very big factory for production of iron and heavy machinery has been established at Taxila. Heavy
machinery for different factories is manufactured in Pakistan Nevertheless, electric generators and
excellent quality machinery is imported. In 2013-14 Pakistan spent 5176 million dollars on import of
machinery.
4. Fertilizers
There are many factories in Pakistan which manufacture chemical fertilizers. In order to fulfil national
requirements some types of fertilizers are imported from Iraq, Tunisia, Italy and America. In 2013-14
Pakistan imported 584 million dollars’ worth of chemical fertilizers.
5. Edible oil
Pakistan imports edible oil mostly from America, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. According to the Economic
Survey of Pakistan 2013-14, Pakistan spent approximately 1608 million dollars on import of edible oil.
6. Tea
Tea is consumed in large quantities in Pakistan. Pakistan imports tea mostly from Bangladesh, Kenya and
Sri Lanka. A lot of foreign exchange is spent on this. In 2013-14 Pakistan imported tea worth approximately
247 million dollars.
7. Miscellaneous
A large amount of foreign exchange is spent on the import of pharmaceuticals, paper, armaments, milk
products, dry fruits, pulses, electrical goods, computers, pesticides, mobiles and cars.
7.2 THE SOCIOECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
The major socioeconomic institutions of Pakistan are:
1. Education
2. Health
3. Information Technology

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7.3 ECONOMIC ISSUES
Pakistan has been facing different challenges regarding to its economy. The economic situation of Pakistan
is very critical and people are looking towards the solution of these challenges faced by the economy of
Pakistan. Pakistan has different opportunities which can help it to solve its economic problem. But without
tackling long term challenges and problems decisively, country will no longer be able to take advantages
of opportunities. Increase in debt, increase in import and decrease in export, low saving, lower investment,
low tax collection, lack of policy implementation, excessive taxation are some of the challenges faced by
the Pakistan’s economy. Some of the solutions of these problems are offering low interest rate, collection
of the taxes, proper use of young labor force, use of technology, governance and decentralization.
Decentralization is one of the factors which can help increase the economy of the country. An individual
sitting in capital can’t identify the needs of the different areas of country but the local people those are
living there know exactly what they needed, what are their requirements. One has to transfer power to
other, decentralize and delegate authority, provide resources to the local/district governments so that they
can take decisions at their own at district level. District government will take decision according to the
requirement and the needs of the areas. Local government should report to the provincial government about
its activities and provincial government should report to federal government. If our government does so
we can do more by same resources which are being wasted today. Economic growth rate can be raised
from 6-7 percent average to 8-9 percent annually.
Interest rate is one of the factors which can increase the economy of country. Government can offer low
interest rate to the public so that it becomes easier for the investors to borrow money from the banks and
invest it in their business. Return in the form of interest rate should be low so that people do invest their
money. Borrowing at low interest rate and investing money will increase the level of demand in the
economy. It will increase the demand of labor force to meet the high production level. GDP and living
standard of people will improve.
Tax collection can play a vital role to improve the economy of Pakistan. For the past four years, Pakistan
has witnessed 81 percent rise in tax revenue, which is a big plus for Pakistan. There was 5.4% growth in
GDP, which is highest and the first time in over a decade. Government should allow Federal Board of
Revenue (FBR) to work as impartially, independently and transparently which will make FBR an efficient
and effective tax administration. This will increase the confidence of taxpayers in FBR and increase tax
collection in fair manner. This higher collection of tax can be used for the development of infrastructure.
It will help to create jobs by reducing unemployment and generate income for the millions.
Pakistan is among those countries which has a young labor force which can be bound for its own and global
economy. If we tool these young women and men accurately, we increase the female participation in labor
force, give them knowledge and skills, they can become the labor force for the rest of the world. This will
give immense boost to Pakistan’s economy. In 2001, worker allowances were less than a billion dollars;
today we have almost 7-8 billion dollars. Currently this can be multiplied by three or four times if we have
educated labor force i.e. skilled labor force going for foreign employment. This is the best mode to create
employment opportunities because if you have younger people approaching to labor force and you don’t
have job opportunities for them you can have social disturbance. Therefore, it is commanding to make
employment opportunities for them and train them in the kind of skills which are not necessary only by the
national economy but also by the international economy. Pakistan can put over 30 million plus population
by drilling training in various fields to meet the market needs in the age group of 25-35.
Technology has been spreading like a wild fire. 5 years ago, not every individual had mobile phone but
today 95 million Pakistanis have mobile phones today. This technology can be used to provide individuals
banking services, information on climate/weather, agriculture extension, health, education etc. Technology
particularly the information/communication technology can be used for the betterment of social and
economic problems of Pakistan. Pakistan is making good progress on Business-to-Business (B2B) front as
software industry aims to achieve the goal of $5 billion export mark by year 2020 through software
development and service out-sourcing which will help to improve economy of country.

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While there is a crucial need to fix persistent challenges, more innate reforms are required to improve and
attract talent to serve in the businesses and public sector. Instead of politicians, the academics, intellectuals
and community leaders should come forward and play their role in social revolution.

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8 SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Pakistani society is ethnically diverse yet overwhelmingly Muslim. It is largely rural yet beset by the
problems of hyper-urbanization. Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan has enjoyed a robust and
expanding economy--the average per capita income in the mid-1990s approached the transition line
separating low-income from middle-income countries--but wealth is poorly distributed. A middle-class is
emerging, but a narrow stratum of elite families maintains extremely disproportionate control over the
nation's wealth, and almost one-third of all Pakistanis live in poverty. It is a male-dominated society in
which social development has lagged considerably behind economic change, as revealed by such critical
indicators as sanitation, access to health care, and literacy, especially among females. Increasing population
pressure on limited resources, together with this pattern of social and economic inequity, was causing
increased disquietude within the society in the early 1990s.
Pakistan was created in 1947, as a homeland for Muslims in South Asia, and about 97 percent of Pakistanis
are Muslim. The founders of Pakistan hoped that religion would provide a coherent focus for national
identity, a focus that would supersede the country's considerable ethnic and linguistic variations. Although
this aspiration has not been completely fulfilled, Islam has been a pervasive presence in Pakistani society,
and debate continues about its appropriate role in national civic life. During the 1990s, Islamic discourse
has been less prominent in political controversy, but the role that Islamic law should play in the country's
affairs and governance remains an important issue.
There is immense regional diversity in Pakistan. Pakhtuns, Baloch, Punjabis, and Sindhis are all Muslim,
yet they have diverse cultural traditions and speak different languages. Ethnic, regional, and--above all--
family loyalties figure far more prominently for the average individual than do national loyalties. Punjabis,
the most numerous ethnic group, predominate in the central government and the military. Baloch,
Pakhtuns, and Sindhis find the Punjabi preponderance at odds with their own aspirations for provincial
autonomy. Ethnic mixing within each province further complicates social and political relations.
8.1 SOCIAL STRUCTURE
No society in the world is static. Children are enrolled to different training institutions for education,
training and transformation of cultural and societal aspects. In big social institutions, besides family, the
institutions of religion, education, politics, welfare and recreation are worth mentioning.
8.1.1 Family
Training is the process of learning and teaching. Good training enables a person to live better life in society.
Family plays an important role in the training of children. It is the important institution of social training.
Parents teach the children how to become good human beings, how to behave and what type of relations
should be developed with the and neighbours. Family transfers and teaches religion, ethics, arts, habits,
values, traditions and languages, etc.
8.1.2 Neighbours
Neighbours hold great importance in society. In rural areas, children spend most of their time with the
children of neighbours. They visit one another's house. They play together. In this surrounding a child
learns a lot.
8.1.3 Religious Institutions
Mosque is the most important institution of our society. Educational institutions are responsible for the
formal and non-formal education. Parents also acquaint their children with religious education.
8.1.4 Political Institutions
There is a great need of making the people habitual of rules and regulations and to take necessary steps for
their collective welfare. If someone breaks the rules and regulations, he can be stopped. This policy of need
of time has given birth to the political institutions in the society.

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8.1.5 Social Training Institutions for Children
Following institutions give social training to the children:
1. Family
2. Religious Institutions
3. Educational Institutions
4. Political Institutions
5. Welfare Institutions
6. Cultural Festivals
8.1.6 Recognition of Various Values
Great and high values exist in all the provinces of Pakistan. Elders are cured everywhere. Women are
respected. Elders treat young ones with love and care. Needy and helpless people are supported. Regional
social problems are solved with mutual collaboration and consensus. They another in happiness and
sorrow. In rural areas, punchaaiti system comprised of elders and learned people, resolves the conflicts at
local level. This system saves them from going to courts and police stations.
8.1.7 Elements that affect the Values
8.1.7.1 Religion
Every society has its own religious and cultural values; for example, to say Salat, to keep Roza, to respect
Holy Quran and to follow its teaching, consider Hazrat Muhammad (s) the last Nabi of Allah and to act
upon His (-) Sunnah are our religious values. All the values of life revolve around them. Sympathy,
generosity, honesty, nobility, patience, piousness, truth and respect of laws and regulations are called the
Islamic values.
8.1.7.2 Culture
Every society has its own culture, which differentiates it from the other. This difference is not the symbol
of non-confidence rather it is the source of identity, for example language, dress, way of living, food and
customs are the basic elements of culture. Values are greatly promoted in all the cultures of the world.
8.1.7.3 Education
The more the education is promoted, the more it affects the social values. If education is given higher
priority in a society then it will become an important part of public life to spread education and to send
their children to school.
8.1.7.4 Sports
In Pakistan, sports are also part of curriculum along with formal education. The countries which give
importance to sports outplay others in the playground. In pa games are held which volleyball etc. Wrestling
skills are also liked in Pakistan. "Polo" is popular in Gilgit and northern areas. Hockey is our national game.
8.1.8 Prominent Social Values in Pakistani Society
Prominent social values in Pakistani society are as under:
8.1.8.1 Marriage
Marriage is a religious and social obligation which is organized in regular manner by both parties (bride
and groom). Government has made a law for the public facilities and to save people from unnecessary
expenditures. It is prohibited by law to serve more than one dish in the marriage ceremonies.
8.1.8.2 The Birth of a Child
Every person acts according to his religious rituals on the birth of child. Right after the birth of a Muslim
child, Azan is recited in his ears. Relatives celebrate the event and present gifts. Similarly, the people of
other religion act according to their traditions.

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8.1.8.3 Death Rites
On the death of a person, rites are performed according to his religious beliefs. People in the surrounding
share the grief.

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9 ETHNICITY
9.1 DEFINITION
The major ethnic groups of Pakistan include Jatts, Rajputs, Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs,
Baloch, Hindkowans, and Chitralis. Smaller ethnic groups found throughout the nation include Kashmiris,
Kalash, Siddi, Burusho, Wakhis, Khowar, Hazara, Shina, Kalyu and Baltis.
Pakistan's census does not include the 1.7 million naturalized refugees from Afghanistan mainly found in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), with significant populations in the cities of Karachi and Quetta. Most of these
Afghan refugees were born in Pakistan within the last 30 years and are ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks,
Baloch and Turkmen.
9.2 MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS
9.2.1 Punjabi
Punjabis are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group and they are the largest ethnic group in Pakistan by
population, numbering approximately 91 million people and thus consisting of 44.7% of Pakistan's total
population of 200 million. The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as biradaris (literally
'brotherhood'), with further divisions between the zamindar or qoums, traditionally associated with
agriculture, and moeens, traditionally associated with artisanry. Some zamindars are further divided into
castes such as Rajput, Jat, Shaikh, Khatri, Khandowa, Gujjar, Awan, Arain and Syed. Ethnicities from
neighbouring regions such as Kashmiris, Pashtuns and Baluchis also form a sizeable portion of the
population of Punjab, especially in metropolises such as Lahore, Rawalpindi, Sialkot and Faisalabad. A
large number of Punjabis descend from groups historically associated with skilled professions and crafts,
such as the Sunar, Lohar, Kumhar, Tarkhan, Julaha, Mochi, Hajjam, Chhimba Darzi, Teli, Lalari, Qassab,
Mallaah, Dhobi, Mirasi, etc. The Pakistani Punjab is relatively religiously homogenous, with 97% of the
population adhering to Islam (with small Hindu, Sikh and Christian minorities). Notable Punjabi-Pakistanis
include Nobel laureate Abdus Salam, cricketer Wasim Akram and economist Mahbub al Haq.
9.2.2 Pashtuns
Pashtuns (also referred to as 'Pukhtuns' or 'Pathans'), an Indo-Iranian ethno-linguistic group, are Pakistan's
second largest ethnicity (consisting 15% of the population). They are native to the region known as
Pashtunistan, an area west of the Indus River including the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern
Balochistan, constitute a significant diaspora community in the cities of Lahore, Punjab and Karachi, Sindh
and are also a major ethnic group among the 1.7 million Afghan refugees and asylum-seekers in Pakistan.
They speak Pashto, an Iranian language and are divided into tribes such as Afridi and Yousafzai. They
make up an estimated 35 million of Pakistan's total population and are adherent to Sunni Islam. Notable
Pakistani-Pashtuns include former president Ayub Khan, incumbent prime minister Imran Khan, cricketers
Shahid Afridi and Shaheen Afridi, actor Fawad Khan and Nobel Laureate Malala Yousafzai.
The Sindhis are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the
Sindh province of Pakistan which was previously a part of pre-partition British India. Sindhis are
predominantly Muslim. Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some
of the popular cultural icons are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal, Sachal Sarmast
and Shambumal Tulsiani. Notable Pakistani-Sindhi include Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Abdul Sattar Eidhi, Abida
Parveen.
9.2.3 Saraikis
Saraikis are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. Saraikis speak the language Seraiki and are settled in
southern part of Punjab. This is the second largest community in Punjab. There are almost 20 million

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Saraiki people in Pakistan. Notable Pakistani-Saraiki include Pathanay Khan, Attaullah Esa Khelvi, Yusuf
Raza Gillani.
9.2.4 Muhajirs
Muhajirs (meaning "refugees") are also called "Urdu Speaking people". Muhajirs are a collective
multiethnic group, which emerged by the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to
Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of world's largest mass migration. Majority of Muhajirs are settled in
Sindh mainly in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. But there are other parts of Pakistan,
including cities like Lahore, Multan, Islamabad, Peshawar where Muhajirs have sizable community.
Muhajirs held a dominating position during the nation building early years of Pakistan. Most Muslim
politicians of pre-independence era who supported the Pakistan movement were Urdu speakers. The term
Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.
9.2.5 Baloch
The Baloch as an Iranic ethnic group are principally found in the east of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Despite living south towards the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian sea for centuries, they are classified as a
northwestern Iranic people in accordance to their language which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of
Iranic languages.
According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, Professor at University of Karachi, the Balochis migrated from
Balochistan during the Little Ice Age and settled in Sindh and Punjab. The Little Ice Age is conventionally
defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, or alternatively, from about
1300 to about 1850. Although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to
agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According
to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was inhabitable during the
winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in Sindh and Punjab.
9.2.6 Kashmiris
Kashmiri are a Dardic (subgrouping of Indo-Aryan) ethnic group native to the Kashmir Valley and Azad
Kashmir. The majority of Kashmiri Muslims are Sunni. They refer to themselves as "Kashur" in their
mother language. Kashmiri Muslims are descended from Kashmiri Hindus and are also known as 'Sheikhs'.
Presently, the Kashmiri Muslim population is predominantly found in Kashmir Valley. Smaller Kashmiri
communities also live in other regions of the Jammu and Kashmir state. One significant population of
Kashmiris is in the Chenab valley region, which comprises the Doda, Ramban and Kishtwar districts of
Jammu. There are also ethnic Kashmiri populations inhabiting Neelam Valley and Leepa Valley of Azad
Kashmir. Since 1947, many ethnic Kashmiri Muslims also live in Pakistan. Many ethnic Kashmiri Muslims
from the Kashmir Valley also migrated to the Punjab region during Dogra and Sikh rule and adopted the
Punjabi language. Surnames used by Kashmiris living in Punjab include Dar (Dhar), Butt (Bhat), Lone,
Mir, Khuwaja (a term used by converts just like sheikh), Wain (Wani), Sheikh (Saprus), etc. Kashmiri
language, or Kashur, belongs to the Dardic group and is the most widely spoken Dardic language.
9.2.7 Bengalis
Bengalis in Pakistan form at least 1% of Pakistani population. Their roots in Pakistan dates back to 1940s
when the eastern part of Bengal in undivided India joined Pakistan. Between 1947 and 1971, many Bengalis
migrated to Pakistan. Though some returned to Bangladesh after its independence, a small number
remained in Pakistan. Examples of Pakistani Bangladeshis include Jharna Basak, Runa Laila, and Robin
Ghosh.
9.2.8 Brahuis
The Brahui or Brahvi people are a Pakistani ethnic group of about 2.2 million people with the vast majority
found in Balochistan, Pakistan. They are a small minority group in Afghanistan, where they are native, but
they are also found through their diaspora in Middle Eastern states. They mainly occupy the area in
Balochistan from Bolan Pass through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari (Cape Monze) on the Arabian sea,
separating the Baloch people living to the east and west. The Brahuis are almost entirely Sunni Muslims.

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9.3 MINOR ETHNIC GROUPS
9.3.1 Hazara
The Hazara people, natives to the present day Hazarajat (Hazaristan), are a Persian-speaking people mostly
residing in all Pakistan and specially in Quetta. Some are citizens of Pakistan while others are refugees.
Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of Turko-Mongols and Iranian-speaking peoples, and those of Middle
East and Central Asia. The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the Eurasian and the
Uyghurs. The Pakistani Hazaras estimated population is believed to be more than 1,550,000.
9.3.2 Burusho people
The Burusho or Brusho people live in the Hunza and Yasin valleys of Gilgit–Baltistan in northern Pakistan.
They are predominantly Muslims. Their language, Burushki, has not been shown to be related to any other
language. The Hunzakuts or Hunza people, are an ethnically Burusho people indigenous to the Hunza
Valley, in the Karakorum Mountains of northern Pakistan. They are descended from inhabitants of the
former principality of Hunza. The Hunzas are predominantly Shia Muslims, with many of them Ismaili.

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10 FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN AND CHALLENGES
Foreign policy is a government strategy to deal with other nation.
Foreign policy or foreign relations refers to how a government deals with other countries. We also call it
foreign affairs policy. Foreign policy includes such matters as trade and defence.
Pakistan is situated in the south of the continent of Asia; it is a country of fertile land, mountains, rivers
and beautiful valleys. It shares its eastern border with India, northern border with China, and western border
with Afghanistan and Iran whereas to its south is the Arabian Sea.
10.1 OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY
When a country establishes relations with other countries, it has to abide by some fundamental principles
and objectives. The policy of a state in this regard is called the foreign policy. Following are the objectives
of the foreign policy of Pakistan:
10.1.1 Territorial sovereignty and security
The main objective of Pakistan’s foreign policy the security of its borders, freedom and sovereignty. When
Pakistan emerged on the world map, it was necessary for it to make appropriate arrangements for the safety
and security. Therefore, Pakistan always gave importance to the security in its relations with foreign
countries. National security is always the fundamental objective in Pakistan's foreign policy. Pakistan
respects the territorial sovereignty of other countries and expects the same from them. India conducted
atomic blasts, not keeping in view the national safety of Pakistan. Pakistan, in return, also conducted atomic
blasts. It was a show of strength which gave an evidence of Pakistan being an atomic power. Pakistan
follows the United Nations Charter and is a part of the world's struggle against the use of force.
10.1.2 Ideological objectives
The ideology and foreign policy of Pakistan are linked together. Pakistan is an ideological nation with the
Islamic base. The main objective of Pakistan's foreign policy is to protect the ideological borders of
Pakistan. The stability of Pakistan is linked to the protection of Pakistan's ideology. It can protect its
ideology only by establishing better relations with the Islamic countries. Therefore, Pakistan has always
maintained good relations with them. In its every constitution, closer relations with the Islamic countries
have always been stressed. Pakistan played an important role in setting up the organisations of the Islamic
Conference and the Economic Cooperation. Wherever the Muslims faced some problems, Pakistan helped
them as much as possible. Conflicts in Palestine, Cyprus, Bosnia, Kashmir, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Iraq and
Syria are the burning issues of the Muslim world.
10.1.3 Development in financial and economic trends
For the defence of a country, economic aspect has remarkable effects on foreign policy of a country.
Pakistan is a developing country and it wants to progress economically. Pakistan is wishing to have cordial
relations with all those countries which can help Pakistan financially. Pakistan has made important changes
in its foreign policy, keeping in view the recent economic trends. It has allowed free trade, free economy
and privatization. The main reason for close contacts with the Western countries is economic aid which
has made Pakistan closer to America and the Western World.
10.1.4 Cultural enrichment
Different cultural factors have always had an effect on Pakistan's foreign policy. The Pakistani nation also
has the right to protect and show its culture like other countries. Its culture reflects the Islamic values like
tolerance, respect for humanity, modesty, self-respect and courage. Pakistan wants to develop strong
relations with those countries which give an opportunity to promote and preserve Pakistani culture. Cultural
relations are further developing with Islamic states, and cultural troupes are exchanged among them.
Pakistani dresses and other items are liked in other countries. This paves the way to strengthen relations
with other states on cultural level.

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10.2 FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES TO PAKISTAN
No country in the world can live in isolation, hence, in the independent world foreign policy holds a
significance place. A country without Foreign policy is like a ship without radar which drifts aimlessly in
the water.
Pakistan is situated on a hot line where world supply line passed. Pakistan is the member of OIC and Non
NATO alliance against terrorism. Pakistan is world’s 42nd largest GDP and 25th largest purchasing power
of the world. To understand the country foreign policy, we need to start with the circumstance from the
beginning.
To formulate foreign policy, Pakistan faces such challenges which are as follow:
Pakistan and India
An adversary is sometimes more important than a friend. Moreover, the majority of Pakistan’s population
lives in proximity to the border with India. It is also the only country with which Pakistan has fought wars
and it targets Pakistan with its nuclear weaponry. For Pakistan, India is our only potential nuclear target.
The costs for Pakistan of its relations with India exceed those of its relations with any other country. How
to significantly reduce these costs without compromising Pakistan’s principled stand on major outstanding
issues, especially the ‘core issue’ of Jammu and Kashmir, remains a principal challenge for our foreign
policy.
War of any kind is not an option for a Kashmir settlement. The United Nations (UN) resolutions must
remain the basis of Pakistan’s Kashmir diplomacy although they cannot in reality deliver a settlement. In
fact, there is no short-term solution for Jammu and Kashmir. The international community, including the
UN and all major powers, will not force any Kashmir settlement upon India that is unacceptable to it.
Pakistan’s nuclear weapons are also irrelevant to the search for a just Kashmir settlement.
Pakistan cannot stay on a transformational economic growth path of an average of 8.9 per cent per annum
over the next three decades in a state of tension and confrontation with India — a country seven times its
size in population, economy and military strength. Accordingly, the search for a broader and long-term
strategy for a Kashmir settlement is inevitable. Any settlement will ultimately entail a principled
compromise and it must pass the test of acceptability to the people of Kashmir. Until that time, the United
Nations resolutions on Jammu and Kashmir must be the basis of Pakistan’s stand if it is to remain a relevant
party to a settlement process.
This requires developing a strong working relationship with India, including a comprehensive and
structured dialogue that addresses the core concerns of both countries. This must include the management
of nuclear threats. On this basis, a whole range of revived and new confidence and security building
measures (CSBMs) can provide a good start, beginning possibly with an invitation to Indian Prime Minister
Narendra Modi and other heads of state or government from the member countries of the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and
Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) to attend the prime minister’s inauguration.
Such an approach will be vehemently opposed by the powers that be inside Pakistan. There is also no
guarantee that India will immediately reciprocate Pakistan’s initiatives. Public opinion can be deliberately
inflamed. Incidents can happen to thwart such initiatives. Caution, consultation and preparation will be
essential to prevent them. Even more so will be leadership.
Afghanistan
While India is necessarily a longer-term challenge, Afghanistan represents a problem that should not even
exist. Mutual trust can be easily built if Pakistan’s policies towards Afghanistan are wise, generous and
sincere. There is no historical basis for animus and hostility. There is no reason for Pakistan’s Afghanistan
policy to be ‘India-centric’. No Afghan will accept that. The Taliban can also never be a strategic asset for
Pakistan if we are to meet the challenges and imperatives of the 21st century. Yes, the Americans need to

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leave Afghanistan and, yes, the Islamic State is a greater threat to regional stability than the Taliban but
the Taliban need to morph into a credible interlocutor for credible peace in Afghanistan.
Pakistan should participate in Afghan peace talks without holding a brief for the Taliban. Nor should
Pakistan allow its territory to be used to influence the balance of power inside Afghanistan. That only opens
the floodgates to Afghan resentment and Indian influence in Afghanistan. Our Afghanistan policy has been
short-sighted and self-defeating. It has been formulated in the dark by people who know little about Afghan
history and care less about the Afghan people. Imran Khan will have to ensure that no aspect of Pakistan’s
foreign policy remains the preserve of faceless forces.
Let Afghanistan choose its own friends; it will not choose against Pakistan unless Pakistan’s follies force
it to, which has happened ever since the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. Within these parameters,
specific issues, including transit trade, border management and refugees, can be easily addressed and a
detailed strategy to develop substantial and wide-ranging bilateral ties can be devised. Historically
inherited issues, such as the differences over the Durand Line, will lose their salience and eventually
disappear.
United States
Pakistan also needs to keep in mind that the United States is a global neighbour and will remain the number
one military, economic and technological power for the rest of this century. It cannot be a strategic partner
of Pakistan because it prefers India. Along with India, it targets the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC). Nevertheless, predictable, substantive and mutually satisfactory relations with the United States
are a priority for Pakistan. The costs of gratuitously annoying it are considerable.
Afghanistan, counterterrorism and Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal remain issues of concern for the United
States. Without having to bend a knee, these are not insuperable obstacles for Pakistan especially if it
rationalises its policies and refrains from playing games unrelated to its national interest. The US policy
dictation does not have to be accepted. Nor should Pakistan dress up compliance in the guise of defiance
to fool its own people. To have an honest bilateral relationship with the United States should be a sufficient
foreign policy goal.
China
Retaining Chinese confidence in the viability of Pakistan as a strategic partner, however, is a challenge that
should not be underestimated. Without good governance and a credible foreign policy, Pakistan will not
meet this challenge. CPEC is a golden opportunity, not a magic wand or a free ride. China is shaping up to
be the future of Asia. And Pakistan can be a critical part of this transformation provided Imran Khan
overcomes critical impediments and lays the foundation for a New Pakistan.

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11 FUTURISTIC OUTLOOK OF PAKISTAN
The contemporary issues of Pakistan are the institutional, economic, and cultural transformation if the
Pakistan state is to survive future population pressures, with shortage of food, water, and power. In a worst-
case scenario, Pakistan could within the next couple of decades have a population of around 220 million
people, with a water shortage equivalent to over two-thirds of the present flow of the Indus, 6 million of
its youth unemployed, and close on 30 million of its citizens out of school. Both an under-employed youth
bulge and provincial conflicts over diminishing water resources could present even greater threats to
Pakistan’s survival.
11.1 THE DEMOGRAPHIC TIME BOMB AND YOUTH BULGE
The phrase ‘demographic time bomb’ has been used to dramatize Pakistan’s expanding population
problem. The present population is predicted to rise to 335 million by 2050, making Pakistan the fourth
largest country in the world.
Pakistan is ill-prepared to meet the challenges of one of the largest youth bulges in the world which is set
to increase until the mid-2020s. Improvements in the provision and quality of education will enable
Pakistan to benefit from the youth bulge, rather than suffer from its consequences.
11.2 WATER AND ENERGY CRISIS
Alongside a demographic time, bomb, Pakistan is facing possibly future shortfalls in energy and water
supply. These are obviously linked with growing demands because of population increase, but are also
impacted by climate change and failures of governance and management.
Pakistan’s current energy crisis also doesn’t mean that its long-term prospects are necessarily as depressing
as they may initially appear. The country possesses vast potential energy supplies; it contains as much
future energy as is available from Saudi Arabia’s existing oil reserves. There is great potential also for
extending hydroelectricity supply.
11.3 THE NEED FOR NATIONAL CONSENSUS
Pakistan’s different regime path from India has resulted in part from not just weak political
institutionalization inherited from the freedom movement, but a lack of ideational strength. Aside from a
vague commitment to Islam, the Pakistan movement was marked by ‘negative nationalism’ with no vision
for the future. Certainly, Pakistan requires a sense of national purpose in the coming years if it is to achieve
the uphill tasks of educating, feeding, employing, and providing social justice for a rapidly growing
population. This requires coordination and cooperation on a vast scale in a country which has historically
been marked by confrontation and short-term thinking. There has been no consistency of policy except
resistance to Indian military domination. Pressure of events may nudge Pakistan’s leaders and its people
in the direction of a national consensus, as was seen in the widespread commitment to tackle militancy in
2009 following the TTP’s excesses in Swat. The media explosion of recent years can perhaps play a role
here, but this is not guaranteed.
11.4 THE REQUIREMENT FOR IMPROVED GOVERNANCE
The governance reforms must include the improvements in delivery of services, tax-rising capabilities,
along with reform to key institutions including the bureaucracy, the military, the police, state-run
corporations, political parties, and electoral processes. To these might be added greater transparency in
economic life, especially with respect to the privatization of loss-making state enterprises. The direction of
the changes would be to empower citizens at the expense of rent-seeking political elites, and increase the
resources available for education and health provision.

40
The military intervention has undermined political development, national unity, and sustainable economic
growth. Democratic consolidation will only become irreversible with civilian control over the army and
with its expenditures becoming transparent and open for political debate. The reining in of the military
influence can only occur within the context of the kind of national reappraisal of Pakistan’s future security
environment.
Conclusion
Pakistan faces massive future problems arising from population and environmental pressures. They present
potentially greater challenges to the state. It seems unlikely that Pakistan will be able to muddle through in
the future, as it has done throughout much of its troubled history. During the next two decades, a major
turnaround of national policy direction is required in order to avoid future catastrophe. The responsibility
for this will lie with Pakistan’s leader and people, although external well-wishers can assist the process
through financial and technical expertise. A future stable and sustainable Pakistan state will bring immense
benefits to tis population. It will enable the South Asia region to fulfil its economic potential. Failure of a
nuclear weapons state would have global as well as regional repercussions. Until Pakistan has moved
towards economic sustainability and democratic consolidation, it will continue to be the focus of
heightened international concern.

41
WORKS CITED
Advent of Islam in Sub-continent. (n.d.). Retrieved from Story of Pakistan:
https://storyofpakistan.com/advent-of-islam-in-the-sub-continent
Chaudhary, M. H., & Azam, U. (2010). Pakistan Studies 9. Lahore: Punjab Textbook Board.
Dar, A. A. (2010). Pakistan Studies - 10. Lahore: Punjab Textbook Board.
Ethnic Groups in Pakistan. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan
Rabbani, M. I. (2017). Pakistan Affairs. Lahore: Carvan Book House.
Social Studies - 5. (2010). Lahore: Punjab Textbook Board.
Talbot, I. (2014). Futuristic View of Pakistan. In I. Talbot, Pakistan: A New History. Karachi: Oxford
University Press.

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