विधिक शब्दावली

English/Hindi
Legal Glossary

Translated from English into Hindi by Darshan Mundy

Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento
720 9th Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 874-6867 Fax: (916) 874-8229

www.saccourt.com

2007

Disclaimer

The Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento ("Court"), has prepared this
Legal Glossary. The Court cannot guarantee that the translations contained therein are
completely accurate, although reasonable attempts were made to achieve this goal. This
glossary is to be used for general reference purposes only, should be considered a "work-
in-progress," and is not intended to provide legal advice. This glossary is not intended to
be used as a study guide for purposes of passing California court interpreter certification
examinations, as some terminology might differ when used in specific context.

Neither the Administrative Office of the Courts, nor the Superior Court of California,
Sacramento County, nor any of its officials or employees assumes any legal liability or
responsibility for the accuracy of these translations. For more information or comments,
please contact Ms. Elaine Flores, Administrative Services Officer II of the Court, at (916)
874-8663 or via e-mail at florese@saccourt.com.

----A-----

1. 1203.03 PC MOTION - Request to cancel, modify, change or terminate probation.

2. 1203.4 PC MOTION - Request to take back guilty plea or set aside a guilty verdict, and dismiss
the accusations or information. (Made after probation has either terminated or defendant was
discharged from probation prior to termination.)

3. 170.6 PC MOTION - Request to disqualify the assigned judge from hearing a matter.

4. 995 PC MOTION - Request made by a defendant to dismiss a count of information.

5. ABANDONMENT - When a parent leaves a child without enough care, supervision, support, or
parental contact for an excessive period of time.

6. ABATE - To put an end to; to cancel out.

7. ABATEMENT OF ACTION - A suit which has been set aside and ended.

8. ABDUCTION – The offense of taking away a wife, child, or ward, by deceitful persuasion, force,
or violence.

9. ABROGATE - To repeal or cancel an old law using another law or constitutional power.

10. ABSTRACT - A summary of what a court or government agency does. In Traffic, document that
is sent to the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to update driving record.

11. ABSTRACT OF JUDGMENT- Summary of the court's final decision. Can be used as a lien if
you file it with the county recorder.

12. ABSTRACT OF RECORD - Short form of the case.

13. ABUSE – (1) immoderate or improper use; (2) to do physical, sexual, or psychological harm to
someone.

14. ABUSE OF PROCESS - Misuse of the power of the court.

15. ACCESSORY - A person who helps someone else commit a crime, either before or after the
crime.

16. ACCIDENT AND MISFORTUNE – An unintentional event; unforeseen event causing
misfortune.

17. ACCOMPLICE - A person that helps someone else commit a crime. Can be on purpose or not.

18. ACCORD - A satisfaction agreed upon between the parties in a lawsuit, which prevents further
actions after the claim.

19. ACCORD AND SATISFACTION - Agreement by the parties to settle a claim or dispute in
which the parties typically agree to give or accept something.

20. ACCRUAL – The total amount of child support payments that are owed or that are late.

English/Hindi Legal Glossary 1

21. ACCUSATION - A formal charge against a person.

22. ACCUSED - The person that is charged with a crime and has to go to criminal court. (See
DEFENDANT).

23. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - Saying, testifying, or assuring that something is true.

24. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SATISFACTION OF JUDGMENT – A court form that the
person who wins the case must fill out, sign, and file with the court when the judgment is fully
paid. If there are no liens, the back of the Notice of Entry of Judgment can be signed and filed
with the court (See JUDGMENT CREDITOR, JUDGMENT.)

25. ACQUIT - To legally find the innocence of a person charged with a crime. To set free, release or
discharge from an obligation, burden or accusation. To find a defendant not guilty in a criminal
trial.

26. ACQUITTAL - When a judge or jury finds that the person on trial is not guilty.

27. ACTION - In court, when one person sues someone else to, defend or enforce a right, stop
something bad from happening or fix something, or punish them for a crime.

28. ACTION IN PERSONAM - Proceeding against the person for the recovery of a specific object,
usually an item of personal property such as an automobile.

29. ACTION IN REM - Proceeding "against the thing" as compared to personal actions (in
personam). Usually a proceeding where property is involved.

30. ACTIVE STATUS – A case that is in court but is not settled or decided has active status. (See
DISPOSITION, PENDING.)

31. ACTUAL LOSS – This is a showing that the plaintiff or injured party has undergone some loss of
property or other thing of value by reason of fraud, forgery, or other illegal action. For the crime
of forgery the existence of a specific intent to defraud is an essential element; however, there is no
requirement of actual loss to complete the crime.

32. AD LITEM - Comes from Latin meaning for the "purposes of the lawsuit." For example, a
guardian ad litem is a person appointed by the court to protect the interests of a minor or legally
incompetent person in a lawsuit.

33. ADD-ON - Refers to an additional matter that is added to a specific calendar at a time after the
initial preparation of the calendar.

34. ADDENDUM - A thing added or to be added.

35. ADDICTION – A person who has become emotionally dependent on the use of a drug and the
effect is an irresistible need to continue its use and has developed a tolerance to the drug and
requires larger stronger doses.

36. ADDITUR - The power of a trial court to increase the amount of an award of money to one party
made by jury verdict, as a condition of denial of motion for new trial. The defendant must consent
to the increased money award, the plaintiff need not consent.

37. ADHESION CONTRACTS – Contract where one party has no real choice as to its terms.

38. ADJOURNMENT - To put off a court hearing until another time or place.


39. ADJUDICATE - When a judge hears and decides a case.

40. ADJUDICATION - The judge's decision in a case or action.

41. ADMIN PER SE - Latin meaning,“by itself, inherently.” Requires the Department of Motor
Vehicles (DMV) to automatically suspend or cancel the driver's license of a driver whose blood
alcohol content measures more than .08%, or who refuses to take a test to measure his/her blood
alcohol level.

42. ADMINISTER – (1) to manage; (2) taking a drug by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other
means, to the body for that person's immediate needs.

43. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE – The way an executive government agency makes and
enforces support orders without going to court.

44. ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW OR “AR” – A review of the welfare of a child in long-term
foster care by a panel of people selected by the state Department of Health & Human Services
(DHHS). The review is conducted at least once a year, in place of a 6-month placement hearing by
the Court. The panel reviews a report from DHHS. The review is open to the parents of the child,
parents’ attorney and child’s attorney.

45. ADMINISTRATOR - 1. Man who represents the estate of a person who dies without a will. 2. A
court official.

46. ADMINISTRATRIX - Woman who represents the estate of a person who dies without a will.

47. ADMISSIBLE - Pertinent and proper to be considered in reaching a decision.

48. ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE - Evidence that can be legally and properly be used in court.

49. ADMISSION - Saying that certain facts are true. But not saying you are guilty. (Compare with
CONFESSION).

50. ADMONISH - To warn, advise, or scold.

51. ADMONITION - Advice or caution by the court to the jury respecting their duty or conduct as
jurors, and the purpose for which evidence may be considered.

52. ADMONITION TO JURORS - What the judge says to the jury about what they must do and
how they must behave, what evidence they can use to make their decision (called "admissible"
evidence), and how they can use that evidence to make a decision.

53. ADOPTION - The way to make the relationship between a parent and child legal when they are
not related by blood.

54. ADOPTIVE ADMISSION – Action by a party that communicates agreement with the statements
of another person.

55. ADVERSARY SYSTEM - The system of trial practice in the United States and some other
countries in which each of the opposing (or "adversary") parties has the opportunity to present and
establish opposing positions before the court.

56. ADVERSE WITNESS – A person called to testify for the other side.

57. AFFIANT - A person who makes and signs an affidavit.


58. AFFIDAVIT - A written statement that someone swears to under oath in front of someone that is
legally authorized, like a judge or notary public.

59. AFFIRMATION – When an appellate court says that the lower court’s decision was right.

60. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE - When a defendant or person responding to a civil case has a
reason that would make him or her "not guilty" or not at fault and gives the court new evidence to
prove that. The defense has to prove what it says (called BURDEN OF PROOF). The defense has
to explain this defense in their ANSWER.

61. AFFIRMED - In appellate courts, it means that the decision of the trial court is correct.

62. AFTER ACQUIRED INTENT – When the defendant did not intend to commit a crime until
after the crime had been committed.

63. AGENT - Someone who has authority to act for another.

64. AGENCY – One person acts for or represents another by authority. In Traffic, the department
issuing the citation.

65. AGGRAVATION - Circumstances that may be considered as magnifying, or adding to, the
degree of punishment.

66. AGGRAVATED ARSON – Aggravated Arson – Deliberately setting fire with specific intent to
cause injury or damage structures where defendant has been previously convicted of arson, the
damage exceeds $5m, or at least 5 residences were damaged.

67. AGGRAVATED BATTERY - Unlawful use of force against another such as using a dangerous
weapon.

68. AGGRAVATED MAYHEM – Causing permanent disability or disfigurement with specific
intent to cause the injury and with extreme indifference to well-being of other person.

69. AGGRAVATED TRESPASS – Unlawfully entering property of another with specific intent to
carry out prior threat of serious bodily injury.

70. AGGRAVATING FACTORS - Any factors associated with the commission of a crime which
increase the seriousness of the offense.

71. AGGREGATE TERM - The total length of imprisonment

72. AGREED STATEMENT OF FACTS - Statement of all important facts, which all the parties
agree is true and correct, and which is submitted to a court for a decision.

73. AGREEMENT - When the people involved in a legal dispute agree about something.

74. AID AND ABET - to help or assist, in committing a crime.

75. AIDER AND ABETTOR – One who has criminal intent and assists another to commit a crime.

76. ALLEGE - To say, declare, or charge that something is truce even though it is not proved yet.

77. ALLEGED - Said to be true as described; a person who is accused, but has not yet been tried in
court.

78. ALLEGATION - A statement or claim that is made and has not been proved to be true or false.


79. ALLEGED FATHER – A man who may be the father of the child.

80. ALIAS - Known by another name; or means "also known as" which A.K.A. is short for.

81. ALIBI - A defense claim that the accused was somewhere else at the time a crime was committed.

82. ALIMONY - Money the court orders you to pay to a spouse or ex-spouse. (See SPOUSAL
SUPPORT).

83. ALLOCUTION - Defendant's statement to try to reduce punishment.

84. ALTERATION, FORGERY BY – Adding, erasing, or changing a document with the specific
intent to cause it to appear different from what it originally was intended to be to cheat another
person.

85. ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) - Methods of resolving disputes without
official court proceedings. These methods include MEDIATION and ARBITRATION.

86. AMEND - To add to or change a claim that has been filed in court.

87. AMENDMENT - A change made by correction, addition, or deletion.

88. AMICUS CURIAE (A-MI'KUS KU'RIE) - Someone that gives advice to the court about the law
in a case, but is not part of the case. Comes from the Latin for "friend of the court."

89. ANNOTATION - A case summary or commentary on the law cases, statutes, and rules.

90. ANNUAL REVIEW - Yearly judicial review.

91. ANNULMENT – A legal action that says your marriage was never legally valid because of
unsound mind, incest, bigamy, being too young to consent, fraud, force, or physical incapacity.

92. ANONYMOUS – When someone's name is kept secret.

93. ANSWER - A statement that a defendant writes to answer a civil complaint and says what
defense they will use.

94. ANTICIPATORY BREACH - When a person who is to perform as set forth in a contract,
clearly indicates to the other party that he will not or cannot perform.

95. APPEAL - When someone that loses at least part of a case asks a higher court (called an
"APPELLATE COURT") to review the decision and say if it is right. This is called "to appeal" or
"to take an appeal." The person that appeals is called the "APPELLANT." The other person is
called the "APPELLEE."

96. APPEARANCE - Going to court. Or a legal paper that says you will participate in the court
process.

97. APPEARANCE PROGRESS REPORT (APR) – A court order for a report by the Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on an issue requested by the court.

98. APPELLANT - Someone that APPEALS a court's decision. (Compare with APPELLEE.)


99. APPELLATE - Having to do with appeals. An APPELLATE COURT can review a lower court's
(called a "TRIAL COURT" or "superior court." Decision. For example, California Court of
Appeal review the decisions of the superior courts.

100. APPELLATE COURT - A court that can review how the law was used to decide a case in a
lower court.

101. APPELLATE JURISDICTION - The appellate court has the right to review and change the
lower court decision.

102. APPELLEE - A person that answers an appeal in higher court.

103. ARBITRATION - When a person that isn't involved in the case looks at the evidence, hears the
arguments, and makes a decision. (Compare with MEDIATION.)

104. ARGUMENT - Remarks made by an attorney to a judge or jury on the facts of the case or on
points of law.

105. ARMING CLAUSE - A conduct enhancement alleging that defendant or an
accomplice was armed.

106. ARRAIGN - Process where the person who is accused is brought before the court to hear the
criminal charge(s) against him or her and to plead guilty, not guilty or no contest.

107. ARRAIGNMENT - When a person that is accused of committing a crime is taken to court, told
about the charges, and asked to plead "guilty" or "not guilty."

108. ARREARAGE – Child support that is overdue or unpaid.

109. ARREST - The legal capture of a person who is charged with a crime.

110. ARREST OF JUDGMENT - Postponing the result of a judgment already entered.

111. ARSON - The malicious burning of someone's own house or of someone else's house, or of
someone's commercial or industrial property.

112. ASSAULT - When someone tries or threatens to hurt someone else. Can include violence, but is
not battery. (See BATTERY.)

113. ASSAULT WITH A DEADLY WEAPON - When someone tries to hurt someone and there is
threat to do bodily harm without justification by use of a weapon like a gun or a knife.

114. ASSESSMENT – Additional charges added to a case.

115. ASSIGNEE - A person or business that is put in the place of the original creditor, such as a
collection agency. You can assign your JUDGMENT to another person or business.

116. ASSIGNMENT – Choosing someone to do something. Usually for: Cases - when the court
uses a calendar to give (or "assign" cases to judges; Lawyers - when lawyers are chosen (or
"appointed") to represent juveniles, conservatees or defendants; and Judges - when judges are
sent (or "assigned") to different courts to fill in while other judges are on vacation, sick, etc., or
to help with cases in a court.


117. ASSIGNMENT OF SUPPORT RIGHTS – When a person who gets public assistance agrees
to give the state any child support they get in the future. The person gets money and other
benefits from the state. So the state can use part of the child support to pay for the cost of that
public assistance.

118. ASSIGNMENT ORDER – A court order (made after a MOTION that says a JUDGMENT
DEBTOR must assign certain rights to the JUDGMENT CREDITOR. Useful for payments that
the judgment debtor would usually get, like rent from tenants, wages from the federal
government, sales commissions, royalties, a business's accounts receivable, or installment
payments on IOUs (also called "PROMISSORY NOTES" or JUDGMENTS).

119. ASSUMPTION OF RISK - A defense to a lawsuit for personal injury. The essence of the
defense is that the plaintiff assumed the known risk of whatever dangerous condition caused the
injury.

120. AT ISSUE - The time in a lawsuit when the complaining party has stated his or her claim and
the other side has responded with a denial and the matter is ready to be tried.

121. AT ISSUE MEMORANDUM – A legal paper filed in a civil case that says the case is ready to
go to trial.

122. ATTACHMENT - (1) Document attached to court papers to give more information; (2) A way
to collect judgment: by getting a court order that says you can take a piece of property.

123. ATTACHMENT FOR DEFAULTER - A process by the court for the arrest of a person other
than a defendant. (See ATTACHMENT, BENCH WARRANT.)

124. ATTEMPT - An effort to do an act or commit a crime.

125. ATTEST - To witness, to affirm to be true or genuine, to certify.

126. ATTESTATION – The act of witnessing something in writing, at the request of a party.

127. ATTORNEY - Someone that is qualified to represent clients in court and to give them legal
advice. (See COUNSEL).

128. ATTORNEY OF RECORD - The lawyer whose name is listed in a case record as representing
someone in the case.

129. ATTORNEY-AT-LAW - An advocate, counsel, or official agent employed in preparing,
managing, and trying cases in the courts.

130. ATTORNEY-IN-FACT - A private person (who is not necessarily a lawyer) authorized by
someone to act in his or her place, either for some particular purpose, or for the transaction of
business in general. This authority is given in writing, called a power of attorney.

131. AUDIT – When records or accounts are looked at to check that they are right and complete.

132. AUTHENTICATE - To give authority or legal authenticity to a statute, record, or other written
document.

133. AUTO TAMPERING - The manipulation of an automobile and its parts for a specific purpose.

134. AUTOMATED ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERSTATE CASES (AEI)
– Part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) that
lets states fins, put a lien on, and take property from people in a different state who owe money.


135. AUTOMATED VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM (AVR) – Phone system that gives
information to people over the phone.

136. AVERAGE ADULT PERSON – A hypothetical person who is used as an example of the
entire community. This hypothetical person represents the interests of all, including persons
religious and irreligious; persons of all nationalities, all adult ages and all economic, educational
and social standings; persons with normal, healthy, average contemporary.


1) eks'ku % jí djus] la'kks/ku djus] cnys vFkok lekIr djus ds fy, ;kfpdk
2) ih-lh-eks'ku % nks"k Lohdkj djus dh nyhy dks okfil ysus] nks"kh djkj nsus ds
fu.kZ; dks fujDr djus rFkk vkjksiksa vFkok lwpuk dks [kkfjt djus
ds fy, ;kfpdkA ;g ;kfpdk ;k rks ij[k vk/khu vo/kh ds lekIr
gksus ij vFkok tc ,slh vo/kh lekIr gksus ls iwoZ izfroknh dks cjh
dj fn, tkus ij dh tkrh gSA
3) ch-lh-eks'ku % fdlh tt dks fdlh ekeys dh lquokbZ djus ds v;ksX; Bgjkus ds
fy, ;kfpdkA
4) ih-lh- eks'ku % fdlh izfroknh }kjk fdlh vkjksi dks [kkfjt djus ds fy, ;kfpdk
5) vcUMueSaV % tc dksbZ ekrk ;k firk vius cPps dks yEcs le; ds fy, i;kZIr
ns[kHkky fujh{k.k] lgkjs vFkok ekrk&firk ls laca/k ds fcuk NksM+ nsA
6) vcsV % vUr djuk] lekIr djuk
7) vcsVeSaV vkQ ,sD'ku % og eqdíek ftls fujLr dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj tks lekIr gks x;k
gSA
8) ,sDMD'ku % fdlh dh ifRu] cPps vFkok laj{k.k esa jgus okys cPps dks
cgyk&Qqlyk dj] cy&iz;ksx vFkok fgalk }kjk Hkxk ys tkus dk
vijk/k
9) ,sczksxsV % fdlh dkuwu vFkok lafo/kkfud 'kfDr ds iz;ksx }kjk fdlh iqjkus
dkuwu dks jí djuk
10) ,sClVªSDV % fdlh vnkyr vFkok ljdkjh ,tsalh dh dk;Zokgh dk lkjA ;krk;kr
esa] og nLrkost tks MªkbZfoax fjdkMZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, eksVj
Oghdyt+ foHkkx dks Hkstk tkrk gSA
11) ,sClVªSDV vkQ tteSaV % vnkyr ds vafre fu.kZ; dk lkjA bldk iz;ksx dhnu ds rkSj ij
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn vki mls dkÅaVh fjdkMZj ds ikl nk;j djsa
rks
12) ,sClVªSDVj vkQ fjdkMZ % eqdíes dk laf{kIr :i


13) ,sD;wt+ % ¼1½ vla;fer vFkok vuqfpr iz;ksx ¼2½ fdlh dks 'kkjhfjd]
;kSu&laca/kh vFkok ekufld gkfu igqapkuk

14) ,sD;wt vkQ izkSlsl % vnkyr ds vf/kdkjksa dk nq"iz;ksx

15) ,sDlSljh % og O;fDr tks fdlh nwljs O;fDr dh vijk/k djus ls igys vFkok
ckn esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
16) ,sDlhMS.V ,s.M fel % dksbZ & xSj bjknru ?kVuk] nqHkkZX;iw.kZ vizR;kf'kr ?kVuk
Qkjpwu
17) vDEIykbZl % og O;fDr tks fdlh nwljs dh vijk/k djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
blesa mldk LokFkZ gks Hkh ldrk gS] ;k ugha Hkh
18) ,sdkSMZ % fdlh eqdíes esa nksuksa i{kksa ds chp fdlhckr ij lgefr] tks nkos ds
ckn ds fookn dks jksdrk gSA
19) ,sdkSMZ ,s.M % i{kksa }kjk nkos vFkok eqdíes dks fuiVkus ds fy, nh xbZ og lgefr
lSfVlQSD'ku ftlesa os dqN nsus vFkok Lohdkj djus ds fy, lger gksrs gSaA
21) ,sD;wts'ku % fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) vkSipkfjd nks"kkjksi.k

22) ,sD;wTM % og O;fDr ftlds fo:) fdlh vijk/k dk nks"k yxk;k x;k gks vkSj
ftls vijk/k laca/kh vnkyr esa tkuk iM+sA
23) ,sDukSyteSaV % fdlh ckr dks dguk] izekf.kr djuk vFkok mlds ckjs eas fo'okl
fnykuk
24) ,sDukysteSaV vkQ % vnkyr dk og QkeZ tks eqdíek thrus okys dks fu.kZ; dh iwjh Qhl
lSfVlQSD'ku vkQ pqdkus ds ckn Hkj dj vius gLrk{kj lfgr vnkyr dks nsuk gksrk
tteSaV gSA ;fn gLrk{kj djus ds fy, dksbZ LFkku u n'kkZ, x, gksa rks fu.kZ;
dh izfof"V ds uksfVl ds fiNyh vksj gLrk{kj fd, tk ldrs gSaA
ns[kks] tteSaV ØSfMVj] tteSaV
25) ,sfDoV % ftl O;fDr ij vijk/k dk nks"k yxk;k x;k gks mls dkuwuh rkSj ij


funksZ"k lkfcr djukA cjh dj nsuk] eqDr dj nsuk vFkok fdlh
nkf;Ro Hkkj vFkok vkjksi ls eqDr dj nsukA vkijkf/kd eqdíes dh
lquokbZ esa fdlh izfroknh dks funksZ"k ikukA
26) ,sfDoV~Vy % tc dksbZ tt vFkok fu.kkZ;d e.My ;g ik;s fd ftl O;fDr ds
fo:) eqdíek pyk;k tk jgk gS og funksZ"k gSA
27) ,sD'ku % vnkyr esa] tc dksbZ O;fDr nwljs O;fDr ds fo:) cpko ds fy,
vFkok viuk vf/kdkj ykxw djokus ds fy,] fdlh cqjh ?kVuk dks
jksdus ds fy, fdlh dk;Z dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, vFkok mls
fdlh vijk/k dh ltk fnyokus ds fy, mlds fo:) eqdíek nk;j
djrk gSA
28) ,sD'ku bu ijlksue % fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq] vDlj fdlh futh laifÙk
dh oLrq tSls fd dksbZ okgu vkfn] dh cjkenxh ds fy, eqdíes dh
dk;Zokgh
29) ,sD'ku bu jSe % O;fDrxr dk;Zokgh dh rqyuk esa ^ml oLrq* ds fo:) dk;ZokghA
vDlj og eqdíek ftlesa laifÙk dk laca/k gksA
30) ,sfDVo LVsVl % og eqdíek tks vnkyr esa gS] ijUrq ftldk fu.kZ; ugha gqvk gS] mls
,fDVo LVsVl dgk tkrk gSA ns[kks] fMLiksth'ku] iSfMaxA
31) ,sDpqvy ykSl % fdlh oknh vFkok ihfM+r i{k dks /kks[kk/kM+h] tkylkth vFkok fdlh
vU; voS/k dk;Zokgh ds dkj.k igqaph laifÙk gkfu vFkok fdlh vU;
ewY;oku oLrq dh gkfuA tkylkth ds vijk/k ds fy, /kks[kk/kM+h ds
rRo dk gksuk vko';d gSA ijUrq vijk/k dh dk;Zokgh ds iw.kZ cukus
ds fy, okLrfod gkfu dk gksuk vko';d ugha gSA
32) ,sM fyV~Vl % ;g 'kCn ykrhuh Hkk"kk ls vk;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS Þdkuwuh eqdíes
ds mn~ns'; lsAß mnkgj.k ds fy, ,sM fyV~Vl laj{kd og O;fDr gS
ftls vnkyr }kjk fdlh vO;Ld vFkok dkuwuh :i ls v{ke O;fDr
ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
33) ,sM vkWu % dSysaMj dh izkajfHkd rS;kjh ds ckn fdlh le; fdlh vfrfjDr fo"k;
dks 'kkfey djukA


34) ,sMSUMe % tksM+h xbZ vFkok tksM+h tkus okyh dksbZ ckrA

35) ,sfMD'ku % fdlh O;fDr dk HkkoukRed rkSj ij fdlh u'ks dh nok ds iz;ksx ij
fuHkZj djuk ftlds izHkko ds dkj.k og blds fujarj iz;ksx dh
vko';drk vuqHko gS vkSj ftlds izfr mlesa lgu 'kfDr fodflr
gks xbZ gks vkSj ftldh vkSj vf/kd vkSj rst ek=kk dh mls t:jr
eglwl gksA
36) ,sMhVj % ubZ lquokbZ dh ;kfpdk dks jí djus dh 'krZ ds :i esa fu.kkZ;d
e.My ds fu.kZ; }kjk /ku laca/kh vokMZ dh jkf'k dks c<+kus dk
Vªk;y dksVZ dk vf/kdkjA bl o`f) ds fy, izfroknh dh lgefr
vko';d gS tcfd oknh dh lgefr vko';d ugha gSA
37) ,sfMlu dkUVªSDVl % og le>kSrk ftlesa fdlh ,d i{k ds ikl bldh 'krks± ds izfr dksbZ
okLrfod fodYi ugha gksrkA
38) ,sMtkSuZeSaV % vnkyrh lquokbZ dks fdlh vU; frfFk vFkok LFkku rd vkxs Mkyuk

39) ,sMtwMhdsV % tc dksbZ tt fdlh eqdíes dh lquokbZ djrk gS vkSj mldk fu.kZ;
djrk gSA
40) ,sMtwMhds'ku % fdlh eqdíes vFkok lquokbZ esa tt dk fu.kZ;

41) ,sMfeu ij ls % ykrhuh vFkZ ^Lo;a ds }kjk* vUrfuZfgrA blds vuqlkj eksVj
Oghdy foHkkx }kjk fdlh ,sls pkyd dks MªkbZfoax ykbZlSal Lor% jí
dj fn;k tkrk gS ftlds jDr esa vYdksgy dh ek=kk 08 izfr'kr ls
vf/kd gks vFkok tks iq:"k @ L=kh pkyd vius jDr esa vYdksgu
dh tkap djokus ls badkj djrk gksA
42) ,sMfefuLVj % ¼1½ izca/k djuk] ¼2½ Vhds }kjk Lokl }kjk] ;kSuh ekxZ ls vFkok
fdlh vU; fof/k ls ml O;fDr ds fy, rRdky vko';d u'khyh nok
dk lsou
43) ,sMfefuLVªsfVo izkslhtj % ftl fo/kh }kjk ljdkj dh dksbZ dk;Zdkjh ,stsalh vnkyr esa x,


fcuk lgk;rkFkZ vkns'kksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj mudks ykxw djrh gSA
44) ,sMfefuLVªsfVo fjO;w % ljdkj ds fmikVZeSaV vkQ gSYFk ,.M g;weu lfoZlst+ ds }kjk pqus
x, yksxksa ds iSuy }kjk fdlh cPps ds yEch vo/kh ds fy, /keZ ds
ekrk&firk dh ns[kHkky esa mlds dY;k.k ij iqufoZpkjA ;g iqufoZpkj
6 eghus ckn iqufoZpkj dh vis{kk o"kZ esa ,d ckj fd;k tkrk gSA
;g iSuy Mh-,p-,p-,l- dh fjiksVZ ij iqufoZpkj djrk gSA ;g
iqufoZpkj cPps ds ekrk&firk] muds odhy rFkk cPps ds odhy ds
lkeus gksrk gSA
45) ,sMfefuLVªsVj % 1- fcuk olh;r fd, ^e`rd dh tk;nkndk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyk
O;fDr] 2- vnkyr dksbZ vf/kdkjh
46) ,sMfefuLVªSfDl % 1- fcuk olhu;r fd, e`rd dh tk;nkn dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh
L=kh
47) ,sMfelhcy % fdlh fu.kZ; ij igqapus ds fy, mi;qZDr ,oa fopkj djus ;ksX;

48) ,sMfelhcy ,sihMSal % os izek.ktks dkuwuh vkSj mi;qZDr <ax ls vnkyr esa iz;ksx fd, tk
ldrs gSaA
49) ,sMeh'ku % fdlh rF;ksa dh lR;rk ds ckjs esa dFkuA ijUrq Lo;a dks nks"kh u
dgukA
50) ,sMeksfu'k % psrkouh nsuk] ijke'kZ nsuk vFkok MkaVuk

51) ,sMeksuh'ku % vnkyr ds }kjk fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lnL;ksa dks fu.kkZ;dksa ds :i esa
muds dÙkZO;ksa rFkk ml mís'; ds ckjs esa ijke'kZ vFkok psrkouh
ftlds fy, izek.kksa ij fopkj fd;k tkuk gSA
52) ,sMeksuh'ku Vw twjjl % tt }kjk fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lnL;ksa dks ;g lykg fd mUgsa D;k
djuk pkfg, vkSj dSlk O;ogkj djuk pkfg,] os vius fu.kZ; ij
igqapus ds fy, fdu izek.kksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj os mu
izek.kksa dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj dj ldrs gSaA
53) ,sMkSi'ku % og fof/k ftlds }kjk [kwuh fj'rk u gksus ij Hkh fdlh cPps vkSj


fdlh ekrk ;k firk ds chp laca/k dks dkuwuh :i fn;k tkrk gSA
54) ,sMkSfIVo ,sMeh'ku % fdlh i{k }kjk dh xbZ og dk;Zokgh tks fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds dFkuksa
ls lgefr izdV djrh gSA
55) ,sMojljh flLVe % la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj dqN vU; ns'kksa esa eqdíes dh lquokbZ dh
izFkk ftlds vUrxZr nksuksa i{kkssa esa ls dksbZ i{k dks nwljs i{k ds izfr
vnkyr esa izfrdwy fLFkfr;ka is'k o fl) djus dk volj feyrk gSA
56) ,sMolZ foVuSl % og O;fDr ftls fojks/kh i{k ds fy, Xokg ds rkSj ij cqyk;k x;k
gksA
57) ,sQh,S.V % og O;fDr tks fdlh 'kiFk&i=k ij gLrk{kj djrk gSA

58) ,sQhMsfoV % fdlh O;fDr }kjk fdlh tt vFkok uksVjh ifCyd tSls dkuwuh :i
ls vf/kd`r O;fDr ds le{k 'kiFk ysdj fn;k x;k fyf[kr c;ku
59) ,sQjes'ku % vihyh; vnkyr dk og dFku ftlesa ;g dgk x;k gks fd fupyh
vnkyd dk fu.kZ; Bhd gSA
60) ,sQjesfVo fMQSal % tc dksbZ izfroknh vFkok O;fDr }kjk nhokuh eqdíeksa esa fn;k x;k
og mÙkj tks mls funksZ'k lkfcr dj ldrk gS vkSj vnkyr dks ,slk
djus ds fy, ,d u;k vk/kkj iznku djrk gSA cpko i{k dks vius
dFku dks lR; izekf.kr djuk iM+rk gSA cpko i{k dks vius mÙkj
esa vius cpko dks Li"V djuk iM+rk gSA
61) vQeZM % vihyh; vnkyrksa esa bldk vFkZ gS fd Vªk;y dksVZ dk fu.kZ; Bhd
gSA
62) vk¶Vj ,sDok;MZ bUVSaV % vijk/k fd, tkus rd cpkodÙkkZ ds eu esa vijk/k djus dk bjknk
u gksuk
63) ,tsaV % og O;fDr ftls fdlh vU; ds fy, dk;Z djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr
gksA
64) ,tsalh % fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk vf/kd`r :i ls fdlh nwljs ds fy, dk;Z
djukA ;krk;kr esa iz'kalkRed i=k tkjh djus okyk foHkkx
65) ,sxzkos'ku % os ifjfLFkfr;ka ftUgsa ltk dh ek=kk esa o`f) djus ds dkj.k ekuk tk


ldrk gSA
66) ,sxzkosfVM vkjlu % tkucw> dj gkfu igqapkus vFkok <kaps dks u"V djus ds fuf'pr
bjkns ls yxkbZ xbZ vkx tgka izfroknh dks vkxtuh ds fy, ltk nh
tk pqdh gks vkSj tgka uqdlku 50 yk[k Mkyj vFkok de ls de 5
fuokl LFkkuksa dks u"V fd;k x;k gksA
67) ,sxzksosVsM cSVjh % fdlh ds fo:) voS/k cy iz;ksx tSls [krjukd gfFk;kj dk iz;ksx

68) ,sxzksosVsM esgSe % fdlh ds fgrksa ds izfr iw.kZ mnklhurk ds lkFk pksV igqapkus ds fo'ks"k
bjkns ls mls LFkkbZ :i ls v;ksX; cukuk ;k 'kkjhfjd :i ls fod`r
djukA
69) ,sxzksosVsM VªSL;kl % xaHkhj 'kkjhfjd pksV igqapkus ds ckjs esa igys ls nh xbZ /kedh dks
dk;kZfUor djus ds fo'ks"k bjkns ls fdlh dh laifÙk esa voS/k izos'k
70) ,sxzfofVax QSDVlZ % fdlh vkijkf/kd d`R; ls lacaf/kr os lHkh dkj.k tks ml vijk/k dh
xaHkhjrk dks vkSj c<+krs gSaA
71) ,sxzhxsV VeZ % tsy tkus dh ltk dh dqy vo/khA

72) ,sxzhM LVsVeSaV vkQ % lHkh egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa ds ckjs esa fn;k x;k og C;ku ftldh lR;rk
QSDVl vkSj vkSfpR; ij lHkh i{k lger gksa rFkk tks eqdíes ds fu.kZ; ds
fy, vnkyr esa fn;k tkrk gSA
73) ,sxzheSaV % tc fdlh dkuwuh >xM+s ls lacaf/kr lHkh yksx fdlh ckr ij lger
gksaA
74) ,M ,s.M vcSV % fdlh vijk/k dks djus esa lgk;rk nsukA

75) ,Mj ,s.M vcSV~Vj % vkijkff/kd bjkns okyk og O;fDr tks vijk/kdjus esa fdlh nwljs dh
lgk;rk djrk gSA
76) vySTt % izekf.kr gksus ls iwoZ gh fdlh ckr ij lgefr ds ckjs esa dFku
vFkok nks"kkjksi.kA
77) vySTM % rFkk dfFkr :i ls lR;] og O;fDr ftl ij dksbZ vkjksi yxk;k


x;k gks ijUrq ftl ij vHkh eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh u dh xbZ gksA
78) ,syhxs'ku % og dFku vFkok nkok tks vHkh lR; vFkok >wBk izekf.kr u gqvk gks

79) vySTM Qknj % og iq:"k tks fdlh cPps dk laHkkfor firk gks ldrk gSA

80) ,fY;kl % fdlh O;fDr dk nwljk izfl) uke vFkok ftldk vFkZ gS ^ds uke ls
Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA*
81) ,sfych % cpko&i{k dk ;g nkok fd vijk/k ?kfVr gksus ds le; vkjksih
O;fDr fdlh vkSj LFkku ij FkkA
82) ,yheuh % og /ku tks vnkyr ds vkns'kkuqlkj fdlh ifr ;k iRuh }kjk viuh
iRuh ;k ifr ;k iwoZ iRuh ;k ifr dks nsuk gksrk gSA ns[kks] ÞLikÅty
liksVZßA
83) ,syksD;w'ku % izfroknh }kjk ltk de djokus ds iz;kl ls fn;k x;k c;kuA

84) vkyVªs'ku] QkstZjh ckbZ % fdlh vU; O;fDr dks Bxus ds fy, fdlh nLrkost esa bl fo'ks"k
gjkns ls dqN tksM+uk] feVkuk ;k gVkuk rkfd mldk Lo:i igys
tSlk fn[kkbZ u nsA
85) vkYVjusfVo fMlI;wV % ljdkjh vnkyrksa dh dk;Zokgh ds fcuk >xM+ksa ds fuiVkjs dh fof/k;ka
jStksD;w'ku
%
86) veS.M % vnkyr esa nk;j fd, x, nkos esa dqN lfEefyr djuk vFkok mlesa
dqN ifjorZu djukA
87) veS.MeSaV % la'kks/ku] la;kstu vFkok foyksiu }kjk fd;k x;k ifjorZuA

88) ,sehdl D;wfj;s % fdlh eqdíes esa vnkyr dks ijek'kZ nsus okyk dksbZ ,slk O;fDr tks
eqdíes ds fdlh i{k ls lacaf/kr u gksA ;g 'kCn ykrhuh Hkk"kk dk gS
ftldk vFkZ gS] Þvnkyr dk fe=kßA
89) ,séksVs'ku % vnkyrksa ds QSlyksa] dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa ij fVIi.kh vFkok fdlh


eqdíes dk lkjA
90) ,suqvy fjO;w % okf"kZd U;kf;d iqufoZpkjA

91) ,suyeSaV % og dkuwuh dk;Zokgh ftlds dFkukuqlkj vkidk fookg fnekxh
[kjkch] dkSVqfEcd O;fHkpkj] fookg ds le; vYik;q] /kks[kk/kM+h] cy
iz;ksx] vFkok 'kkjhfjd vleFkZrk ds dkj.k dkuwuh :i ls dHkh Hkh
oS/k ugha FkkA
92) ,suksuhel % tc fdlh ds uke dks xqIr j[kk tkrk gSA

93) vkUloj % izfroknh dk og fyf[kr c;ku tks og nhokuh f'kdk;r ds mÙkj esa
nsrk gS rFkk ftlesa mlds }kjk iz;ksx fd, tkus okys cpko ds fy,
rdZ fn, tkrs gSaA
94) ,saVhflisVjh czhp % tc fdlh le>kSrs }kjk ck/; dksbZ O;fDr nwljs i{k dks ;g Li"V
ladsr ns nsrk gS fd og le>kSrs ds vuqlkj dk;Z ugha djsxk @ dj
ldrk gSA
95) vihy % tc dksbZ ,slk O;fDr tks vkaf'kd :i ls gh eqdíek gkj tkrk gS]
Åijh vnkyr ls fupyh vnkyr ij iquZfopkj dj blds vkSfpR; ds
ckjs esa mldh jk; ekaxrk gSA vihy djokus okys O;fDr dks viSySaV
rFkk ftlds fo:) vihy dh xbZ gks mls viSysV dgk tkrk gSA
96) vih;jSal % vnkyr esa mifLFkfr @ vFkok og dkuwuh nLrkost ftlesa ;g
mYys[k gksrk gS fd vki vnkyr dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysaxsA
97) vih;jSal izksxzSl fjiksVZ % vnkyr dk og vkns'k ftlds }kjk fMikVZeSaV vkQ gSYFk ,s.M g;weu
lfoZlst ls vnkyr }kjk vkosnu fd, x;s fo"k; ds ckjs esa fjiksVZ
ekaxh tkrh gSA
98) viSySaV % og O;fDr tks fdlh vnkyr ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) vihy djrk gSAv

99) viSysV % vihyksa ls lacaf/krA dksbZ Hkh vihyh; vnkyr fdlh fupyh vnkyr
esa eqdíes dk fu.kZ; djrs le; dkuwu dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k


x;k FkkA
101) viSysV twfjlfMD'ku % vihyh; vnkyrksa dks fupyh vnkyr ds fu.kZ; ij iqufoZpkj dj
mls cnyus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA
102) vihyh % Åijh vnkyr esa vihy dk mÙkj nsus okyk O;fDrA

103) vkchZVªs'ku % tc dksbZ ,slk O;fDr tks eqdíes ls lacaf/kr u gks] lcwrksa ij n`f"V
Mkyrk gS] nyhyksa dks lqurk gS vkSj eqdís dk fu.kZ; djrk gSA
104) vkjX;weSaV % eqdíes ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa ds ckjs esa vFkok dkuwuh eqíksa ds ckjs eas
fdlh odhy }kjk tt vFkok fu.kkZ;d e.My dks fn, x, rdZA
105) vkfeZx Dykt % ;g vkjksi fd izfroknh vFkok mldk lkFk gfFk;kj can FkkA

106) vjsu % og izfØ;k ftlds }kjk fdlh vkjksih iq:"k @ L=kh dks vnkyr ds
le{k yk;k tkrk gS rkfd og vius fo:) yxk, x, vkijkf/kd
nks"kksa dks lqudj viuk nks"k Lohdkj] vLohdkj djs vFkok dksbZ
izfrfØ;k u nsA
107) vjsueSaV % tc fdlh vijk/k djus ds vkjksih O;fDr dks vnkyr esa ys tkdj
mlds fo:) yxk, x, vkjksi lquk, tkrs gSa vkSj mls nks"k Lohdkj
vFkok vLohdkj djus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA
108) ,fj;st+ % cPpksa dks nh tkus okyh lgk;rk jkf'k tks cdk;k gks vFkok ftldk
Hkqxrku u fd;k x;k gksA
109) vjsLV % fdlh ,sls O;fDrdh dkuwuh fxj¶rkjh ftl ij fdlh vijk/k dks
djus dk vkjksi gksA
110) vjSjLV vkQ tteSaV % iwoZfyf[kr fu.kZ; ds ifj.kke dks LFkfxr djukA

111) vklZu % fdlh ds }kjk viuh vFkok fdlh nwljs ds ?kj] vFkok O;kolkf;d
vfkok vkS|ksfxd laifÙk dks nqHkkZouk ls tykukA
112) vlkSYV % tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks pksV igqapkrk gS ;k pksV
igqapkus dk iz;kl djrk gSA blesa fgalk gks ldrh gS] 'kkjhfjd fgalk


ughaA
113) vlkSYV fon MSMyh % tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks fcuk mfpr dkj.k ds canwd
oSiu vFkok pkdw ds iz;ksx ls 'kkjhfjd pksV igqapkus dk iz;kl djrk gS
vFkok ,slk djus dh /kedh nsrk gSA
114) vlSLeSaV % fdlh eqdíes esa yxk, x, vfrfjDr vkjksiA

115) vlkbZuh % og O;fDr vFkok O;olk; ftls izkFkfed ysunkj ds LFkku ij j[k
fn;k tk,] tSls fd dksbZ olwyh djus okyh ,tsalhA vki vius fu.kZ;
dks fdlh vU; O;fDr ;k O;olk; ij ykxw dj ldrs gSaA
116) vlkbZueSaV % fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dk pqukoA vDlj] tc
dksbZ vnkyr ttksa vFkok odhyksa dks eqdíes lkSaius ds fy, fdlh
dSysaMj dk iz;ksx djrh gS vFkok tc cPpksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds
fy, odhyksa dk pquko ;k fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS vkSj NqV~Vh ij x,
chekj ttksa ds LFkku ij 'kjn ds fy, nwljs ttksa dks Hkstus dh
izfØ;kA
117) vlkbZueSaV vkQ liksVZ % tc dksbZ ,slk O;fDr ftls ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr gks ljdkj dks
jkbZVl cPpksa ds fy, lgk;rkFkZ Hkfo"; esa nh tkus okyh jkf'k nsus ds fy,
lgefr nsA og O;fDr ljdkj ls /ku o vU; ykHk izkIr djrk gSA
blfy, ljdkj cPpksa ds fy, lgk;rkFkZ jkf'k dk dqN Hkkx ml
ljdkjh lgk;rk ds [kpZ ds fy, iz;ksx dj ldrh gSA
118) vlkbZueSaV vkMZj % ;kfpdk ds ckn fn;k x;k vnkyr dkog vkns'k ftlesa tteSaV MSVj
dks dgk tkrk gS fd og dqN vf/kdkj tteSaV ØSfMVj ds lkFk
vo'; ckaVsA ;g vkns'k mu Hkqxrkuksa ds fy, ykHknk;d gS ftUgsa
tteSaV MSVj vDlj izkIr djrk gS] tSls fdjk,nkjksa ls fdjk;k]
la?kh; ljdkj izksfeljh uksfVl vFkok tteSaVl ds Hkqxrku dh fd'rksa
dh jkf'kA
119) vt+Ei'ku vkQ fjLd % O;fDrxr gkfu ds fy, eqdíes ds izfr cpko dk vk/kkjA bl cpko
dk lkj ;g gS fd oknh us ftl Hkh [krjukd ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k


pksV igqaph mlds [krjs dks lR; eku fy;kA
120) ,sV b'kq % fdlh eqdíes esa og le; tc f'kdk;r djus okys i{k us viuk
nkos dks nk;j dj fn;k gks vkSj nwljs i{k us vius mÙkj esa bls
Lohdkj djus ls badkj dj fn;k gks vkSj og eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh ds
fy, rS;kj gksA
121) ,sV b'kq eSeksjaMe % fdlh nhokuh eqdíes esa nk;j fd;k x;k og dkuwuh nLrkost+ ftlesa
dgk x;k gksrk gS fd eqdíek lquokbZ ds fy, rS;kj gSA
122) vVSpeSaV % ¼1½ vnkyrh nLrkostksa ds lkFk vfrfjDr lwpukFkZ uRFkh dkxtkr ¼2½
fu.kZ; dks ykxw djomus dh ,d fof/k] vnkyr ds vkns'k ls fdlh
laifÙk ds dqN Hkkx dks xzg.k djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr djukA
123) vVSpeSaV Qkj % izfroknh dks NksM+ fdlh vU; O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj djus dh vnkyrh
fMQkYVj izfØ;kA ns[kks] vVSpeSaV cSap okj.V
124) vVSaIV % fdlh dk;Z vFkok vijk/k djus dk iz;klA

125) vVSLV % xokgh nsuk] lR; vFkok vlyh ?kksf"kr djuk] izekf.kr djukA

126) vVSLVs'ku % fdlh i{k ds vkosnu ij fdlh ckr dks fyf[kr :i esa izekf.kr
djus dh dk;ZokghA
127) vVkSuhZ % og O;fDr tks vnkyr esa eqofDdyksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djs vkSj mUgsa
dkuwuh lykg nsus dh ;ksX;rk j[krk gksA
128) vVkuhZ vkQ fjdkMZ % og odhy ftlds uke dk mYys[k fdlh eqdíes esa fdlh eqofDdy
ds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa fd;k x;k gksA
129) vVkuhZ&,sVyk % vnkyrksa eas eqdíeksa dh rS;kjh] izca/k ,oa ftjg ds fy, ftl odhy
vFkok ljdkjh vf/kdkjh dh lsok yh tkrh gSA
130) vVkuhZ&bu&QSDV % og dksbZ Hkh lekU; O;fDr ¼t:jh ugha fd og odhy gks½ ftls
fdlh ds }kjk viuk izfrfuf/kRo djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gks]
pkgs fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; ds fy, vFkok lk/kkj.k ysu&nsu ds fy,A
;g vf/kdkj fyf[kr :i esa fn;k tkrk gS ftls ikoj vkQ vVkuhZ


dgk tkrk gSA
131) vksfMV % tc fjdkMZ vkSj [kkrksa dh ij[k ;g tkuus ds fy, dh tkrh gS fd
os Bhd rFkk iw.kZ gSaA
132) vkSFkSaVhdsV % fdlh dkuwu] fjdkMZ vFkok fdlh vU; fyf[kr nLrkost dks vf/kdkj
vFkok dkuwuh oS|rk iznku djukA
133) vkSVks VSaifjax % fdlh okgu rFkk blds dtiqt+ks± dh fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; ls O;oLFkk
djukA
134) vkSVksesVsM % ilZuy fjlikSalhfcfyVh ,s.M odZ vikSpqZfuVh jhdfUlfy;s'ku ,sDV dh
,sMfefuLVªsfVo ,su og Hkkx tks jkT;ksa dks nwljs jkT;ksa esa jgus okys mu yksxksa dh laifÙk
QkslZeSaV vkWQ baVjLVsV dks yh;u }kjk xzg.k djus dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gS tks /ku
dslst+ laca/kh nsunkj gSA
135) vkSVksesVsM oks;l % og Qksu&iz.kkyh tks VsyhQksu ds ek/;e ls yksxksa dks lwpuk iznku
fjLikSal flLVe djrh gSA
136) ,sojst+ ,sMYV ilZu % og dkYifud O;fDr ftls laiw.kZ leqnk; ds mnkgj.k :i esa iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dkYifud O;fDr /kkfeZd rFkk /keZ dks u ekuus
okys lHkh yksxksa ds fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] lHkh jk"Vªh;rkvksa]
lHkh O;Ldksa rFkk lHkh vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd rFkk lkekftd izfr"Bkvksa
okys O;fDr;ksa] lk/kkj.k O;fDr;ksa] LoLFk O;fDr;ksa rFkk ledkyhu
vkSlr O;ogkj] Hkkoukvksa rFkk ;kSu laca/kh :fp;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrk gSA


-------B------------

1. BACKLOG – All the cases that haven’t been settled or decided in the time the law says they
should be.

2. BAD FAITH – Generally implies actual or constructive fraud, or a design to mislead or deceive
another.

3. BAIL - A security deposit (usually money) given to release a defendant or witness from custody
and to make sure that they go to court when they're supposed to.

4. BAIL BOND - A legal paper that you buy from a bondsman and give to the court instead of bail.
The defendant signs it and is let go. But if they don't come to court when they're supposed to, they
must pay the amount of money on the bail bond.

5. BAIL BONDSMAN - Person who is responsible for paying the bond for the defendant's release
from jail.

6. BAIL EXONERATION – When you get your bail back. Or when a bail bondsman or insurance
("surety") company isn’t responsible for your bail anymore.

7. BAIL FORFEITURE - A court order to let the court keep the bail deposit because the defendant
didn't go to court when they were supposed to.

8. BAILIFF - Person who is in charge of security in the court. Bailiffs are picked by sheriffs.

9. BAILMENTS – A delivery of goods from one person to another in trust for purpose of carrying
out agreed upon services.

10. BAIL NOTICE – A legal paper from the court that says the court will make a WARRANT for
arrest unless the defendant goes to court or pays bail.

11. BAIL RECEIPT – A written statement that the court gives a defendant that says bail was paid.

12. BAIL REVIEW - A hearing established to re-evaluate the bail amount that was originally set for
the accused.

13. BALLARD MOTION - A motion for psychiatric examination of prosecutor’s witnesses
(victims).

14. BANK LEVY – Way to enforce a decision against someone who owes money. The money is
taken from their checking or savings account at a bank, savings and loan, or credit union.

15. BANKRUPT - The state or condition of a person who is unable to pay his or her debts when they
are due.

16. BANKRUPTCY - The legal way for a business or person to get help when they can't pay the
money they owe. In bankruptcy court, they can get rid of debts by paying part of what they owe.
There are special bankruptcy judges at these hearings.


17. BAR - All of the lawyers qualified to practice law. For example, a state bar includes all of the
lawyers qualified to practice law in that state.

18. BAR EXAMINATION - A state examination that is taken in order to be admitted and licensed to
practice law.

19. BASE TERM - A term of imprisonment selected by the court according to the Determinate
Sentencing Law.

20. BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME (B.C.S.) - Physical condition of a child where external or
internal injuries result from acts committed by a parent or custodian.

21. BATTERY - Illegal beating or physical violence or control of a person without their permission.
(Compare with ASSAULT.)

22. BATTERY, SPOUSAL - An offensive touching or use of force on a spouse without the spouse's
consent. See BATTERY.

23. BEAGLE MOTION - A request to exclude any reference of the defendant’s prior conviction to
the jury.

24. BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION PLAN – Plan made by a local educational agency (LEA) as part
of an individualized education program (IEP), to change the behavior of students who harm
themselves, assault others, or are destructive.

25. BENCH - (1) the desk where a judge sits in court; (2) Judges in general, or a specific judge.

26. BENCH CONFERENCE - A meeting either on or off the record at the judge's bench between the
judge, counsel, and sometimes the defendant, out of the hearing of the jury.

27. BENCH TRIAL - Trial without a jury. The judge decides the case.

28. BENCH WARRANT - An order given by the judge (or "bench") to arrest a person who didn't do
what the court ordered. For example, didn't go to court when they were supposed to. (See
WARRANT, WRIT).

29. BENEFICIARY - Someone who gets something from a trust.

30. BENEFIT OF THE BARGAIN RULE – Rule which provides that a person may recover the
difference between the actual value of the property and the value that was represented.

31. BEQUEATH - To leave someone something in a will.

32. BEQUESTS - What you leave someone in a will.

33. BEST EVIDENCE - Primary proof; the best proof available. For example, an original letter is
“best evidence,” and a photocopy is “secondary evidence.”

34. BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT - The burden of proof in a criminal case requiring that the
jury be convinced that every element of a crime has been proven by the prosecution.

35. BIAS - A pre-conceived opinion or a predisposition to decide a cause or an issue a certain way.

36. BIFURCATE - To try issues separately, such as guilt and criminal responsibility in a criminal
proceeding or liability and damages in a civil action.


37. BIFURCATION MOTION - A request to change the order in which issues are heard at trial.

38. BILL OF PARTICULARS - A statement of the details of the charge made against the defendant.

39. BIND – To make yourself or someone else legally responsible for something.

40. BIND OVER - A judge's decision before a trial that says there is enough evidence for a trial.

41. BLOOD-ALCOHOL CONTENT (BAC) - The measurement in grams of alcohol per
100 milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath.

42. BLOOD TEST – Testing someone’s blood sample to: (1) see how much of a certain chemical is
in the blood, (2) see who is the parent of a child.

43. BODY ATTACHMENT - A written order issued by a court directing a peace officer to take
custody of someone and bring them before the court: 1) A witness who fails to comply with a
subpoena, 2) a party who fails to comply with a court order in a civil action, or 3) a material
witness in a criminal case.

44. BONA FIDE – Sincere, real without fraud or deceit. Comes from the Latin "in good faith."

45. BOND - A certificate or evidence of a debt.

46. BOOK (BOOKING) - What the police do when they arrest someone. Includes taking
fingerprints, photographs, and writing down personal information about the person.

47. BOOKING NUMBER - The number assigned to the criminal record that corresponds to the
person's arrest.

48. BOOKMAKING - Collecting the bets of others or making odds on future gambling events.

49. BRADY MOTION - A motion made by defense when they believe the District Attorney has not
turned over exculpatory and material evidence.

50. BRANDISHING A WEAPON - Showing a weapon to another person, typically the police or the
victim.

51. BREACH - The breaking or violating of a law, right, obligation, or duty either by doing an act or
failing to do an act.

52. BREACH OF PEACE – Every person who unlawfully fights in a public place or willfully and
maliciously disturbs another person by loud and unreasonable noise, or in a public place, says
offensive words to one or more persons which are likely to start an immediate violent reaction.

53. BREAKING AND ENTERING - Going into someone's house at night with intent to commit a
felony.

54. BREATHALYZER TEST - Testing someone's breath to see how much alcohol is in their blood.

55. BRIBE - A gift, not necessarily of monetary value, given to influence the conduct of the receiver.

56. BRIEF - A written statement that each side gives the court to say why the court should decide that
they are right.

57. BURDEN OF PROOF - When one person in the case has to prove more than the other person.


58. BURGLARY - When someone unlawfully breaks into or enters a building or home, and they
intend to or do commit a theft or other serious crime.

59. BYSTANDERS - A chance onlooker; one who has no concern with the business being conducted.


1) oSd yksx % os lHkh eqdíes ftudk fu.kZ; dkuwu }kjk uh;r le; esa fd;k tk
pqdfk gSA
2) cSM QsFk % lk/kkj.kr% bl dk vFkZ gS okLrfod vFkok jpukRed /kks[kk/kM+h
vFkok fdlh dks xqejkg ;k /kks[kk nsus dh ;kstukA
3) csy % fdlh izfroknh vFkok dks fgjklr ls NqM+kus ds fy, vkSj vnkyr esa
mldh is'kh dks ;dhuh cukus ds fy, nh tkus okyh tekur dh jkf'k
4) cSd ckSaM % og dkuwuh nLrkost tks vki fdlh LVSEi&isij cspus okys ls [kjhn
dj tekur dh jkf'k ds cnys vnkyr esa nsrs gSaA izfroknh bl ij
gLrk{kj dj bls lkSai nsrk gSA ;fn os is'kh ij vnkyr esa mifLFkr
ugha gksrs rks mudks csy&ckSaM ij fy[kh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk
gSA
5) csy ckSaMleSu % og O;fDr tks tsy ls izfroknh dks NqM+kus ds fy, tekur dh jkf'k
dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksA
6) csy ,sXt+ksujs'ku % tc tekur dh jkf'k okfil fey tkrh gSA vFkok tc tekur nsus
okyk ;k chek daiuh dh tekur dh t:jr lekIr gks tkrh gSA
7) csy QkSjQhpj % vnkyr dk og vkns'k ftlds }kjk tekur dh jkf'k dks vnkyr
}kjk tCr dj fy, tkus dks dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd izfroknh is'kh ds
le; vnkyr esa mifLFkr ugha gksrkA
8) cfyQ % og O;fDr tks vnkyr esa tekur dh jkf'k j[kus dk vf/kdkjh gksrk
gSA budk pquko ftys ds eq[; vf/kdkjh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
9) csyeSaVl % lger lsokvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, fdlh ,d O;fDr ls lkeku dk
fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds ikl vekur esa j[kus ds fy, HkstukA
10) csy uksfVl % vnkyr }kjk tkjh og dkuwuh nLrkost ftlesa dgk tkrk gS fd ;fn
izfroknh vnkyr esa mifLFkr u gqvk ;k mlus tekur dh jkf'k tek
u djkbZ rks vnkyr mldh fxj¶rkjh ds fy, okjaV tkjh dj nsxhA
11) csy fjlhIV % og fyf[kr C;ku ftlesa dgk tkrk gS fd izfroknh us tekur Hkj nh
gSA


12) csy fjO;w % vkjaHk esa fdlh nks"kh ds fy, fuf'pr dh xbZ tekur dh jkf'k ds
iquZewY;kadu ds fy, vnkyr }kjk lquokbZA
13) cSykMZ eks'ku % vfHk;kstd ds xokgksa ¼ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa½ ds euksjksx laca/kh ijh{k.k ds
fy, nk;j dh xbZ ;kfpdkA

14) cSad ySoh % fdlh dtZnkj ds fo:) fu.kZ; ykxw djus dh ,d fof/kA mlds }kjk
nh tkus okyh jkf'kA cSad esa mlds pSfdax ;k cpr [kkrs ls] cpr
rFkk dtZ dh jkf'k vFkok ØSfMV ;wfu;u ls ys dj dh tkrh gSA
15) cSadjIV % fdlh iq:"k @ L=kh dh og voLFkk tc og fu;r le; ij viuk
dtZ okfil djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA
16) cSadjIVlh % fdlh O;kikj vFkok O;fDr ds fy, tc os viuk dtZ okfil u dj
ik;sa lgk;rk izkIr djus dk dkuwuh <axA nhokyk fudkyus laca/kh
vnkyr esa] os vius dtZ dk vkaf'kd Hkqxrku djds vius dtks± ls
NqVdkjk ik ldrs gSaA ,sls eqdíeksa dh lquokbZ ds fy, fo'ks"k
cSadjIVlh tt gksrs gSaA
17) ckj % os lHkh odhy tks dkuwu esa izSfDVl djus dh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk j[krs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh jkT; dh ckj esa ml jkT; esa dkuwu esa
izSfDVl djus dh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk j[kus okys lHkh odhy 'kkfey gksrs
gSaA
18) ckj ,sXt+kehus'ku % jkT; }kjk vk;ksftr og ijh{kk tks dkuwu esa izSfDVl djus ds fy,
ykbZlSal tkjh djus ds fy, yh tkrh gSA
19) csl VeZ % fMVjehusaV lSVSaflx ykW ds vuqlkj vnkyr }kjk pquh xbZ tsy dh
ltk dh vo/khA
20) cSVMZ pkbZYM flUMªkse % fdlh cPps dh og 'kkjhfjd voLFkk tc mlds ekrk&firk vFkok
laj{kd ds d`R;ksa ds dkj.k vkarfjd ;k ckgjh ?kko gks x, gksaA
21) cSVjh % mudh vuqefr ds fcuk yksxksa ds lkFk voS/k ekj&dqVkbZ vFkok
'kkjhfjd fgalkA


22) cSVjh] LikÅty % ifr vFkok ifr ds }kjk viuh iRuh vFkok ifr ds lkFk lgefr ds
fcuk vkijkf/kd lalxZ vFkok cy iz;ksxA
23) chxy eks'ku % fu.kkZ;d e.My ds le{k izfroknh dks iwoZdky esa feyh ltk ds
mYys[k dks 'kkfey u djus ds fy, ;kfpdkA
24) fogsfo;j bUVjoSa'ku % O;fDrxr f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds vax ds :i esa mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;ogkj
iySu dks cnyus ds fy, fdlh LFkkfud 'kS{kf.kd ,tsalh }kjk cukbZ xbZ
;kstuk] tks viuk uqdlku djrs gSa] nwljksa ds lkFk fgalk djrs gSa ;k
tks fouk'kdkjh gSaA
25) cSap % ¼1½ vnkyr dk og LFkku tgka tt cSBrk gS] ¼2½ vke vFkok dksbZ
fo'ks"k ttA
26) cSap dkUÝSal % tt ds cSBus ds LFkku ij tt] odhy rFkk dHkh&dHkh izfroknh ds
chp ehfVax tks fjdkMZ esa vk Hkh ldrh gS ;k ugha Hkh] vkSj tks
fu.kkZ;d e.My dh vuqifLFkfr esa gksrh gSA
27) cSap Vªk;y % fcuk fu.kkZ;d e.My ds lquokbZ @ tt dh eqdíeksa dk fu.kZ; djrk
gSA
28) cSp okjaV % tt }kjk ^cSap* dks fn;k x;k og vkns'k ftlesa fdlh ,sls O;fDr dks
fxj¶rkj djus ds fy, dgk tkrk gS ftlus vnkyr ds vkns'kkuqlkj
dk;Z u fd;k gksA mnkgj.k ds fy,] is'kh ds le; vnkyr esa
mifLFkr u gqvk gksA
29) cSuhQhf'k;jh % og O;fDr tks fdlh VªLV ls dqN izkIr djrk gksA

30) cSuhfQV vkQ nk % og fu;e ftlesa izko/kku gS fd dksbZ O;fDr viuh laifÙk ds
ckjxsu :y okLrfod ewY; vkSj ?kksf"kr ewY; ds chp vUrj dh olwyh dj ldrk
gSA
31) fcfDohFk % olh;rukes esa fdlh ds uke dqN NksM+ tkukA

32) fcDoSLVl % olh;r esa fdlh ds uke tks dqN vki NksM+rs gSaA


33) cSLV ,sohMSal % izkFkfed izek.k] miyC/k loksZÙke izek.kA mnkgj.k ds fy, ewy&i=k
lokZsÙke izek.k gS tcfd mldh QksVks&dkih f}rh;&Js.kh dk izek.k gSA
34) fc;kSaM , jhtuscy % fdlh vkijkf/kd eqdíesa esa ;g 'krZ fd fu.kkZ;d e.My bl ckr ls
MkÅV larq"V gks fd vijk/k dk izR;sd rRo vfHk;kstu i{k }kjk fl) fd;k
x;k gSA
35) fc;kl % fdlh ?kVuk vFkok eqís dk fdlh iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr <ax ls fu.kZ; djus ds
fy, cukbZ xbZ iwoZ&/kkj.kkA
36) ckbZQjdsV % eqíksa dk vyx&vyx fu.kZ; djuk] tSls fdlh vkijkf/kd eqdíesa esa
nks"k rFkk vkijkf/kd ftEesnkjh vFkok fdlh nhokuh eqdíes esa nsunkjh
rFkk gtkZus dh jkf'kA
37) ckbZQjds'ku eks'ku % lquokbZ ds nkSjku eqíksa ds Øe esa ifjorZu ds fy, ;kfpdkA

38) fcy vkQ iVhZdqjt+ % izfroknh ds fo:) yxk, x, vkjksi ds fooj.k dh lwphA

39) ckbZUM % Lo;a vFkok fdlh nwljs dks dkuwuh :i ls mÙkjnk;h cukukA

40) ckbZUM vksoj % eqdíes dh dk;Zokgh ls igys tt dk fu.kZ; fd dk;Zokgh ds fy,
i;kZIr izek.k gSA
41) CyM&vYdksgy % 100 feyhyhVj jDr esa vYdksgy dh xzkeksa esa ek=kk vFkok 210
Loklksa esa vYdksgy dh xzkeksa esa ek=kkA
42) CyM&VSLV % ;g tkuus ds fy, fd ¼1½ fdlh ds jDr esa fdlh fo'ks"k dSehdy dh
fdruh ek=kk fo|eku gS] ¼2½ fdlh cPps dk firk vFkok ekrk dkSu
gS] fdlh O;fDr ds jDr ds uewus dh tkap djukA
43) ckWMh vVSpeSaV % vnkyr }kjk tkjh og fyf[kr vkns'k ftlesa 'kkafr dk;e j[kus okys
vf/kdkjh dks funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd og fdlh O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj
dj vnkyr ds le{k is'k djsA ¼1½ ml xokg dks tks vnkyr esa
mifLFkr u gqvk gks] ¼2½ ml i{k dks ftlus fdlh nhokuh eqdíesa esa
fn, x, vkns'k dk ikyu u fd;k gks] vFkok ¼3½ fdlh vkijkf/kd


eqdíesa esa vko';d xokgA
44) cksuk&QkbZMh % oQknkj] Ny&diV vFkok /kks[ksckth jfgr okLrfodA

45) ckSaM % fdlh dtZ dk izek.k&i=k vFkok izek.kA

46) cqd ¼cqfdax½ % fdlh dh fxj¶rkjh ds le; iqfyl }kjk dh tkus okyh dk;ZokghA
blesa vaxwBs dk fu'kku ysuk] QksVks ysuk] vkSj O;fDr ds ckjs esa
O;fDrxr lwpuk dk mYys[k djuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA
47) cqfdax uEcj % fdlh O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh ls lacaf/kr vkijkf/kd fjdkMZ dks fn;k
x;k uEcjA
48) cqd ekfd±x % nwljksa dh 'krZ dh jkf'k;ksa dks ,d=k djuk vFkok Hkfo"; esa gksus
okyh tq, dh izfr;ksfxrkvksa ij nko yxkukA
49) czSMh eks'ku % cpko i{k }kjk nk;j dh xbZ ;kfpdk tc mUgsa Hkjkslk gks fd
ljdkjh odhy nks"kh dks nks"k eqDr djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gqvk gS
vkSj mUgsa vko';d lcwrksa ij fo'okl gksA
50) czkafMf'kax , oSiu % fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks gfFk;kj fn[kkuk] fo'ks"kdj iqfyl vFkok ihfM+r
dksA
51) czhp % fdlh dkuwu vf/kdkj vFkok dÙkZO; dk mYya?ku] fdlh dk;Zokgh }kjk
vFkok fdlh dk;Z dks u djus ijA
52) czhp vkQ ihl % og izR;sd O;fDr tks voS/k <ax ls lkoZtfud LFkku ij >xM+k djrk
gS vFkok tku cw> dj nqHkkZouk fdlh lkoZtfud LFkku ij fdlh ,d
vFkok vusd O;fDr;ksa dks viekutud 'kCn dgrk gS] ftlds dkj.k
rRdky fgald izfrfØ;k vkjaHk gks ldrh gSA
53) czsfdax ,s.M ,safVªx % jkr ds le; fdlh ds ?kj esa tkdj nq"deZ djukA

54) czSFk ykbZt+j VSLV % fdlh ds jDr esa vYdksgy dh ek=kk tkuus ds fy, mlds Loklksa dh
tkapA
55) czkbZo % og rksgQk] t:jh ugha fd og dherh gks] tks ysus okys ds O;ogkj


dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA
56) czhQ % nksuksa i{kksa dh vksj ls vnkyr dks fn;k x;k fyf[kr C;ku ftlds
vk/kkj os vnkyr }kjk lgh Bgjk;s tkus dh vk'kk djrs gSaA
57) cMZu vkQ izwQ % tc eqdíeksa esa 'kkfey fdlh O;fDr dks nwljs ls vf/kd izekf.kr
djuk iM+rk gSA
58) cxZyjh % tc dksbZ voS/k :i ls fdlh ds Hkou vFkok ?kj dk rkyk rksM+ dj
?kql tkrk gS vk"Sj pksjh djus dk iz;kl vFkok pksjh dj ysrk gS
vFkok dksbZ vU; xaHkhj vijk/k djrk gSA
59) ckbZLVS.MlZ % vdLekr izR;{kn'khZ] og O;fDr ftldk ?kVuk ls dksbZ laca/k u gksA


----------C---------

1. CALENDAR - A list, in alphabetical order, of all the cases in each courtroom every day. "To
calendar" something means to give a day, time, and courtroom to a case.

2. CALIFORNIA RULES OF COURT – The rules for practices and procedures in California’s state
courts.

3. CALJIC – California Jury Instructions, Criminal.

4. CALLING THE DOCKET - The public calling of the docket or list of causes at the beginning of
court, for setting a time for trial or entering orders.

5. CAPACITY - The person with the ability to perform under his or her will.

6. CAPITAL CASE - A criminal case where the defendant can get the death penalty.

7. CAPITAL CRIME - A crime punishable by death.

8. CAPITAL OFFENSE – A crime that you can get the death penalty for committing.

9. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT - Punishment by death. (See DEATH PENALTY.)

10. CAPTION - What is written at the top of all papers (called "pleadings") given to the court. It says
things like case name, court, and case number.

11. CARJACKING – Taking a motor vehicle that belongs to someone else against his will, by means
of force or fear.

12. CASE - A lawsuit. Or a complaint filed in criminal, traffic, or civil court.

13. CASE FILE – The folder that has official court papers for a case.

14. CASEFLOW MANAGEMENT – How a case is managed from the first paper filed to the final
decision.

15. CASE ID – Identification number given to case by the court.

16. CASE LAW - Law made by earlier decisions in similar cases.

17. CASELOAD – The number of cases a judge has in a specific time.

18. CASE NUMBER - The number that identifies a case. This number is on all papers filed in the
case. Also called "case ID." Also called DOCKET NUMBER.

19. CAUSATION - The act which causes something else to happen.

20. CAUSE - A lawsuit, litigation, or action.

21. CAUSE OF ACTION - The charges that make up the case or lawsuit. (See COUNTS).

22. CAUSTIC CHEMICALS – Corrosive acid or flammable substance.


23. CAUTIONARY INSTRUCTIONS – When the judge tells the jury to consider certain evidence
only for a specific purpose.

24. CAVEAT - A warning; a note of caution.

25. CAVEAT EMPTOR - A theory that says you buy things at your own risk. Comes from the Latin
for "let the buyer beware."

26. CEASE AND DESIST ORDER - An order of an administrative agency or court prohibiting a
person or business from doing something.

27. CERTIFICATE OF PROBABLE CAUSE - An order signed by the court granting a defendant
the right to appeal from a plea of guilty.

28. CERTIFICATION - A judge's order to move a criminal case to another court in a different
county.

29. CERTIFIED - Saying that something is true or an exact reproduction.

30. CERTIFIED COPY - An official copy of a paper from a case file that is marked as being true,
complete, and a real copy of the original legal case.

31. CERTIORI - Appeal to U.S. Supreme Court.

32. CHAIN OF CUSTODY - A method to track the whereabouts of evidence from the moment it is
received in custody until it is offered in court.

33. CHALLENGE - Someone's right to object to or fight something in a legal case.

34. CHALLENGE FOR CAUSE - Reasons that a lawyer gives for removing a juror or judge from a
case. (Compare with PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE.)

35. CHALLENGE TO THE ARRAY - Questioning the qualifications of an entire jury panel,
usually on the ground of partiality or some fault in the process of summoning the panel.

36. CHAMBERS - A judge's private office.

37. CHANGE OF VENUE - When a civil or criminal case is moved from one court jurisdiction to
another. (See VENUE).

38. CHARACTER EVIDENCE - Evidence pertaining to whether a criminal defendant is a good or
bad person.

39. CHARGE - In criminal law, each thing the defendant is accused of. (See COUNT).

40. CHARGE TO THE JURY - The judge's instructions to the jury concerning the law that applies
to the facts of the case on trial.

41. CHARGING DOCUMENT - A written accusation saying a defendant has committed an offense.
Includes a citation, an indictment, information, and statement of charges.

42. CHATTEL – A piece of personal property.

43. CHIEF JUDGE - Presiding or Administrative Judge in a court.


44. CHILD ABUSE - Hurting a child physically, sexually or emotionally.

45. CHILD ABDUCTION – The offense of taking away a child by deceit and persuasion, or by
violence.

46. CHILD MOLESTATION - Any form of indecent or sexual activity on, involving, or
surrounding a child under the age of 18.

47. CHILD PORNOGRAPHY - Any obscene material that depicts a person under the age of 18
years personally engaging in or personally simulating sexual conduct.

48. CHILD PROCUREMENT - Intentionally giving, transporting, providing, or making available or
offering to give, transport, provide, or make available a child under the age of 16 for the purpose
of any lewd or lascivious act. Also causing, inducing, or persuading a child under the age of 16 to
engage in any lewd or lascivious act with another person.

49. CHILD SUPPORT - Money paid by a parent to help support a child or children.

50. CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) AGENCY - Agency that exists in every state to
find parents that don’t have custody. (called "noncustodial parents," or "NCPs"). Or to find a
person assumed to be the father of the child (“Putative father” or "PF"). Also, makes, enforces,
and changes child support. Collects and gives out child support money.

51. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE - All evidence that is indirect. Testimony not based on actual
personal knowledge or observation of the facts in dispute.

52. CITATION - A COURT ORDER or SUMMONS that tells a defendant what the charges are.
Also tells the defendant to go to court and/or post bail.

53. CITED – When a defendant is not in custody, but has signed a ticket promising to go to court on a
certain day.

54. CIVIL ACTION - Noncriminal case in which one private individual or business sues another to
protect, enforce private or civil rights.

55. CIVIL CASE - A lawsuit to get property back, to force someone to complete a contract, or to
protect someone's civil rights.

56. CIVIL JURISDICTION – A court’s right or power to hear noncriminal civil cases.

57. CIVIL PROCEDURE - The rules and process by which a civil case is tried and appealed,
including the preparations for trial, the rules of evidence and trial conduct, and the procedure for
pursuing appeals.

58. CIVIL PROCESS – Court papers that tell the people in a civil case that it has started. Or papers
that try to force the court to reach a judgment.

59. CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS – Violations of the personal, natural rights guaranteed and
protected by the Constitution.

60. CLAIM - The statement of a right to money or property.

61. CLAIM OF EXEMPTION – A court paper filed by the JUDGMENT DEBTOR that lists each
piece of property that the judgment debtor claims is an exempt asset under certain provisions of
the law and, therefore, can’t be taken to pay the JUDGMENT.


62. CLAIM SPLITTING – When you split up a civil claim and file two lawsuits to stay below the
limit of how much money you can ask for. Not allowed in most cases.

63. CLASS ACTION - A lawsuit brought by one or more persons on behalf of a larger group.

64. CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE - Standard of proof commonly used in civil lawsuits
and in regulatory agency cases. It governs the amount of proof that must be offered in order for the
plaintiff to win the case.

65. CLEMENCY OR EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY - Act of grace or mercy by the president or
governor to ease the consequences of a criminal act, accusation, or conviction. It may take the
form of commutation or pardon.

66. CLERICAL ERROR - An unintentional mistake, in writing, which may be made by clerk,
counsel, or court. (See NUNC PRO TUNC.)

67. CLERK - Officer of the court who files pleadings, motions, judgments, etc., issues process, and
keeps records of court proceedings.

68. CLERK’S TRANSCRIPT - Those pleadings, minute orders, affidavits, written opinions of the
Court, trial exhibits, etc., designated by the attorneys which have been filed during the course of
the litigation process are put together with the appeal documents and collectively form the Clerk’s
Transcript.

69. CLOSING ARGUMENT - Counsel's final statement to the judge/and or jury after all parties
have concluded their presentation of evidence.

70. CODE - The law created by statutes. For example, the California Code of Civil Procedure,
California Civil Code, California Vehicle Code, California Penal Code, and California Health and
Safety Code.

71. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY - The rules of conduct that govern the legal
profession. The Code contains general ethical guidelines and specific rules written by the
American Bar Association.

72. CO-DEFENDANT - In a criminal case, an individual charged with involvement in the same
crime as another.

73. CODICIL (kod'i-sil) - A legal paper that adds to or changes a will.

74. COERCION – Compulsion; constraint; compelling by force or arms or threat.

75. COHABITANT – One who lives with another.

76. COLLATERAL - 1. Property that is pledged as security against a debt. 2. A person belonging to
the same ancestry (a relation), but not in a direct line of descent.

77. COLLATERAL ATTACK - An attack on a judgment other than a direct appeal to a higher court.

78. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL OR DEVICE – Capable of blowing up; apt to catch fire;
inflammable.

79. COMMISSIONER - A person chosen by the court and given the power to hear and make
decisions in certain kinds of legal matters.


80. COMMIT - To do something, like "to commit" a crime, or to put someone in a sheriff's custody.
Or to use a court order to send a person to jail.

81. COMMITMENT - 1. The action of sending a person to a prison or mental institution. 2. The
order directing an officer to take a person to a prison or mental institution.

82. COMMITMENT ORDER - A court order that says a person must be kept in custody, usually in
a jail or mental institution.

83. COMMON BARRATRY (also called BARRETRY) – Making a habit of starting fights or
lawsuits. Starting lawsuits without a good reason.

84. COMMON CARRIER – Required by law to carry passengers or freight without refusal if the
fare is paid; in contrast to a private or contract carrier.

85. COMMON LAW - Laws that come from court decisions and not from statutes ("codes") or
constitutions.

86. COMMUNITY OBLIGATIONS – Debts that a husband and wife owe together. In most cases,
that includes anything that you still owe on any debts either of you had during the time you were
living together as husband and wife. For example, if you bought furniture on credit while you
were married and living together, the unpaid balance is a part of your community obligations.

87. COMMUNITY PROPERTY - Everything that a husband and wife own together. In most cases
that includes: (1) Money or benefits like pensions and stock options that you now have which
either of your earned during the time you were living together as husband and wife; and (2)
Anything either of you bought with money earned during that period.

88. COMMUNITY SERVICE - Work performed as punishment for a crime. It may also be
performed instead of a fine, or as a condition of probation.

89. COMMUTATION - The reduction of a sentence, such as from death to life imprisonment.

90. COMPARATIVE FAULT – Percentage of fault which is assigned to any one party.

91. COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE - A legal doctrine by which acts of the opposing parties are
compared to determine the liability of each party to the other for negligent acts.

92. COMPENSATORY DAMAGES – Money that one person must pay another to cover the cost of
a wrong or injury. (See DAMAGES).

93. COMPETENCE ORDER – An order from a superior court that says that a defendant is mentally
able to go to trial. Tells the trial court to go ahead with the criminal case.

94. COMPETENCY - The ability for a person to understand and communicate, especially with
regard to standing trial and assisting counsel in his or her defense.

95. COMPLAINANT - Person who wants to start a court case against another person. In a civil case,
the complainant is the PLAINTIFF. In a criminal case, the complainant is the state.

96. COMPLAINT - The legal document that usually begins a civil lawsuit and is also used to start a
criminal case. Says what the plaintiff thinks the defendant did and asks the court for help. Also
called the "initial pleading" or "petition."

97. COMPLY - To act in accordance with, to accept, to obey.


98. COMPOSITE DRAWING - A picture of an alleged criminal created by a professional police
artist using verbal descriptions given by the victim or a witness.

99. CONCEALMENT – Withholding of something which one knows and which one, in duty, is
bound to reveal.

100. CONCILIATION - A form of alternative dispute resolution in which the parties bring their
dispute to a neutral third party, who helps lower tensions, improve communications, and explore
possible solutions. Similar to mediation, but it may be less formal.

101. CONCURRENT JURISDICTION - The territory of two or more courts, that are each
authorized to deal with the same subject matter.

102. CONCURRENT PLANNING – Refers to the legal requirement in dependency cases that
reunification services be provided at the same time an alternative plan is developed (e.g.,
adoption , guardianship) if needed.

103. CONCURRENT SENTENCES - Sentences you can serve at the same time. For example, if you
have concurrent sentences of 10 years and 5 years, you must serve a total of 10 years. (Compare
with CONCURRENT SENTENCES).

104. CONCURRING CAUSES – Acting contemporaneously and together causing injury, which
would not have resulted in absence of either.

105. CONDEMNATION - The legal process by which the government takes private land for public
use, paying the owners a fair price. (See EMINENT DOMAIN.)

106. CONDITIONS – Certain things that someone has to do, or not do, to be released.

107. CONDITIONAL RELEASE - Freedom from custody which regulates the activities and
associations of the defendant. If a defendant fails to meet the conditions, the release is cancelled.

108. CONDUCT ENHANCEMENTS - A kind of punishment-enhancing allegation (such as the
arming clause of Penal Code section 12022) that relates to the nature of the offense at the time the
crime was committed.

109. CONFESSION - When someone admits out loud or in writing that they committed a certain kind
of crime. (Compare with ADMISSION).

110. CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT - The act of a debtor in a written statement that permits
judgment to be entered against him by his creditor, without legal proceedings.

111. CONFIDENTIAL - A file or record that is not available for public viewing. Authorized viewing
allowed only in statute and/or court policy. Files and records are identified and receive special
handling.

112. CONFIDENTIAL RECORD – Information in a court case that is not available to the public.

113. CONFIDENTIALITY – Treated as private and not for publication.

114. CONFISCATE - To seize or take private property for public use (the police took the weapon).

115. CONFLICT OF INTEREST - When you have two different interests at the same time. For
example, a lawyer who represents two sides at the same time can't be fair.


116. CONFORM COPIES - To make copies identical to an original; e.g., copies with duplicate
signatures, duplicate dates.

117. CONFRONTATION RIGHT – Defendant’s right to be face-to-face with the witnesses against
him or her. It generally includes the right to ask questions and object, and to have witnesses
testify in person.

118. CONSANGUINITY – COLLATERAL - The relationship that exists between persons who have
the same ancestors, but who do not descend, or ascend, one from the other; as between uncle and
nephew.

119. CONSANGUINITY – LINEAL - The relationship that exists persons of whom one is descended
in a direct line from the other, as between son, father, grandfather, and so upwards in the direct
ascending line; or between son, grandson, great-grandson, and so downwards in the direct
descending line.

120. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES - Successive sentences, one beginning at the end of another,
imposed against a person convicted of two or more violations.

121. CONSERVATEE - Someone who can't take care of themselves and has a caretaker (called the
"CONSERVATOR") who the court picked.

122. CONSERVATOR - Someone picked by the court to either take care of someone who can't take
care of themselves (called a "CONSERVATEE") or take care of that person's property , or both.

123. CONSERVATORSHIP - A court proceeding where a judge picks someone (a conservator) to
take care of an adult's personal needs and/or his or her finances. For minors, see
GUARDIANSHIP.

124. CONSENT – A written agreement to obey a decision or deal.

125. CONSIDERATION - The cause, price, or impelling influence which makes a party enter into a
contract.

126. CONSOLIDATION OF ACTIONS – When at least two cases that involve the same people are
grouped together.

127. CONSORTIUM, LOSS OF – Unable to have a sexual relationship between a husband and a
wife.

128. CONSPIRACY – Where two or more persons intentionally agree to commit crime and do an act
towards committing the crime.

129. CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION - Where a person does not actually possess a thing, but
knowingly has control over it.

130. CONSTITUTION – The central law of our country that sets up the creation, character, and
organization of its power and how that power is exercised. The rule, principles, descriptions of
the government’s power, and the main rights that the people of a country or state have.

131. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT - A right guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution, interpreted by the
federal courts; also, a right guaranteed by some other constitution (such as a state constitution).

132. CONTEMNOR - One who has committed contempt of court.


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