There are over 1,300 mobile service providers worldwide hosted by mobile network operators (MNOs) in addition to the MNOs' own brands. This includes 1,038 mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) and 277 MNO sub-brands. Two-thirds of all MVNOs are located in Europe, with 599 in Europe, 137 in Asia Pacific, and 113 in North America. MVNOs focus on various strategies like offering low-cost services, international voice services, retail bundles, roaming agreements, machine-to-machine services, and business or media/entertainment offerings.