2. Hypospadias: Epidemiology
• 1 / 300
• Aetio.: failure of closure of urethral folds.
• Many purported associations:
– UDT
– inguinal hernia
– Maternal age
– Twin births
– Low birth weight
M.A.Wadood Aref
3. Urethral Groove (Plate)
• Urethral folds are parallel folds along the
undersurface of the genital tubercle between
which lies the urethral groove
• The urethral folds unite from proximal to
distal, forming the urethra.
M.A.Wadood Aref
4. Glanular Groove
• Glanular urethra (distal to the fossa navicularis) is
formed by ingrowth of tissue which cores through the
glans to the more proximal urethra
• Failed attempts to form the distal urethra are evident as
blind-ending pits
M.A.Wadood Aref
5. Rule of 10s
• 10% of fathers
• 10% of siblings
• 10x increased incidence in twins
• 10% have UDT
• 10% have inguinal hernias
• 10% incidence of utricle in those
with penoscrotal hypospadias (57%
with perineal hypospadias)
M.A.Wadood Aref