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Vijay Sardana
               MD; DM(Neurology)

         Professor & Head
       Deptt. Of Neurology,
Govt. Medical College, Kota
Bhikaji Cama         Rajkumari Amrit Kaur




Aruna Asaf Ali         Sucheta Kriplani   Kasturba Gandhi
•   President of India
•   Speaker of Lok Sabha
•   Leader of opposition in Lok Sabha (Lower house)
•   Hard working
•   Sincere
•   More honest
•   More meticulous

        Software industry – 30% women
•   Women in all professions, all levels of
    employment, efficient workers

•   Still seen by some as -Reproducers, care givers, sexual
    receivers, agents of family’s general prosperity
•   Sex determination of fetus
•   Child marriages
•   Poor education
•   Eve teasing
•   Bride burning
•   Exploitation in office
•   Domestic violence
•   Lower wages for laborers
Constitutional guarantees

•   Women equality – Article 14

•   No discrimination by state – Article 15(1)

•   Equality of opportunity – Article 16

•   Equal pay for equal work – Article 39(d)

•   Allows special provisions to be made by state for securing just
    and humane condition of work & for maternity relief – Article 42
•   Sex ratio at birth :
      1991 – 945
      2001 – 927
      2011 – 940


•   Sex ratio of last birth :
      Delhi - 681
      Punjab - 504
      Rajasthan - 717
      Haryana – 540


•   Sex ratio :
      With ultrasound - 851
      Without ultrasound - 941
•   Strong son preference

•   Girls under represented at birth & over represented
    in child deaths

•   Ultrasound abused despite PNDT Act
•   10 or more years of education (20-25 yrs )
              27% women
              39% men

•   Never gone to school (15-49 yrs )
             41% women
             19 % men


                             Census 2011

                             India               Rajasthan
            Total            74.04%              67.1%
            Male             82.14%              80.5%
            Female           65.46               52.7%
•   Lesser access to
      Money (about 15% bank/saving account)
      Healthcare
      Media

•   Movement outside restricted – one in three allowed
    to go alone to market, health centre & outside the
    community
UNICEF – State of the world’s children 2009 report



•   47% of women age 20-24 yrs were married before
    legal age of 18

•   40 % of world’s child marriages in India
•   1961 – Dowry prohibition act

•   1985 – Dowry prohibition ( maintenance of list of
    presents to the bride & bridegroom) rules framed
•   15 – 49 yrs :- Women – 43%
                   Men – 87%

•   Most work in agriculture
    7% professional, technical & managerial occupations

•   Largely employment is a result of economic necessity
    rather then expression of choice or a self fulfillment
•   Majority men advocate joint decision making but significant number
    of husband feel they should have major say

•   >50% women & men agree with reasons that justify wife beating
          -Women disrespecting in - laws
          -Women neglecting house & children

•   Common “taken for granted” rights of husband
      -Rights to be key decision maker in major household decisions
      -Rights to control wife’s behavior & body, with violence if
      necessary
      -Right to have sex when they want
•   Those employed & earn - one fifth have major say in spending own
    earned money

•   One fifth earn same as their husband – more likely to have say in
    husband’s earned money


•   Participation in decision      Alone          Jointly
    Own health care                  27             35
    Visit to own family              11             50
    Large household purchase         8              44
    Daily need purchase              32             28
•   39% of women 15 - 49 yrs age ever
    experience physical, sexual or emotional
    violence


    Duration of   Physical or sexual   Emotional
    marriage

    0-4 yrs       25 %                 18 %


    >10 yrs       40 %                 17 %
Common physical violence

•   Slapping – most common

•   Twisting of arm & pulling of hair

•   Pushing, throwing something on her

•   Kicking, dragging, beating

•   Punching with fist or something that could hurt
Common emotional violence

•   Humiliating in front of others

•   Insulting or making her feel bad about herself

•   Threatens to hurt or harm her/ someone close to
    her


              Sexual violence

•   Physically forcing to have sex against her will

•   Forcing unwanted sexual act
Variable affecting

•   Education more than 10 years

•   Wealth

•   Husband – alcohol drinking

•   Mother’s experience of spousal violence
S. No.   Year   Total IPC   Crime against   %age of
                crimes      women (IPC      total IPC
                            cases)          crimes
1        2006   1878293     154158          8.2


2        2007   1989673     174921          8.8


3        2008   2093379     186617          8.9


4        2009   2121345     203804          9.2


5        2010   2224831     213585          9.6
Women empowerment in post independence india
Women empowerment in post independence india
Women empowerment in post independence india
Women empowerment in post independence india
State               Total    Number of      Percentage
                             women police
Tamilnadu           102421   10225          9.98%

Orrisa              47216    3092           6.55%

Kerala              43909    2783           6.34%

Goa                 5055     315            6.23%

Arunachal Pradesh   6018     288            4.79%

Sikkim              3886     179            4.61%

Maharashtra         201251   9165           4.52%

Himachal Pradesh    14369    605            4.21%

Rajasthan           72626    2662           3.67%
Rank    IG   DIG   SP   Add Dy     IAS SI    ASI   HC   Consta Total
                        SP SP                           ble
Total   36   26    82   189   427 872 2627 4242 8202 54166     70869


Women   1    4     10   2     37   9   137   39    69   4161   4469


                                                                6.30%
•   General sense – refers to empowering women to be
    self dependent by providing them access to all the
    freedom & opportunities

•   Specific sense - enhancing their position in the
    present structure of society

    1st generation rights – Political & civil liberties
    2nd generation rights – Economic & social rights
•   Dec 1992 – 73rd & 74th constitutional amendments – 33%
    reservation in Panchayats & Municipal councils

•   1996 onwards – bill for 33% reservation in Parliament & State
    assembly moved many times

•   % of women in Parliament
    India – 9               China – 21.8
    Sweden - 45.3           Pakistan - 21.6
    Cuba – 30               Srilanka – 4.4
•   Hindu Personal Law 1956s

•   Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005

•   Reduction Of Stamp Duty For Women


            Violence incidence against women
                   49% - without property
                   18% - land owners
                   7% - both land & house
•   1956 – Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act

•   1986 – Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act

•   1987 – Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act

•   1994-- PNDT Act

•   2005-- Domestic violence act
•   1987-- Support to Training cum Employment for women
    (STEP)

•   1998 – Swa-shakti project (earlier Rural Women
    Development & Empowerment Project)

•   2001 – Swayam Siddha

•   2001 – Year of women empowerment
      National policy for the empowerment passed
Women empowerment in post independence india
•   Lack of awareness

•   Lack of political will

•   Lack of social & political empowerment

•   Feebleness of accountability mechanism

•   Lack of law enforcement
•   “There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless
    condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a
    bird to fly on only one wing”
                           Swami Vivekanand



•   “You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the
    condition of its women”
                          Jawahar Lal Nehru
•   Gender inequality is persistent in in every domain of life.
    Women are disempowered both absolutely & in relation to
    men

•   Gender equality and women empowerment are two sides
    of same coin

•   There is a great divergence between constitutional
    position of women and stark reality. Progress is slow.
•   Women welfare         Development          Empowerment

•   It is moral, social & constitutional responsibility of every
    Indian to ensure equal rights, opportunities & progress of
    women

•   Condition will improve only when complementory role of
    women is recognized by the society
Thank you

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Women empowerment in post independence india

  • 1. Vijay Sardana MD; DM(Neurology) Professor & Head Deptt. Of Neurology, Govt. Medical College, Kota
  • 2. Bhikaji Cama Rajkumari Amrit Kaur Aruna Asaf Ali Sucheta Kriplani Kasturba Gandhi
  • 3. President of India • Speaker of Lok Sabha • Leader of opposition in Lok Sabha (Lower house)
  • 4. Hard working • Sincere • More honest • More meticulous Software industry – 30% women
  • 5. Women in all professions, all levels of employment, efficient workers • Still seen by some as -Reproducers, care givers, sexual receivers, agents of family’s general prosperity
  • 6. Sex determination of fetus • Child marriages • Poor education • Eve teasing • Bride burning • Exploitation in office • Domestic violence • Lower wages for laborers
  • 7. Constitutional guarantees • Women equality – Article 14 • No discrimination by state – Article 15(1) • Equality of opportunity – Article 16 • Equal pay for equal work – Article 39(d) • Allows special provisions to be made by state for securing just and humane condition of work & for maternity relief – Article 42
  • 8. Sex ratio at birth : 1991 – 945 2001 – 927 2011 – 940 • Sex ratio of last birth : Delhi - 681 Punjab - 504 Rajasthan - 717 Haryana – 540 • Sex ratio : With ultrasound - 851 Without ultrasound - 941
  • 9. Strong son preference • Girls under represented at birth & over represented in child deaths • Ultrasound abused despite PNDT Act
  • 10. 10 or more years of education (20-25 yrs ) 27% women 39% men • Never gone to school (15-49 yrs ) 41% women 19 % men Census 2011 India Rajasthan Total 74.04% 67.1% Male 82.14% 80.5% Female 65.46 52.7%
  • 11. Lesser access to Money (about 15% bank/saving account) Healthcare Media • Movement outside restricted – one in three allowed to go alone to market, health centre & outside the community
  • 12. UNICEF – State of the world’s children 2009 report • 47% of women age 20-24 yrs were married before legal age of 18 • 40 % of world’s child marriages in India
  • 13. 1961 – Dowry prohibition act • 1985 – Dowry prohibition ( maintenance of list of presents to the bride & bridegroom) rules framed
  • 14. 15 – 49 yrs :- Women – 43% Men – 87% • Most work in agriculture 7% professional, technical & managerial occupations • Largely employment is a result of economic necessity rather then expression of choice or a self fulfillment
  • 15. Majority men advocate joint decision making but significant number of husband feel they should have major say • >50% women & men agree with reasons that justify wife beating -Women disrespecting in - laws -Women neglecting house & children • Common “taken for granted” rights of husband -Rights to be key decision maker in major household decisions -Rights to control wife’s behavior & body, with violence if necessary -Right to have sex when they want
  • 16. Those employed & earn - one fifth have major say in spending own earned money • One fifth earn same as their husband – more likely to have say in husband’s earned money • Participation in decision Alone Jointly Own health care 27 35 Visit to own family 11 50 Large household purchase 8 44 Daily need purchase 32 28
  • 17. 39% of women 15 - 49 yrs age ever experience physical, sexual or emotional violence Duration of Physical or sexual Emotional marriage 0-4 yrs 25 % 18 % >10 yrs 40 % 17 %
  • 18. Common physical violence • Slapping – most common • Twisting of arm & pulling of hair • Pushing, throwing something on her • Kicking, dragging, beating • Punching with fist or something that could hurt
  • 19. Common emotional violence • Humiliating in front of others • Insulting or making her feel bad about herself • Threatens to hurt or harm her/ someone close to her Sexual violence • Physically forcing to have sex against her will • Forcing unwanted sexual act
  • 20. Variable affecting • Education more than 10 years • Wealth • Husband – alcohol drinking • Mother’s experience of spousal violence
  • 21. S. No. Year Total IPC Crime against %age of crimes women (IPC total IPC cases) crimes 1 2006 1878293 154158 8.2 2 2007 1989673 174921 8.8 3 2008 2093379 186617 8.9 4 2009 2121345 203804 9.2 5 2010 2224831 213585 9.6
  • 26. State Total Number of Percentage women police Tamilnadu 102421 10225 9.98% Orrisa 47216 3092 6.55% Kerala 43909 2783 6.34% Goa 5055 315 6.23% Arunachal Pradesh 6018 288 4.79% Sikkim 3886 179 4.61% Maharashtra 201251 9165 4.52% Himachal Pradesh 14369 605 4.21% Rajasthan 72626 2662 3.67%
  • 27. Rank IG DIG SP Add Dy IAS SI ASI HC Consta Total SP SP ble Total 36 26 82 189 427 872 2627 4242 8202 54166 70869 Women 1 4 10 2 37 9 137 39 69 4161 4469 6.30%
  • 28. General sense – refers to empowering women to be self dependent by providing them access to all the freedom & opportunities • Specific sense - enhancing their position in the present structure of society 1st generation rights – Political & civil liberties 2nd generation rights – Economic & social rights
  • 29. Dec 1992 – 73rd & 74th constitutional amendments – 33% reservation in Panchayats & Municipal councils • 1996 onwards – bill for 33% reservation in Parliament & State assembly moved many times • % of women in Parliament India – 9 China – 21.8 Sweden - 45.3 Pakistan - 21.6 Cuba – 30 Srilanka – 4.4
  • 30. Hindu Personal Law 1956s • Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005 • Reduction Of Stamp Duty For Women Violence incidence against women 49% - without property 18% - land owners 7% - both land & house
  • 31. 1956 – Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act • 1986 – Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act • 1987 – Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act • 1994-- PNDT Act • 2005-- Domestic violence act
  • 32. 1987-- Support to Training cum Employment for women (STEP) • 1998 – Swa-shakti project (earlier Rural Women Development & Empowerment Project) • 2001 – Swayam Siddha • 2001 – Year of women empowerment National policy for the empowerment passed
  • 34. Lack of awareness • Lack of political will • Lack of social & political empowerment • Feebleness of accountability mechanism • Lack of law enforcement
  • 35. “There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing” Swami Vivekanand • “You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the condition of its women” Jawahar Lal Nehru
  • 36. Gender inequality is persistent in in every domain of life. Women are disempowered both absolutely & in relation to men • Gender equality and women empowerment are two sides of same coin • There is a great divergence between constitutional position of women and stark reality. Progress is slow.
  • 37. Women welfare Development Empowerment • It is moral, social & constitutional responsibility of every Indian to ensure equal rights, opportunities & progress of women • Condition will improve only when complementory role of women is recognized by the society