2. What is a Smart fabric?
Smart materials or textiles can be defined
as the materials and structures which have
sense or can sense the environmental
conditions or stimuli, whereas intelligent
textiles can be defined as textile
structures which not only can sense but
can also react and respond to
environmental conditions or stimuli. These
stimuli as well as response, could be
thermal, chemical, mechanical, electric,
magnetic or from other source.
3. E-textiles
smart fabrics, are fabrics that enable
digital components (including small
computers), and electronics to be
embedded in them. Smart textiles are
fabrics that have been developed with new
technologies that provide added value to
the wearer. Pailes-Friedman of the Pratt
Institute states that "what makes smart
fabrics revolutionary is that they have the
ability to do many things that traditional
fabrics cannot, including communicate,
transform, conduct energy and even grow"
4. E-TEXTILES
Smart textiles can be broken into two different
categories: aesthetic and performance enhancing.
Aesthetic examples include everything from fabrics
that light up to fabrics that can change color. Some
of these fabrics gather energy from the environment
by harnessing vibrations, sound or heat, reacting to
this input. Then there are performance enhancing
smart textiles, which will have a huge impact on the
athletic, extreme sports and military industries.
There are fabrics that help regulate body
temperature, reduce wind resistance and control
muscle vibration – all of which help improve athletic
performance.
5. Paradiso , et .al in their research stated that Smart fabrics and
interactive textiles (SFIT) are fibrous structures that are
capable of sensing, actuating, generating/storing power and/or
communicating. Research and development towards wearable
textile-based personal systems allowing e.g. health monitoring,
protection & safety, and healthy lifestyle gained strong interest
during the last 10 years. Under the Information and
Communication Programme of the European Commission, a cluster
of R&D projects dealing with smart fabrics and interactive textile
wearable systems regroup activities along two different and
complementary approaches i.e. “application pull” and “technology
push”. This includes projects aiming at personal health management
through integration, validation, and use of smart clothing and other
networked mobile devices as well as projects targeting the full
integration of sensors/actuators, energy sources, processing and
communication within the clothes to enable personal applications
such as protection/safety, emergency and healthcare. The
integration part of the technologies into a real SFIT product is at
present stage on the threshold of prototyping and testing. Several
issues, technical as well user-centred, societal and business,
remain to be solved. The paper presents on going major R&D
activities, identifies gaps and discuss key challenges for the
future.
6. Post.R.E stated that Wearable computers can
now merge seamlessly into ordinary clothing.
Using various conductive textiles data and
power distribution as well as sensing circuitry
can be incorporated directly into wash-and-
wear clothing.This paper describes some of the
techniques used to build circuits from
commercially available fabrics, yarns,
fasteners, and components.
7. While wearable computers are empowering fashion
accessories, clothes are still the heart of fashion, and
as humans we prefer to wear woven cloth against our
bodies. The textile and material properties of what
people wear are important to them, and people are
reluctant to have wires and hard plastic cases against
their bodies. Eventually, whole computers might be
made from materials people are comfortable wearing.
To this end, we have built electronic circuits entirely
out of textiles to distribute data and power, and perform
touch sensing. These circuits use passive components
sewn from conductive yarns as well as conventional
components, to create interactive electronic
devices, such as musical keyboards and graphic input
surfaces.
8. Advances in smart sensors, miniaturization, and
related technologies leading to the emergence of
smart fabrics are prerequisites to the
construction of a point-of-care (POC) system for
continuous health monitoring and illness
prevention. Low manufacturing cost, light weight,
portability and flexibility are among the
requirements for smart sensors when embedded
into smart fabrics. Organic semiconductor
technology has recently been envisioned to meet
these requirements, and to encourage the
development of organic semiconductor based
sensors because of its low process temperature
and potential for very low cost manufacturing.
18. Actuators
Mechanical shape memory materials, pH-and
thermo-responsive polymers, electro-
active polymers
Chemical micro/nanocapsules,
cyclodextrines, gel based systems
Thermal phase change materials, electro
conductive fibres
Optical electro chromic materials,
(in)organic LED (OLED)
Acoustic piezoelectric materials
Electrical electrostimulation
A light-emitting diode containing thin flexible
sheets of an organic electroluminescent
material, used for visual displays.
OLED-
19. TYPES OF SENSORS:
1. BLOOD PRESSURE MEASURING SENSORS:
Pressure sensors include all sensors, transducers, and
elements that produce an electrical signal proportional to
pressure or changes in pressures. Pressure sensors are
devices that read changes in pressure and relay this data
to recorders or switches.
2. BODY TEMPERATURE MEASURING SENSORS
Thermistors are thermally sensitive devices whose
electrical resistant varies with temperature. Unlike
thermocouples, Thermistors do not have standards
associated with their resistance verses temperature.
Thermistors are more accurate than some other types
of temperature sensors.
Thermistor: An
electrical resistor
whose resistance
is greatly reduced
by heating, used
for measurement
and control.
20. TYPES OF SENSORS:
3. PULSE RATE MEASURING SENSORS
The easiest way to measure heart rate is using the heart
rate sensors. Heart rate sensor monitors the light level
transmitted through vascular tissues of the fingertip and
the corresponding variations in light intensities that occurs
as the blood volume change in the tissue. The ease of use
makes it possible to measure everyone’s heart rate, even in
larger classes. The heart rate sensors measuring heart rate
between 0 and 200 bpm (beats per minutes).
NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION
In this where data acquisition from many sensors is
involved. Issues such as addressing of the individual
sensors, the layout of the data paths within the fabric. The
placement of the processing units and the routine
strategies all play a significant role in the design of the
fabric. In terms of its power consumption.
21.
22. Gore-tex
Gore-tex is a waterproof/breathable fabric that is
manufactured from PTFE into a laminated
membrane
Properties: breathable, lightweight, waterproof.
When worn gore-tex releases watervapour(sweat)
from the body but stops raindrops entering
It is used in a range of high performance products
such as medical implants, filter media, insulation for
wires and cables, gaskets, and sealants. However,
Gore-Tex is used mostly in outdoor and all weather
clothing.
PTFE Polytetraflu
oroethylene
23.
24. Micro-encapsulated fibre/fabrics
Microencapsuted textiles describes fabric which has
microcapsules embedding in the fibres. These
capsules contain either solids or liquids which can be
controlled to bleed due to a environmental change
e.g friction, pressure or gradually by diffusion or
during the process of biodegradation.
Some common uses of Micro-encapsulatied fabrics
are antibacterial socks, anti-body odour underwear
and largely in medical textiles.
Microencapsulation
is a process by which
solids, liquids or even
gases may be
enclosed in
microscopic particles
by formation of thin
coatings of wall
material around the
substances.
25.
26. APPLICATIONS OF SMART AND
INTERACTIVE TEXTILES IN VARIOUS
FIELDS
1. HEALTH CARE
The development of wearable monitoring systems
is already having an effect on healthcare in the
form of “Telemedicine”. “The integration of high-
technology into textiles, e.g. modern
communication or monitoring systems or the
development of new materials with new functions,
has just started with timidity, but the branch
already propagates an enormous boom for this
sector Personalized Health care The concept of
personalized healthcare empowers the individual
with the management and assessment of their own
healthcare needs. Wearable devices allow
physiological signals to be continuously monitored
during normal daily activities.
Telemedicine: The remote
diagnosis and treatment of
patients by means of
telecommunications
technology.
27. Cont……
Wireless-enabled garment with embedded textile
sensors for simultaneous acquisition and continuous
Monitoring of ECG, respiration, EMG, and physical
activity.The “smart cloth” embeds a strain fabric
sensor based on piezo resistive yarns and fabric
electrodes realized with metal based yarns.
Sensitized vest including fully woven textile sensors
for ECG and respiratory frequency detection and a
Portable electronic board for motion assessment,
signal pre-processing, and Bluetooth connection for
dataTransmission.
Wearable sensitized garment that measures human
heart rhythm and respiration using a three lead ECG
shirt.The conductive fiber grid and sensors are fully
integrated (knitted) in the garment (Smart Shirt).
29. Cont….
LIFE BELT:
Life belt is a trans-abdominal wearable device for long-term
health monitoring that facilitates the parental monitoring
procedures for both the mother and the fetus. Hospitals
and obstetric clinics, on the other hand, might avoid the
frequent visit of additional patients. so the remote health
monitoring provided by this.
LIFE JACKET:
Life jacket is a medical device worn by the patient that
consequently reads their blood pressure or monitors the
heart rate; the information is transferred to a computer
and read by medical staff. A specialized camera in the form
of headwear has been developed to be worn by paramedics.
Visual information captured by the camera can be
transferred directly to medical staff at the hospital
enabling them to advise instantly on appropriate treatment.
30. 2. MILITARY/DEFENSE
In extreme environmental conditions and
hazardous situations there is a need for
real time information technology to
increase the protection and survivability of
the people working in those conditions.
Improvements in performance and
additional capabilities would be of immense
assistance within professions such as the
defense forces and emergency response
services. The requirements for such
situations are to monitor vital signs and
ease injuries while also monitoring
environment hazards such as toxic gases.
Wireless communication to a central unit
allows medics to conduct remote triage of
casualties to help them respond more
rapidly and safely.
31. Cont…….
3. FASHION AND ENTERTAINMENT
Club wear that reacts to movement,
heat and light.They include garments
with panels that illuminate when the
dancer moves, or clothing that
contain fibre optics woven and
integrated into the fabric.
4. SPORTSWEAR
Sports enthusiasts are able to benefit
from integrated fabric sensors and
display panels.They monitor heart
rate and blood pressure during a gym
workout or morning run and are able
to analyze the information giving
feedback on performance along with
playing mood/ performance
enhancing music.
32. Cont……
5. PURPOSE CLOTHING
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
incorporated into walking shoes which allow
the user to be tracked by mountain rescues
services. In Ski jackets to help locate the
wearer in the event of an avalanche.
They can also used to monitor the where
about of young children.
Gloves that contain heaters, or built in LED’s
emitting light so that a cyclist can be seen in
the dark.
33. 6. TRANSPORT AND AUTOMOTIVE
USE
Modern contemporary cars contain
control panels that activate heated
seats, air-bags.
Transport and automotive industries is
one of the largest that benefits from
interactive electronic and technical
textiles. They have uses in space
shuttles, aircraft and racing cars.
34. Overview:
To take the next step towards electronic clothing (made of
electronic textiles) research has to be carried out in the following
areas:
Clothing technology for manufacturing testing under wearing
conditions and washing/cleaning treatments investigation of reliability
We have seen that electronics can not only be attached to textiles but
also realized in form of textile structures. Today, some performances
cannot be compared with conventional computer technology. There are
also some limitations concerning mass production and reliability. In the
future it could become quite difficult to clearly separate electronic
textiles from the aforementioned method of miniaturization plus
attachment, because computers could be miniaturized until they are
molecule-sized. In this case ‘attachment’ to fibres or fabrics would
also lead to what we define as electronic textiles.
Plastic was a revolution, and nano-technology will probably be the next
big change. There are a lot of thoughts about what could be done if we
were able to manipulate, rearrange and build from molecules and
atoms. Having a machine that changes a bicycle tire into meat, self-
cleaning carpets, changing state from rigid to flexible and visa versa.
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