1. Vijay Sardana
MD; DM(Neurology)
Professor & Head
Deptt. Of Neurology,
Govt. Medical College, Kota
2. Bhikaji Cama Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
Aruna Asaf Ali Sucheta Kriplani Kasturba Gandhi
3. • President of India
• Speaker of Lok Sabha
• Leader of opposition in Lok Sabha (Lower house)
4. • Hard working
• Sincere
• More honest
• More meticulous
Software industry – 30% women
5. • Women in all professions, all levels of
employment, efficient workers
• Still seen by some as -Reproducers, care givers, sexual
receivers, agents of family’s general prosperity
6. • Sex determination of fetus
• Child marriages
• Poor education
• Eve teasing
• Bride burning
• Exploitation in office
• Domestic violence
• Lower wages for laborers
7. Constitutional guarantees
• Women equality – Article 14
• No discrimination by state – Article 15(1)
• Equality of opportunity – Article 16
• Equal pay for equal work – Article 39(d)
• Allows special provisions to be made by state for securing just
and humane condition of work & for maternity relief – Article 42
8. • Sex ratio at birth :
1991 – 945
2001 – 927
2011 – 940
• Sex ratio of last birth :
Delhi - 681
Punjab - 504
Rajasthan - 717
Haryana – 540
• Sex ratio :
With ultrasound - 851
Without ultrasound - 941
9. • Strong son preference
• Girls under represented at birth & over represented
in child deaths
• Ultrasound abused despite PNDT Act
10. • 10 or more years of education (20-25 yrs )
27% women
39% men
• Never gone to school (15-49 yrs )
41% women
19 % men
Census 2011
India Rajasthan
Total 74.04% 67.1%
Male 82.14% 80.5%
Female 65.46 52.7%
11. • Lesser access to
Money (about 15% bank/saving account)
Healthcare
Media
• Movement outside restricted – one in three allowed
to go alone to market, health centre & outside the
community
12. UNICEF – State of the world’s children 2009 report
• 47% of women age 20-24 yrs were married before
legal age of 18
• 40 % of world’s child marriages in India
13. • 1961 – Dowry prohibition act
• 1985 – Dowry prohibition ( maintenance of list of
presents to the bride & bridegroom) rules framed
14. • 15 – 49 yrs :- Women – 43%
Men – 87%
• Most work in agriculture
7% professional, technical & managerial occupations
• Largely employment is a result of economic necessity
rather then expression of choice or a self fulfillment
15. • Majority men advocate joint decision making but significant number
of husband feel they should have major say
• >50% women & men agree with reasons that justify wife beating
-Women disrespecting in - laws
-Women neglecting house & children
• Common “taken for granted” rights of husband
-Rights to be key decision maker in major household decisions
-Rights to control wife’s behavior & body, with violence if
necessary
-Right to have sex when they want
16. • Those employed & earn - one fifth have major say in spending own
earned money
• One fifth earn same as their husband – more likely to have say in
husband’s earned money
• Participation in decision Alone Jointly
Own health care 27 35
Visit to own family 11 50
Large household purchase 8 44
Daily need purchase 32 28
17. • 39% of women 15 - 49 yrs age ever
experience physical, sexual or emotional
violence
Duration of Physical or sexual Emotional
marriage
0-4 yrs 25 % 18 %
>10 yrs 40 % 17 %
18. Common physical violence
• Slapping – most common
• Twisting of arm & pulling of hair
• Pushing, throwing something on her
• Kicking, dragging, beating
• Punching with fist or something that could hurt
19. Common emotional violence
• Humiliating in front of others
• Insulting or making her feel bad about herself
• Threatens to hurt or harm her/ someone close to
her
Sexual violence
• Physically forcing to have sex against her will
• Forcing unwanted sexual act
20. Variable affecting
• Education more than 10 years
• Wealth
• Husband – alcohol drinking
• Mother’s experience of spousal violence
21. S. No. Year Total IPC Crime against %age of
crimes women (IPC total IPC
cases) crimes
1 2006 1878293 154158 8.2
2 2007 1989673 174921 8.8
3 2008 2093379 186617 8.9
4 2009 2121345 203804 9.2
5 2010 2224831 213585 9.6
26. State Total Number of Percentage
women police
Tamilnadu 102421 10225 9.98%
Orrisa 47216 3092 6.55%
Kerala 43909 2783 6.34%
Goa 5055 315 6.23%
Arunachal Pradesh 6018 288 4.79%
Sikkim 3886 179 4.61%
Maharashtra 201251 9165 4.52%
Himachal Pradesh 14369 605 4.21%
Rajasthan 72626 2662 3.67%
27. Rank IG DIG SP Add Dy IAS SI ASI HC Consta Total
SP SP ble
Total 36 26 82 189 427 872 2627 4242 8202 54166 70869
Women 1 4 10 2 37 9 137 39 69 4161 4469
6.30%
28. • General sense – refers to empowering women to be
self dependent by providing them access to all the
freedom & opportunities
• Specific sense - enhancing their position in the
present structure of society
1st generation rights – Political & civil liberties
2nd generation rights – Economic & social rights
29. • Dec 1992 – 73rd & 74th constitutional amendments – 33%
reservation in Panchayats & Municipal councils
• 1996 onwards – bill for 33% reservation in Parliament & State
assembly moved many times
• % of women in Parliament
India – 9 China – 21.8
Sweden - 45.3 Pakistan - 21.6
Cuba – 30 Srilanka – 4.4
30. • Hindu Personal Law 1956s
• Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005
• Reduction Of Stamp Duty For Women
Violence incidence against women
49% - without property
18% - land owners
7% - both land & house
31. • 1956 – Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act
• 1986 – Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act
• 1987 – Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act
• 1994-- PNDT Act
• 2005-- Domestic violence act
32. • 1987-- Support to Training cum Employment for women
(STEP)
• 1998 – Swa-shakti project (earlier Rural Women
Development & Empowerment Project)
• 2001 – Swayam Siddha
• 2001 – Year of women empowerment
National policy for the empowerment passed
34. • Lack of awareness
• Lack of political will
• Lack of social & political empowerment
• Feebleness of accountability mechanism
• Lack of law enforcement
35. • “There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless
condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a
bird to fly on only one wing”
Swami Vivekanand
• “You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the
condition of its women”
Jawahar Lal Nehru
36. • Gender inequality is persistent in in every domain of life.
Women are disempowered both absolutely & in relation to
men
• Gender equality and women empowerment are two sides
of same coin
• There is a great divergence between constitutional
position of women and stark reality. Progress is slow.
37. • Women welfare Development Empowerment
• It is moral, social & constitutional responsibility of every
Indian to ensure equal rights, opportunities & progress of
women
• Condition will improve only when complementory role of
women is recognized by the society