1. Sir Issac Newton
By VIVEK THILAK

2. Born 4 January 1643)
[OS: 25 December 1642] Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth
Lincolnshire, England
Died 31 March 1727 (aged 84)
[OS: 20 March 1726] Kensington, Middlesex, England
Residence England
Citizenship English
Nationality English (British from 1707)
Fields Physics, mathematics, astronomy,
natural philosophy, alchemy,
theology
Institutions University of Cambridge
Royal Society
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors Isaac Barrow
Benjamin Pulleyn
Notable students Roger Cotes
William Whiston
Known for Newtonian mechanics
Universal gravitation
Calculus
Optics
Influences Henry More
Influenced Nicolas Fatio de Duillier
John Keill
Religious stance Monotheism

3. Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726])
was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and
theologian and one of the most influential men in human history. His Philosophiæ Naturalis
Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, is considered to be the most influential book in the
history of science. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of
motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics, which dominated the scientific view of
the physical Universe for the next three centuries and is the basis for modern engineering.
Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by
the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of
planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentric
and advancing the scientific revolution.
In mechanics, Newton enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular
momentum. In optics, he built the first "practical" reflecting telescope and developed a theory of
color based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into a visible spectrum. He
also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.
In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the
differential and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem,
developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and
contributed to the study of power series.
Newton was also highly religious (though unorthodox), producing more work on Biblical
hermeneutics than the natural science he is remembered for today.
Newton's stature among scientists remains at the very top rank, as demonstrated by a 2005
survey of scientists in Britain's Royal Society asking who had the greater effect on the history of
science, Newton was deemed much more influential than Albert Einstein

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Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any
exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic
plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables), made substantial
contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional
indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine
equations. He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms (a
precursor to Euler's summation formula), and was the first to use power series
with confidence and to revert power series. He also discovered a new formula for
calculating pi.
He was elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669. In that day, any fellow
of Cambridge or Oxford had to be an ordained Anglican priest. However, the terms
of the Lucasian professorship required that the holder not be active in the church
(presumably so as to have more time for science). Newton argued that this should
exempt him from the ordination requirement, and Charles II, whose permission
was needed, accepted this argument. Thus a conflict between Newton's religious
views and Anglican orthodoxy was averted.

5. Optics
From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he
investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that a prism could
decompose white light into a spectrum of colours, and that a lens and a
second prism could recompose the multicoloured spectrum into white light.
He also showed that the coloured light does not change its properties by
separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects. Newton
noted that regardless of whether it was reflected or scattered or transmitted, it
stayed the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects
interacting with already-coloured light rather than objects generating the colour
themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of colour.
From this work he concluded that any refracting telescope would suffer from
the dispersion of light into colours (chromatic aberration), and invented a type
reflecting telescope (today known as a Newtonian telescope) to bypass that
problem. By grinding his own mirrors, using Newton's rings to judge the quality
of the optics for his telescopes, he was able to produce a superior instrument
to the refracting telescope, due primarily to the wider diameter of the mirror. In
1671 the Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope.
Their interest encouraged him to publish his notes On Colour, which he later
expanded into his Opticks. When Robert Hooke criticised some of Newton's
ideas, Newton was so offended that he withdrew from public debate. The two
men remained enemies until Hooke's death

6. Mechanics and gravitation
In 1677, Newton returned to his work on mechanics, i.e., gravitation and its effect on the orbits of
planets, with reference to Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and consulting with Hooke and
Flamsteed on the subject. He published his results in De motu corporum in gyrum (1684). This
contained the beginnings of the laws of motion that would inform the Principia.
The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (now known as the Principia) was published on 5
July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley. In this work Newton stated
the three universal laws of motion that were not to be improved upon for more than two hundred
years. He used the Latin word gravitas (weight) for the effect that would become known as gravity,
and defined the law of universal gravitation. In the same work he presented the first analytical
determination, based on Boyle's law, of the speed of sound in air. Newton's postulate of an invisible
force able to act over vast distances led to him being criticised for introducing "occult agencies" into
science.

7. Newton's laws of motion
Law of Inertia
An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in
motion will remain in motion with constant velocity
unless acted upon by an external force.

8. The 2nd Law of Motion

9. Law of Acceleration
The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is
directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in
the same direction as the net force, and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
Fnet = m . a

10. The 3rd Law of Motion
Law of Interaction
In every action, there is always an equal and opposite
reaction

11. Summary Of Laws

12. Newton’s Apple
When Newton saw an apple fall, he found
In that slight startle from his contemplation –
'Tis said (for I'll not answer above ground
For any sage's creed or calculation) –
A mode of proving that the earth turn'd round
In a most natural whirl, called "gravitation;"
And this is the sole mortal who could grapple,
Newton himself often told that story that he was
inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by
watching the fall of an apple from a tree. It fell
straight down — why was that, he asked?

13. Writings by Newton
•Method of Fluxions (1671)
Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation (unpublished, c. 1671–75)
•De Motu Corporum in Gyrum (1684)
•Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
•Opticks (1704)
•Reports as Master of the Mint (1701–25)
•Arithmetica Universalis (1707)
•The System of the World, Optical Lectures, The Chronology of Ancient
Kingdoms, (Amended) and De mundi systemate (published posthumously in
1728)
•Observations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John (1733)
•An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (1754)

14. A statue of Isaac Newton, standing over an apple, can be seen at the Oxford
University Museum of Natural History.

15. THANK YOU
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