5. History of PMBOK
• 1969: PMI established,
foremost advocate for the
project management profession
• 1987: First PMBOK
Established a standard and a lexicon
Introduced formal planning & control
5
6. History of “Waterfall”
• Waterfall Model
– Originated in manufacturing
and construction industries
– Highly structured physical environments
=> after-the-fact changes are
prohibitively costly
• 1970: Winston Royce article
– Showed waterfall as an example of a flawed,
non-working model
6
7. Winston Royce’s “Grandiose” Model
“Single Pass” phased model
to cope with US DoD
regulatory requirements
“I believe in this concept, but the
implementation is risky and invites failure.”
Winston W. Royce, “Managing the development of large
software systems”, Aug 1970
7
8. Winston Royce’s “Problem” Model
Problem:
Testing phase, at the end of Development
cycle, is the first time the integrated
components are “experienced”.
Failure may require a major redesign,
or modifying the requirements.
Can expect up to 100% schedule and/or cost overrun.
8
10. History of Scrum
1993 – Jeff Sutherland @ Easel Corporation
• Vertical-licing
• January 1994: first Scrum, self-organized team, half-
day planning, Monthly Demo to the CEO
• February: added “daily Scrums”
• March: pairing, “swarming” on top priorities
1995 – Scrum paper at OOPSLA,
Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland
10
11. The Agile Manifesto - 2001
We are uncovering better ways of developing software.
Through this work we have come to value:
• Working software over comprehensive documentation
• Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
• Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
• Responding to change over following a plan
That is, while there is value in the items on the right,
we value the items on the left more.
11 11
12. PMBOK and Scrum: Similarities
• Deliver the right thing Scope
(on time, on budget)
Time Budget
12
13. The biggest danger in
Project and Product
Management:
Building
the
wrong
thing!
Page #
13
14. PMBOK and Scrum: Similarities
• Deliver the right thing
• Communicate, communicate, communicate
14
17. PMBOK and Scrum: Similarities
• Deliver the right thing
• Communicate, communicate, communicate
• Progressive elaboration
17
18. Continuous Evolution of Product Backlog
Initial Refined Ready End of S1
S S
1 2
R R S S
1 1
2 3
S S
3 4
S
4 R
R R 2
2 2 R
2
R R R
3 R 3
3
3
19. PMBOK and Scrum: Similarities
• Deliver the right thing
• Communicate, communicate, communicate
• Progressive elaboration
• Cyclical: Plan, Execute, Monitor & Control
19
20. SURPRISE!
• Agile practices are aligned with PMBOK process
groups: initiating, planning, executing, monitoring,
controlling, closing
• In each iteration:
– Planning, executing,
monitoring, controlling
– Manage: Scope, time,
cost and quality
20
25. PMBOK and Scrum: Differences
• Agile Focus: Minimize Waste (“Muda” in Lean)
• “Heavy” vs. “Light” process, umpteen checklists
• Maximize “work not done”
25
26. 64% implemented features are
rarely or never used
Focusing on customer needs ensures:
the right features are built
Sometimes Rarely not wasting effort (and resources) on
16% 19%
Often features that are not needed
13%
Always
7%
Never While the figures may vary by
45%
company, principle remains:
Only build the features that the
client/users need
Ref: Jim Johnson, Chairman of Standish Group, quoted in 2006 in:
http://www.infoq.com/articles/Interview-Johnson-Standish-CHAOS
Sample: government and commercial organizations, no vendors, suppliers or consultants
26
27. PMBOK and Scrum: Differences
• Agile Focus: Minimize Waste (“Muda” in Lean)
• “Heavy” vs. “Light” process, umpteen checklists
• Maximize “work not done”
• BDUF vs. build in increments, vertical slices
• Adaptability!
• Fail fast, inspect and adapt, keep learning
-> creates a “learning organization”
27
28. Waterfall, Agile and Scrum:
Characteristics
Waterfall Agile : Iterative Development
Scrum
Specifications Upfront, Detailed Emergent Design
• Daily “standup” status checks ≤ 15mins
• Delivery rhythm in iterations (Sprints)
• Demo & Retrospective at end of ea. Sprint
Linear hand-offs: Cross-functional & Continuous Improvement
Teamwork Dev then QA collaborative: Dev & QA
XP: eXtreme
Change Formal process, Welcomed,
Requests implemented at end prioritized vs. backlog Programming
• Automated Tests
• Pair Programming
Customer / User At beginning and • Automated / Continuous Builds
• TDD: Test-Driven Development
Involvement at delivery Throughout cycle • Continuous Deployment
Scrum is the most popular Agile method: RUP DSDM
74% of Agile practitioners (2009) 28
28
30. Project Management:
Agile vs. Waterfall approach
Waterfall Agile
Work Assignment Project Manager Self-organizing team
Responsibilities Delineated Shared
Task Ownership Separated Shared: all for one, one for all
Status reports By Project Manager Transparency, shared knowledge
Requirements Defined up-front, signed-of High level, detailed in collaborations
Plans Detailed plans upfront Evolutionary planning
Changes Not welcome Allow changes up to “last responsible moment”,
prioritized
30
31. Agile deals with
Ziv’s Law: • Specifications will never be fully understood
• The user will never be sure of what they want
Humphrey’s Law: until they see the system in production (if then)
Wegner’s • An interactive system can never be fully specified,
Lemma: nor can it ever be fully tested
Langdon’s • Software evolves more rapidly as it approaches
Lemma: chaotic regions (without spilling into chaos)
Wicked Problems, Righteous Solutions, Peter deGrace, Leslie Hulet
31
33. Lean, Agile, Scrum: How they relate
Two things in common: Eliminate Waste & Increase Customer Value
Waste: anything which does not advance the process, or add value
Value: any action or process that a customer would be willing to pay for
Lean Agile Scrum
• A production practice that •Agile is a group of methodologies •Scrum is the most popular Agile
considers the expenditure of based on iterative and incremental methodology used in software
resources for any goal other delivery, where requirements and development.
than the creation of value for solutions evolve through collaboration
the end-customer to be between clients and self-organizing, •Scrum emphasizes iterative
wasteful, and thus a target for cross-functional teams. approach to building
elimination. incremental business value.
•Agile practices include:
• Agile practices are rooted in lean
Scrum, Kanban, XP (eXtreme
philosophy.
Programming), TDD (Test Driven
Development), RUP (Rational Unified
Process from IBM).
33
35. Yahoo-Eurosport: 2008 Event Schedule
TDF
Euro
Paris-Dakar Tour de France
January February March April May June
Rugby 6 Nations Rolland Garros Wimbledon
FOOT: Moto GP Boxing
Olympic Games qualifiers Golf, Athletics, Cycling Horse Racing
World Cup qualifiers Basketball Hockey, etc
35
35
25-Nov-12
37. PMBOK Strengths
Process oriented
Clear project kickoff & administrative initiation
Enumeration of stakeholders,
formalized communication plan
More explicitly calls for cost management
Risk management formalized: identification,
qualitative and quantitative analysis,
response planning
37
38. Agile Strengths
Empowered, self-organizing team
Collaboration, cross-fertilization, disciplined,
shared responsibilities & commitments
Welcomes adjustments and learnings
Produces better results
Risk mitigation practices
Smaller units of work more accurate
Frequent checks fewer surprises & delays
Welcomes voice of the customer
Build the right thing
38
40. Decision Criteria: Scrum vs. Waterfall
Criteria Scrum Candidate Waterfall Candidate
What To Build or Iterate to clarify
Both are known
How to Build it direction / details
Market or User
Want Market/User input User/Market input
Feedback and
to improve usability not needed
Involvement
Time to Market vs.
Flexible about Scope Flexible about Time
Feature Content
40
41. Scrum Process
Key Practices
Self-directed; self-organizing teams
(preferably co-located)
15 minute daily stand up meeting
with 3 special questions
30-calendar day iterations
Iterative Adaptive planning
Stakeholder/Customer
Involvement
Team measures progress daily
Each iteration delivers tested,
fully-functional software for
demonstration
Iterative Retrospective Process
Always 30-days from
potential production release
42. PMI Agile Certification
• Wonderful development, recognition of real need
• Available May 2011
• Like PMP, requires experience:
o 1,500 hours working in Agile project teams
(any role) or in Agile methodologies in last 2 yrs
o 2,000 hours general PM experience in last 5 yrs (or PMP)
o 21 hours Training in Agile project management topics
• More info: http://www.pmi.org/en/Agile/
Agile-Certification-Eligibility-Requirements.aspx
42
46. PMBOK and Scrum:
Can we live together,
happily ever after?
Not a marriage, but:
Yes - Good, respectful, neighbours
46
47. PMBOK and PMP:
why keep them?
• Large Enterprises often have PMBoK-based
practices in place, PMOs
• It helps to “speak the language”, to do the
common mapping
47
49. Skype Beta Program
Unparalleled Global Beta Testing Program
Unique experiences from world-leading
SW Company
Access to Skype information system
Various incentive programs for beta testers
50. Skype Beta Program: Registration
Pre-requisites:
• Intermediate level of English (Read & Write)
+ Native Language
• Skype experience at least 1 year
• Curiosity for IT technology
Contact :
Beom Soo Park, Program Manager for APAC
beomsoo.park@skype.net
52. References
• Jeff Sutherland’s blog - http://scrum.jeffsutherland.com/
• “The New New Product Development Game” Takeuchi and Nonaka. Harvard Business Review,
January 1986
• “The PMBOK and Agile: Friends or Foes?”, Mary Gerush and Dave West, Forrester 2009
• “Five Myths of Agile Development”, Robert Holler, VersionOne, 2006
• Winston W. Royce, “Managing the development of large software systems”, Aug 1970
http://www.valucon.de/documents/managing_softwareprojects.pdf
• “Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture”, Cameron and Quinn, 2006
• “Living with Complexity”, Norman, Donald (2011), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
• “Leading Change”, John Kotter
• http://www.stickyminds.com/pop_print.asp?ObjectId=10365&ObjectType=COL
• “Project Management Body of Knowledge” (PMBOK), 2004
• http://agile101.net/2009/08/18/agile-estimation-and-the-cone-of-uncertainty/
• http://www.mountaingoatsoftware.com
• http://www.agilealliance.org
• http://www.c-spin.net/2009/cspin20090204AgileTransformationAtBorland.pdf
• Primavera – PMISV presentation by Bob Schatz, Primavera VP of Development, 2005
• Why Agile Works http://www.slideshare.net/yourpmpartner/agile-secrets-revealed-whitepaper
52
53. Key Success Factors
Sufficient Motivation to change (Pain)
Team Rooms
Feature Budgeting
Build Process
Town Hall Project Meetings
Project Manager role transition
Information Radiators
No OT / Weekend work
Test-Driven Development
Rotating “ScrumMaster” Responsibilities
Best Team Performance Awards
Team-based bonus component
Sprint Defect Limits
Customer Webex Sprint Reviews
Commitment to Learning!
project success = business success TM
54. Scrum Adoption at
Ref: http://agilesoftwaredevelopment.com/blog/artem/lessons-yahoos-scrum-adoption
VP of Product Development experimented with scrum in 2004
Senior§ Director of Agile Development started in 2005
In 2008:
3 coaches, each coaching approx. 10 scrum teams/year
200 scrum teams world wide, of about 1500+ employees
Results in 2008:
Average Team Velocity increase estimated at +35% / year,
in some cases 300% - 400%
Development cost reduction over USD 1 million / year
ROI on transition and trainings about 100% in first year
Note: 15-20% of people consistently DID NOT like Scrum
54
Editor's Notes
Winston W. Royce,Managing the development of large software systemsProc. IEEE WESCON, Aug 1970Royce developed the phased delivery model to cope with regulatory requirements set out in the US DoD STD-2167 document, which was so byzantine and bureaucratic that the waterfall was the only way to cope with it;
http://www.techdarkside.com/is-there-really-any-rigor-in-waterfallIt is sad that software development philosophies and practices developed in a world of government regulation, punch cards, and very expensive computer time still have such a strong a hold on today’s commercial software development.Ben Simohttp://QuestioningSoftware.com
Winston W. Royce,Managing the development of large software systemsProc. IEEE WESCON, Aug 1970Royce’s Son:http://usability.typepad.com/confusability/2006/02/index.html
Reduce hierarchy
Can be on time, on budget, on scope, But still built the wrong product that no one needs.
Progressive elaboration
Discipline:Structured approach,Plan aheadmodel itself progresses linearly through discrete, easily understandable and explainable phases and thus is easy to understand; it also provides easily markable milestones in the development process.Steve McConnell, in Code Complete, (a book that criticizes widespread use of the waterfall model) refers to design as a "wicked problem"—a problem whose requirements and limitations cannot be entirely known before completion. The implication of this is that it is impossible to perfect one phase of software development, thus it is impossible if using the waterfall model to move on to the next phase.David Parnas, in A Rational Design Process: How and Why to Fake It, writes:[5]“Many of the [system's] details only become known to us as we progress in the [system's] implementation. Some of the things that we learn invalidate our design and we must backtrack.”The idea behind the waterfall model may be "measure twice; cut once," and those opposed to the waterfall model argue that this idea tends to fall apart when the problem constantly changes due to requirement modifications and new realizations about the problem itself. A potential solution is for an experienced developer to spend time up front on refactoring to consolidate the software, and to prepare it for a possible update, no matter if such is planned already. Another approach is to use a design targeting modularity with interfaces, to increase the flexibility of the software with respect to the design.[edit] Modified modelsIn response to the perceived problems with the pure waterfall model, many modified waterfall models have been introduced. These models may address some or all of the criticisms of the pure waterfall model.[citation needed] Many different models are covered by Steve McConnell in the "lifecycle planning" chapter of his book Rapid Development: Taming Wild Software Schedules.
Discipline: rhythm, daily scrum, work agreements, consistentAgile approach is Great Risk Management:Risk of not pleasing the customerRisk of poor estimation and planningRisk of festering issues and delaysRisk of over-commitmentRisk of not being able to ship
Recognition of real need for the professionWill bestow PMI credibility and supportAgile is best learned by practicing. I'm not too particular on how one learns, but putting the learning into practice in a team environment with frequent and effective retrospectives to adjust your process is key to internalizing agile. Hopefully the experience qualification ensures real agile project experience, not just observing agile teams. Experience requirement: working on Agile project teams, may be other role than Project Manager.
Plan-driven software methodologies use a command-and-control approach to projectmanagement. A project plan is created that lists all known tasks. The project manager’sjob then becomes one of enforcing the plan. Changes to the plan are typically handledthrough “change control boards” that either reject most changes or they institute enoughbureaucracy that the rate of change is slowed to the speed that the plan-drivenmethodology can accommodate. There can be no servant-leadership in this model.Project managers manage: they direct, administer and supervise.Agile project management, on the other hand, is much more about leadership than aboutmanagement. Rather than creating a highly detailed plan showing the sequence of allactivities the agile project manager works with the customer to layout a common set ofunderstandings from which emergence, adaptation and collaboration can occur. The agileproject manager lays out a vision and then nurtures the project team to do the bestpossible to achieve the plan. Inasmuch as the manager represents the project to thoseoutside the project he or she is the project leader. However, the project manager serves anequally important role within the project while acting as a servant to the team, removingtheir impediments, reinforcing the project vision through words and actions, battlingorganizational dysfunctionality, and doing everything possible to ensure the success ofthe team. The agile project manager is a true coach and friend to the project teams.
Old solutions may no longer work for new challenges
Global bet testing program – Europe, Asia, Americas. It’s closed and invitation based. In Asia we have 4 countries running the program (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China) and we are eager to add more countriesBenefits – gain unique experiences how SW is developing and testing, direct communication with Skype engineers provided with dedicated access to internal information system incentive program beta testers’ high involvement in developing Skype – Bug fix, Quality testing, Localizations
Send mail to Beom that you are interested in participating the program and he will give further info.
Change Management expense http://drdobbs.com/tools/229401451 Gartner estimates that worldwide IT spending last year was $1.6 trillion, with IT services at $816 billion as the largest component of that figure. Typically, 3% to 10% of the IT services budget allocations can be associated with process improvement initiatives, so we can estimate that $17 billion in spending is doomed to not deliver the intended results (70% of $24.5 billion). And that doesn't include opportunity costs associated with failed process improvement and costs associated with lost productivity during the change. Gartner estimates that worldwide IT spending last year was $1.6 trillion, with IT services at $816 billion as the largest component of that figure. Typically, 3% to 10% of the IT services budget allocations can be associated with process improvement initiatives, so we can estimate that $17 billion in spending is doomed to not deliver the intended results (70% of $24.5 billion). And that doesn't include opportunity costs associated with failed process improvement and costs associated with lost productivity during the change. A Pragmatic ApproachOne approach, which I call SDLC 3.0, provides a pragmatic, experience-based approach for integrating the fragmented methodology landscape by using practices that are methodology agnostic. It focuses on yielding a useful, context-specific set of standard work advice for real product development. It also integrates the software development part of IT with the broader enterprise and functions such as enterprise architecture, IT service management, and project and portfolio management. Using lean as the overarching set of principles, SDLC 3.0 starts with the customer and ends with the accrual of value within IT operations. This focus makes sure that small groups don't try to optimize only their piece of the process, based only on what they know about their roles. Rather, a coherent big-picture view enables traditionally siloed communities to constructively participate rather than get bogged down in in-fighting.